Microsoft Word - jamsy2003v08n01content-arabic.doc Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 8(1):35-40 (2003) © 2003 Sultan Qaboos University !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !"!#$%&'()&!*&+,-!!!35! !"#$%&!'(#)$#!*+,-.!-+/0.(BAP , IAA)!-(/,1&!234! !(+$+5-(63%!!7+85%&!9-:;%& Gardenia jasminoides ! !<$=veitchii >6?$ &!>4&-*!'(+$!.!"&5;.?(#!! ! $&5#4!5+%-!&(?'("!!)+*;%&!<+*3%&!5#4+34!,&-?!5"#-#"!! !&+.(?#%&!"?8.!>+/' &"!>+4&-*%&!""30%&!>+3,!.#%&!>0#(6!1=+2!33! Effect of Different Concentrations of Growth Regulators on Gardenia jasminoides cv. Veitchii Micropropagation by Tissue Culture Technique G. R. Abdullah, A.A. Al-Khateeb and M. Serage ! ABSTRACT: Micropropagation techniques were set up for Gardenia jasminoides c.v. veitchi. Many plantlets were obtained by culturing shoot cuttings in MS nutrient media, 30 g/L Sucrose, 7 g/L Agar Agar, and different concentrations of BAP and IAA. The best concentration was 1mg /L BAP with 0.5 mg/L IAA. This concentration gave the best sprout growth suitable for rooting in primary and secondary culture by reculturing the stuck cutting every 6 weeks and for many times. We also obtained a high rooting percentage up to 98 % of natural rooting in rooting media different from propagation media by reducing mineral salt concentration to half, Sucrose to 20gm/L, and 2gm/L active charcoal, and 1mg/L IAA. Plantlets were transferred to greenhous and subjected for hardening. This technique gave 22 plantlets from one cutting in one year. !#./01!2!!!!!!!345)&!&67!8.9!:.;!!<=+!>,/!? , !'?"$)!# $!)&!%'=1)&!'&?';$)!# ,(;veitchii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ardenia!4!!8.)&+*##!!J+.,!!E?9(7,!*(!G. jasminoides E thunbergia !G., G. rothmannia, G. augusta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crocetin)!' '4$)!'8/,!N?5/'!#(!1;%()&A! !!!J+,.)&!'5.;- +G. jasminoides!1 8,/5!ellis +!veitchii!*(! # 5-:!J&+,=&!'&',!!E!1-?8;'&!+/ !%' ":!J6"!+6!+7+*)6!%'! -,'!!!!!!'./(5+!:.%!'!5!)!!!!!!!!!!!*)6!>' ":)&!J?8;'&!+/ !* 4!89!!:%!! %&'!!!:!E!!!!!!>'=1)&!#.(<&!!8.7+!!)&6!!!# -(:!#4<&'!E'70;!>';8)&!89 !!!!!!!!*;4+!+ ?.(!>./;,(!*.(+ ,+ !!!!!!*;4!?7'?706!'(;% !*,!*'( +! !'5(;5.%!E!!!!!!!!# +$! # '/-! #4<&'+! O 5,! *+$5! #8-?=(! 