ReseaRch PaPeR Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences 2023, 28(2): 14–17 DOI: 10.53541/jams.vol28iss1pp14-17 Received 6 February 2022 Accepted 22 February 2023 الربح املتوقع من تغذية املاعز بفضالت الدواجن اجملففة ابستخدام اشعة الشمس كمكمل غذائي أ.أ بيلو*1، ب.ج. ديساي2، ج.س. دهيكايل3 و م. بيلو4 Profitability of Feeding Sun-Dried Poultry Dropping based Diets as Supplement to Goat A.A. Bello1*, B. G. Desai2, J. S. Dhekale3 and M. Bello4 A.A. Bello1*,( ) aabello2003@yahoo.co.uk, 1Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, College of Agriculture, Mokwa, P.M.B 109, Ni- ger State, Nigeria. 2Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dr. B.S.K.K.V, Dapoli, Pin: 415 712 Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. 3Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Dr. B.S.K.K.V, Dapoli, Pin: 415 712 Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharash- tra, India. 4Department of Home Economics, College of Education, Minna, P.M.B 39, Niger State, Nigeria. Introduction Least cost feeding of livestock is immensely essen-tial for the best productivity. Under productivity of livestock is attributed to the insufficient and exorbitant high costs of feeds (Beigh et al., 2017). There- fore, comparatively low cost agricultural and industrial by-products are essential for profitable livestock pro- duction enterprises. It could be achieved by reducing feed costs (Sontakke et al., 2014 Thus, non-conventional feeds can be used to mini- mize feed cost, and add to self-sufficiency in nutrients from the local feed sources (Bello, 2016; Bello and Tsado, 2014; Sontakke et al., 2014; Mubi et al., 2008; Aro and Tewe, 2007; Onimisi and Omage, 2006; Ndubueze et al., 2006; Saleh et al., 2002; Belewu and Adeneye, 1996; Zinn et al., 1996; Ibeawuchi et al., 1993). Sun-dried poultry droppings could be the non-conventional feed resourc- es. This study was therefore designed to find profitability of the sun-dried poultry dropping when it was used in supplemented diet (i.e. finger millet straw) to Konkan Kanyal goats. Materials and Methods Experimental Location This study was carried out at the Institutional livestock farm, goat unit of Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science farm, College of Agriculture, Dap- oli, India. It is located at 280 m above mean sea level (MSL) and in the subtropical region at 17045’ north latitude and 13012’ east longitude. The area is charac- terized by hilly terrain. The soil is lateritic and acidic. The soil is low in fertility, having poor water holding ca- pacity. The climate is warm and humid with 3500 mm average annual rainfall. The maximum temperature at Dapoli is about 33.40C in summer and 21.10C in winter while, relative humidity ranges from 55 to 96 percent. Experimental Feed Three experimental diets were used for the study, finger millet straw, green fodder as basal diets and supplemen- tary diets. Five supplementary diets were prepared. The Abstract. The profitability of feeding dried poultry droppings-based diet as a supplement in goat production enter- prise was analyzed in this present study. The data generated in the study was analyzed using gross margin analysis and profitability ratio. The result of the budgetary analysis showed that the highest total cost of Rs 855.9/goat was incurred, the highest total revenue of Rs 1254.3/goat, highest gross margin of Rs 773.24/goat and highest net farm income of Rs 713.24/goat were observed for the supplemented treatment groups (T2-T5). The profitability ratio gave the best bene- fit-cost ratio of 4.62, a rate of return of 3.62, a gross ratio of 0.22 and an expense structure ratio of 0.12. This suggests that feeding of dried poultry droppings-based diet to goats is a profitable enterprise. This present study, therefore, recom- mends the supplementation of sun-dried poultry dropping based diet at 80% inclusion level for maximum profitability of goat production enterprises. Keywords: Economics; goats; sun-dried poultry dropping based diet امللخــص: مت يف هــذه الدراســة حتليــل الربــح املتوقــع مــن تغذيــة املاعــز بنظــام غذائــي يعتمــد علــى فضــات الدواجــن اجملففــة كمكمــل يف شــركات إنتــاج املاعــز. مت حتليــل البيــاانت الناجتــة عــن الدراســة