2&'?70,! # /-( !!!!!!!!!'?70P)!>':?5(!' Q!# +$!>R?=6!*)6!K?;.4;!?9,.')!E*)6+!!)?"'!! !!!>'&'.4%)!–!*%!!!!!!!!!!!+':;!!-5!> /)&+!< 5')&!89!!# +<.(!#."'!! !:-&'5.)&!E!!!!!*)6!?9-9'!*.'( +*%!!!!!!# +"!#5+/'!!+"+5!# +<(!#"'!! !!!!!!!!!!*(!+$,!*)6!>'&'4)&!O815!S/, !G+!# .)?-%#!!!!89!# +<(!#"'!! R?;:)&A! !S$&+$)&!#8)?1;(!?9,=!? '=1!? , !'?")&!'?&'6!:; (Hetrozygous)! !!!7'?&.'6! 8./- +!!!, ?5;! '+65)&! #/%&+5! ??! &&'+!?! '9H(+!?!!!!&'9,! * 5! !!!;;?,.)&!+.%,)&!E!+!!+7!!# -&'0)&!84&+,)&!*(!M+Q'(!' Q!A!:; !@)6) !!!!!*. ;( '/5! ? ! .$(;! ?7'?&.'6!2!!!!!++/,! *$-! #-$')?5! : -/;)?5! *)+=& !!+&(!&!+;?( ,$)!#.(+?(( G. thunbergia #$(-)?5!# ,?&)&+!A!!F67+!! !!! #( './)&!!! !?/;$&! ' Q! >' .1=&!!!!!!!;;, !G+!+(,)&!R8/5!)?5,)&! *=! # !4&+)&!)?5,)&!89!)&+(,)&!*(!!+!4(!!!-!C+%A! ABDULLAH, AL-KHATEEB, AND SERAGE !36 !!!M."!!!!!!!!# 5:1)&!J&+,T)!#$(-)?5!%'=1)&!'?&'7&!*U5!' .'6;)& !!!.=';- !# '".:)&+1!!!!!!!!*(!' 6";$)!# $5?()&!89!)?5+-/)&!*(!! !-)&! !!!!#(!1;%()&!+(-)&!#)+9'!+0.1!!E!!!!<$+(5!#/5;'()&!)?90;10)!#9?=6 !!!+.(-)&!!!!!!!!!!61,!)$+!@)6'+!?9)!# "+)+ 0 8)&!#)?4)&+!:=&!)?5,)&!*.$- !+.(-)&!!E!!!!.$+* 5Dumanois!!!!:?-!1( '9+!%(),!!!!+(-)&!' 6";!*U5! !!!!!!!!!!*$-!%+;4 !++$4(!89!?7!-&+$!<(,5!#=.)&!# .(()&*!!V$(!3!!*(!';) IAA !!)?5,)&!>!-?$!*(!)61,!8;)&!+(-)&!I'-!*$-!?4"?,!*' !:.)! !!!!!6!?7' 6";!#5%,!)$/+!3 4!:=&!!!!*)-'!AB!!!!!C'1,!#9"!*(+!!'W !!!!!!!!!!!!' 6";)!+&(=&!)$+)&!+7!R?;:)&!+/9!*,!*$-!* &4?5)&!*.(!!. !-)& !!#5:1;(!>/,)&!)&+(,)& Watkins, 1971) !!+! (Siddique, 1973!!!* %'+=&!*(!#8$;.1(!0 .'&';!:&!1;.%?5!(Bose, 1977) (IBA+(,)&!)?/5&(!+,!Ancymidol !>!()!< '%!I /.;5!-#!!# ,?&! )' 6";)&!*$-!O '4;$(Wan, 1983)A! !!!!!!!!!!!'?&'6!89!?(?7+!&' 5'!&'+!!#"%,=&!#-&'0!)? .,(;!M.-$;+ !!!!!!!!!!!89! 8&&'+)&! * ?5;)&! *-! &! -5! #(?9)&! # !?/;$G&! )?;?5,)&! *(! !. !-)& !!!!!!!!!!#'/)?5!'?&'7&!#5-/)&!)&' ":)&+!'?":=&!@)6'+!;;?,.)&!+.%,)& !!!!!!!!? , !'?")&!?9, 5!*(+!# ! .$(;)&!# '.=1)&A!!?'!!()+!*!Dumanois!! !!!!!!!!!!!!:?-!89!? , !'?")&!'?&'7!#"%,=&!#-&'0!)? ,(;!:!1;.%&!*.(!++, %(),!!:!!!!!!!!#& !4)&!)&+(,)&!' 6";!89!S",!3. 4!!!+1&!!?9"?;,&!:;!8;)& !!!!!#5.%,5+!M. 5?,=&$'!B!!!>,./$)Ellis!!!!!!)$+!' &U;!*(!2?./$1;(! !!!!!!O81,()&!!+!'()&!*(!?= ,+!'?&'7&!D?.",!*.$-!' 6";.)&!!#'/) ! $(;)&!'?&'7&#X!+!1$5$!*(!(Lyrene,1981)!