ابســتخدام حتليــل اهلامــش اإلمجــايل ونســبة الرحبيــة. حيــث أظهــرت نتيجــة حتليــل امليزانيــة أنــه مت تكبــد أعلــى تكلفــة إمجاليــة قدرهــا 855.9 روبيــة / ماعــز، وأعلــى إمجــايل إيــرادات بلغــت 1254.3 روبيــة / عنــزة ، وأعلــى هامــش إمجــايل قــدره 773.24 روبيــة / ماعــز ، و لوحــظ أن أعلــى دخــل مزرعــة صــاٍف قــدره 713.24 روبيــة / ماعــز كان للمجموعــات الــي مت إعطائهــا املكمــات )T2-T5(. كذلــك أعطــت نســبة الرحبيــة أفضــل نســبة فائــدة إىل التكلفــة و قدرهــا 4.62 ، ومعــدل عائــد 3.62 ، ونســبة إمجاليــة قدرهــا 0.22 ونســبة هيــكل املصاريــف 0.12. و هــذا يشــر إىل أن تغذيــة املاعــز مــن فضــات الدواجــن اجملففــة هــي مشــروع مربــح. لذلــك ، توصــي هــذه الدراســة إبضافــة فضــات الدواجــن اجملففــة ابلشــمس يف غــذاء املاعــز عنــد مســتوى إدراج بنســبة 80٪ لتحقيــق أقصــى قــدر مــن الرحبيــة لشــركات إنتــاج املاعــز. الكلمات املفتاحية: اقتصادايت؛ املاعز. نظام غذائي يعتمد على فضات الدواجن اجملففة ابلشمس 15Research Paper Bello, Desai, Dhekale, Bello supplementary diets consisted of the following: 100% Concentrate, 20% dried poultry droppings concentrate based diet, 40% dried poultry droppings concentrate based diet, 60% dried poultry droppings concentrate based diet 80% dried poultry droppings concentrate based diet. Experimental Animals and their Management Thirty Konkan Kanyal goats, aged 9-12 months and with an average weight of 13.66 kg, were used in this present study. The goats were randomly assigned to five treat- ments designated T1-T5 comprising of three replicates with two animals per replicate. The animals were kept in individually designed pens. The experimental animals were sprayed against ectoparasites, dewormed orally against endoparasites and treated with a wide-ranging antibiotic to prevent bacterial infections. Thereafter, animals were randomly assigned into five experimental groups and fed for three weeks. The feeding trial was conducted for 90 days. The animals were penned in sol- itary confinement. Experimental Design The experimental design used was the Randomized block design (RBD). Thirty Konkan Kanyal goats aged 9-12 months with an average weight of 13.66 kg were used for this study. The goats were randomly as- signed to five treatments designated T1-T5 compris- ing of three replicates with two animals per replicate. Animal Feeding The experimental animals were fed at 3% of their body weight (BW). One-third (1/3) were fed as green feed, two-thirds (2/3) were fed as dry feeds while out of this dry feed two-thirds (2/3) were fed as dry roughages and one-third (1/3) were fed as concentrates. The level of in- clusion of dried poultry dropping in the treatments is T1 0%, T2 20%, T3 40%, T4 60% and T5 80%. Chopped finger millet straw (2 cm long) was offered to the animals as bas- al diets. The goats were fed in individually designed pens. The experimental animals were weighed at the start of the experiment, subsequently (i.e. weekly). An adap- tation period of 21 days was allowed before data was col- lected for 90 days. The animals were dewormed, dipped against ectoparasites and dosed with antibiotics as pro- phylaxis before the commencement of the experiment. Clean fresh clean water was offered throughout the study. Data Analysis Data generated in this present study were analyzed using gross margin analysis, net farm income and profitability ratio to achieve the objectives of this study. Gross Margin = Total Revenue – Total Variable Cost (1) Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost (2) Net Farm Income = Total Revenue – Total Cost (3) Benefit-Cost Ratio = Total Revenue/Total Cost (4) Expense Structure Ratio = Fixed Cost/Variable Cost (5) Rate of Returns = Net Profit/Total Cost (6) Gross Ratio (GR) = Total Cost/Total Revenue (7) Result and Discussion Cost and Return Analysis Table 1 reveals the estimated cost and returns analysis as obtained from feeding sun-dried poultry dropping based diet as supplement for goats using average cost (i.e. fixed and variable cost) and average body weight gained by each of the treatment group. The average chevon price/kg was lowest (Rs 857.5) in control treat- ment group (T1) and was the highest (Rs.1130.5) in supplemented treatment group (T5) followed by (T4) (Rs 1067.5); total revenue was the highest in T5 (Rs 1254.30), keenly followed by T4 (Rs 1185.95) and was the lowest in T1 (Rs 958.38). The net farm income in T1 was (Rs 102.48) but was the highest in T5 (Rs 713.24) followed by T4 (Rs 652.45) respectively. Gross margin result followed a similar trend as was observed for to- tal revenue and net farm income in which the highest values were recorded for supplemented treatment group T5 (Rs 773.24), followed by T4 (Rs 712.45) and least in T1 (Rs 162.48). This present study revealed that feed- ing dried poultry droppings based diet as a supplement to goats was profitable and it is in agreement with the earlier findings (Bello, 2016; Jokthan et al., 2013; Anig- bogu and Nwagbara, 2013; Fawola and Fajemisin, 2011.). The inclusion of poultry litter in the diet of ruminants reduces feed costs and increased farmer’s income. Profitability and Estimated Viability Table 2 reveals the profitability and estimated viabili- ty of the feeding trial with sun-dried poultry dropping based diet as supplement. The cost-benefit ratio ranged from 0.94 (i.e. T1) to 4.62 (i.e. T5). From the result of this present study supplemented treatment group (T2- T5) showed cost-benefit ratios as 1.60, 1.91, 4.26 and 4.62, respectively. This implies that supplementation of sun-dried poultry dropping based diet was profitable. It is commonly considers that any business with cost-ben- efit ratio higher than one means is profitable, and equals to one means break-even, while less than one indicates loss (Olagunju et al., 2007). The gross ratio ranged from 1.06 (i.e. T1) to 0.22 (i.e. T5). This implies in T1, for ev- ery Rs 1.00 returns to goat feeding, Rs.1.06 are being spent, while for T5 for every Rs 1.00 returns while 22 Paisa is being spent. The rate of returns ranged from -0.06% in T1 to 3.62% in T5. This shows that for every Rs. 1.00 invested into goat feeding in T1 (i.e. -0.06 Pai- sa) was lost by the farmer and in T5 for every Rs 1.00 invested into goat feeding Rs. 3.62 was gained by the farmer. The expense structure ratio ranged from 0.08 (i.e. T1) to 0.12 (i.e. T5). The best value was observed in supplemented treatment groups (i.e. 0.12) which implied that about 12% of the total cost of production 16 SQU Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 2023, Volume 28, Issue 2 PROFITABILITY OF FEEDING SUN-DRIED POULTRY DROPPING BASED DIETS AS SUPPLEMENT TO GOAT was made up of fixed cost component. This makes goat farming a valuable venture because an increase in production with variable cost also leads to increase in total revenue while the fixed cost remained constant. Conclusion This present study showed that goats fed diets with sun- dried poultry droppings had better weight gain, total rev- enue, and net farm income, thus increasing the profitabil- ity of goat production. Therefore, it is recommended that goats supplemented with sun-dried poultry dropping based diet up 80% inclusion level has the best net profit. References Anigbogu NM, Nwagbara NNN. (2013). Performance of West African Dwarf goat fed maize offal diets supple- mented with dry poultry excreta. Revue d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 66(2): 51-56. Aro SO, Tewe OO. (2007). Performance and carcass yields of barrows fed dried poultry waste as a re- placement for palm kernel cake. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 487-492. Table 1. Cost and Return of Feeding Sun-dried Poultry Dropping based diet as Supplement for Goats: S.N. Statements T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 1 Initial average body weight of goats (kg) 12.45 13.85 13.93 13.38 14.00 2 Average body weight gain (kg/ goats) 2.45 2.58 2.67 3.05 3.23 3 Average total feed consumed (kg/ goats) 55.43 55.58 59.57 58.72 60.01 4 Initial live weight cost (Rs) 4357.5 4847.5 4875.5 4683 4900 5 Final live weight cost (Rs) 5215 5750.5 5810 5750.5 6030.5 Variable cost 6 Total cost of feed (Rs) 667.9 326.9 350.5 345.5 353.06 7 Average material cost (Rs) 105 105 105 105 105 8 Depreciation cost of material (10%) 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 9 Misc. Expenditure (drug, water and labour, etc.) 