*$-!!Vaccinuim ashei !+!(Boulay, 1979)!*.$-!!! Sequoia sempervirens! +7# 5:1)&!J&+,=&!'?&'7!#5%,)?5!&!"!#(9(!#/(,)&!F6!A! !!!!!!!!!!)?5,)&!&67!'?&'6!*$-!#"%,=&!#-&'0!:&!1;%&!'/;( !:)!*')+ !!!!5)&!: 0,,!' .;!#%&'!!+&(!@)6!*(!!-5,!*)6!M76!+5!/.(9!0&! %'+' !!!!!!!8;?5,)&!+':;)&!+4&'(!R?,&,(Shen,1990)!+!!!!>!?()&!*$-!++/4)&! !!!!!!K?;,G!#.(00)&!# .;?5,)&!!>!?(!!#(!1;%()&+!!? , !'?")&!*(!* %+'')& !!!#.5./=&!8.9George et al., 1993)!Y!E!Z01;%&!*)6!#9?=6 !!!!!!!!!Z$1;%(! #9?=6! !-5! C'1,! # 5/! )?5''(+! ++; ,?()&+! ++'.% $.)& !!!&!'?(&!0+;.''9!!!!!!!!?, !'?")&!!? 01!1 9!#-+'0()&!/%+)&!*)6!? , !'?") !!!!!?7'&?';!!*)6!)!,!8.;)&+A!!!!!!!!?(5?%!? , !'?")&!'?(&!)(!1;%&!!$+!&67! !!!!!!!!!?=('!8, /!M. 5/!+5.$!*.()0)5?9;+!)?!85/-!R%!9(+!'!( !*(4$)!*'%(+!++5$)(Hayashi et al., 1992) !A! !!!!!!'?&'7&!>R?8'!* %4;!+",!*(+)!!,)&!)?;?5,)&!# -+,!!!3 4!*(!#";? !!!!!!!!# %(;)&!!,-!! ")&!+(,)&!*$-!?.9;'!$!!X!!!!!)?%&'!!@?,7!),?'!!(9!>! !- !!!*.$-!!!!!!!!0?Q+!''%)&!0 '';+!M 5?,=&!#0Q6!:?.'46!' .&U;!!! %',!8,?& *+5'')&!!!!!!!!!!# ;&6)&!# 6.;)&!*$-!>'!?$!)?;?5,!R?/-6!*$-!# <+=)&!>!:)&+! +1&!!# %(;)&!#$4'(!+01!@)6'+!M 5?,=&! (Serret et al., 1996, 1997)!!+!!!!.$!!!!)., 5!!!!)?.%&'!)&!!!!!!' Q!M 5?,,!*(!#";?,)&!)?;?5,)&!*U5 !!!!!),?'!#0Q7&!#.('4(!!!!!,-![?4?",!'&', %(;?9;!!!!!*(!>6+1U()&!@$;!*(! !!!!!?('!#0Q7&!#'(4(!M 5?,,!!*,!!!)?; 5,)&!F69)!# <+=)&!#5?";%G&!!>$;1;! !!!!!!!:!1;.%()&!0+''.%)&!0 .'';!M.%4!X!!!!!!'!?/(!:&!1;%&!*)6!#9?=6! ! ., "+';,!!!!!!!!!>!? 0!*)6!C!,!%6)&+!%6.()&!/%+)&!89!M+?,;)?5!#8$;.1(!# !!!!!!!!!!!!? , !'?")&!*(!+'!89!#$'+()&!)&+(,)&!*(!# '51()&!#.$(-)&!# ."?;,6 !0+()&+ (George and Ravishankar, 1996) A!! ! 6-#%&!7-*"!5&"#! ! !>+.(#$%&!75(#%&5!!!!!1(!89!345)&!&67!68,;!!!!!:%()!<5?;)&!#"%,=&!#-&'0!'5 !!!!89!* ;?.%5)&!!!89!+/ 9!@$()&!#-(?"5!# 6Q=&+!# -&'0)&!:+$-)&!# $' !!!!!* 5!?(!#-$&+)&!>';8)&*###!–*##%:!!!!!!':-!# ?.)&!F69)!:!1;%&!3 4! !!*(!)?;?5.,G. jasminoides!!>,/!veitchii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tween20!Y&!!!#5%,5!>81()%!B!!>!()"'!!!:&!#( $!! !&0"=&!)$%Q!!!!!!!!!30&!>!()!:(-()&+!'/(()&!R?()?5!)&'(!30&!# ;?5,)&!R >'(!+'!89!#'?;1()&!# ;?5,)&!R&0."=&!: .(-;!!.-5 !:.(-()&+!E(;)!!!!!!'?5;1&!M 5?,,!89!?9;-&'0!<=+5!!!!#$(-!+!-(5!8%,'! !8(+&'")&!+0-)&!0?9"!)4;!M+5,,!+'!89!