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10 Total variable cost 795.9 454.9 478.5 473.5 481.06 Fixed cost 11 Cost of house rent 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 12 Total cost 855.9 514.9 538.5 533.5 541.06 Sales returns 13 Average chevon price (350Rs/kg) 857.5 903 934.5 1067.5 1130.5 14 Average total manure obtained (kg/ goats) 40.35 48.48 42.05 47.38 49.52 15 Total price of manure (2.5 Rs / kg) 100.88 121.2 105.13 118.45 123.8 16 Total returns (Rs) 958.38 1024.2 1039.63 1185.95 1254.3 17 Net profit/goat (Rs) 102.48 509.3 501.13 652.45 713.24 18 Gross margin 162.48 569.3 561.13 712.45 773.24 Rupees-Dollar= Rs.66.23 $ 1.00 T1: had 0% sun-dried poultry dropping based diet (SDPDBD) inclusion; T2: 20% SDPDBD; T3: 40% SDPDBD; T4: 60% SDPDB and T5 80% SDPDB Table 2. Profitability ratios Treatment Cost-benefit ratio Expense structure ratio Gross ratio Rate of return Value Value Value Value T1 0.94 0.08 1.06 -0.06 T2 1.60 0.13 0.62 0.60 T3 1.91 0.13 0.52 0.91 T4 4.26 0.13 0.23 3.26 T5 4.62 0.12 0.22 3.62 T1: had 0% sun-dried poultry dropping based diet (SDPDBD) inclusion; T2: 20% SDPDBD; T3: 40% SDPDBD; T4: 60% SDPDB and T5 80% SDPDB 17Research Paper Bello, Desai, Dhekale, Bello Belewu MA, Adeneye JA. (1996). The effects of broil- er litter as a protein sources in the performance of Bunaji (White Fulani) bull Calves. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production 23: 66-71. Bello AA. (2016). Economics of feeding sun-dried poul- try dropping based diets on growing rams con- suming sorghum stover. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 6: 595-598. Bello AA, Tsado DN. (2014). Effects of supplementing sorghum (sorghum bicolor L. moench) stover with dried poultry dropping based diet on the perfor- mance of growing Yankasa ram. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7: 34-39 Beigh YA, Ganai AM, Ahmad HA. (2017). Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review. Veterinary World 10: 424-437. Fawola TS, Fajemisin AN. (2011). Performance and mi- cro minerals utilization by West African Dwarf ram fed rumen content-poultry droppings mixed diet. In: Proceedings of 36th Annual Conference, Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), University of Abuja, Nigeria, Volume 36, p. 533-535. Ibeawuchi JA, Danjuma D, Oguntona T. (1993). The val- ue of dried poultry waste as protein supplement for growing Borno White goats. Discovery and Innova- tion 5: 63-68. Jokthan GE, Muhammad SA, Osuhur CU. (2013). Effect of cotton seed cake replacement with broiler litter on performance of Yankasa rams fed maize husk basal diets. FUTA Journal of Research Science 1: 147-155. Mubi AA, Kibon A, Mohammed ID. (2008). Utilization of alkali treated sorghum stover supplemented with poultry litter for growing Heifers in the North East Region of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Animal and Vet- erinary Advances 3: 183-186. Ndubueze A.I, Ukachukwu SN, Ahamefule FO, Ibeawu- chi JA. (2006). Milk yield and composition of graz- ing white Fulani cows fed poultry waste cassava peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5: 436-440. Olagunju FI, Adesiyan IO, Ezekiel AA.(2007) .Economic viability of cat fish production in Oyo state, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology 21: 121-124. Onimisi PA, Omage JJ. (2006). Evaluation of poultry litter as feedstuff for growing rabbits. Livestock Re- search for Rural Development 18: Article 163. Saleh HM, Elwan KM, El-fouly HA, Ibrahim II, Salam AM, El-Ashry MA. (2002). The use of poultry waste as a Dietary Supplement for Ruminants. In: Devel- opment and field Evaluation of animal feed supple- mentation packages. Proceedings of the Final Review Meeting of an IAEA. Technical Co-operation Region- al AFRA Project organized by the joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agricul- ture and held in Cairo, Egypt. 25-29 November, 2000. Sontakke U, Kale V, Bose B, Kumar M. (2014). In: Non-conventional feeds and agro-industrial by prod- uct: Their scope and future demand for livestock pro- duction culled. https://en.engormix.com (accessed on 6 September 2019). Zinn RA, Baraja SR, Montario M, Shen YC. (1996). Pro- tein and energy value of dehydrated poultry excreta in diets for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 74: 2331-2335.