>!4&+(Laminar air flow hood)0'!!# )+,!#-&'!!E!?9;-&'0!!-5!M 5?,=&!F67!)-=+!:& !!!!!!!!!?7'&!((!# <+=!>!:!)4;+!#8 '(!#9'Q!8.9'###!!!!>!()!I'+)!%-! !!!!! ? .(+ ! #-?.%!!! 8.9!>'&'4! #"'!!!*,±!*!!!! &'?9,! # +<(!! +**±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urashige and Skoog, 1962)!!!!++$4(!1 .)6!?9?.=( !,. (?; 8)&)?!! (Navarro et al., 1975) !*(!#8$;1(!0 '&';+!BAP!\ #&#!+!!#&*'!!+!!#&'E!!%!+!%&'!+!*!!:&'"$(3';)!Y!! +,IAA!!\#&#!!+! #&*'!+!!#&'!+!#&$'!+!!%!:&'."$(!3!';)Y !0 '';!+=9,!<(!#''?:()?5 !!*.( BAP!!+"#:&'"!3!+!0+'?'%!';)$&'!:&'"!3)/5=+!'?"4!';)! !!!#.=+(4!!!!!*$-!!/.%+)&'&'!E!!!.'?"]&!#9?=6!!-5!!!!!J0+!3 4!!'?"4 !!!!!!!I? $!'?5;1&!M 5?,,!89!%6-()&!/%+)&%'#!x!*'!!!!!!+!-(5!:(!%'!!!:(!/! !!!!8;)&+!M+5.,,!!!!!!!#/%&+5!)((-+!#9?8:!# ' ;%05!)&!&!%!#/%&+5!)($Q, !!!!!!!8.'&'4!#"'!!*$-!%*%!#"'!! !>!()+!# +<(%'#( $!!A! !!!!!!!? '51(!)68,!!(9!' 6";)&!#$4'(!?(,+1&!!!!!!#< 5!*$-!%+;4;!M 5?,,! !!!!!!!!!!'/?,-)&+!>/,)&!*)6!#881()&!C'5')&!# ,!-()&!'/?,-)&!*(!#8)W(!# 6.( )&!C'./++$4(!*(!(MS)!* %'+=&!*(!#8$;1(!0 '&';!+!IAA !! \ #&#!!+!#&*'!!+!#&'!+!!#&$'!+!%!E!%&'!:&'."$(!3!';.)!Y !!1)!?9!?=( !!)?, (?; 8)&!++.$4(!+5$!*(!:!1;%()&Navarro et al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itto and Yong, 1981)!!E (Dumanois et al., 1984)+!!(George et al, 1993)!*?..9! !* , '+; %)&(BAP) !+!* ; , ')&!*(!'?&'7&!89!?(&!1;%&!'&'=&!+7!2- IP !A!!!:$'!++!")&!89!#,+!()&!;0;1&!:!-+!#9"!*(!!\ #&*'$(!:&'."3';)!Y!!!*$-!F' &U;5#5%,!!!!!!!*$-!@)6'+!!!7?:)&!*-!S;8;$)! !!!!!!!!!!0 '';)&!*(!+-"!# ,?&!#9"!*(!)&+(,)&!++/!/%+;(%!$(!:&'"3!';) BAP!#&0&)&!' ?-($)!#5%,)?5!+=9=&!+7!#%+'!()&!A>!(-)&!8/-; !!!!!!!!!!!# 5,?")&!:-&'5)&!S;8;!!#" ;,!#$'+()&!)&+(,)&!*(!! !-)&!>!?-!# $?%)& !!M.%4!# +,?&.)&!(Altman and Goren, 1979)!J'8;)&!#" ;,!+,! !M%4!%+,?&.)&!(Nozeran et al., 1983)!A!!!M%4+Gaspar, 1988)!Y!! (?,)&!#(()&!C+;%(!*$-!&!"!+ $$!* , '+; %)&!0 '';!*?.9!# !!!'?&'7&!+",!*(! # $?%)&+1&!!!!!!* 5!1$5$+!M 5?,=&!Okazawa,1978)!! (Koda and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a! 1.23 e! 25.03 d! 0.00 2.10 ba! 1.70 d! 33.75 d! 0.25! 2.03 ba! 2.14 c! 60.42 c!!!! 0.50! 1.65 bc! 2.26 cb! 86.67 b! 1.00! 1.45 c! 2.44 b! 93.33 ba! 1.50! 0.78 d! 2.69 a! 100.00 a! 2.00! !!!!!!!,!?9, 5!I )!#95?:;(!>'4,!+(4;!8;)&!)0(?-()&!!!!!!'?5;1&!*$-!%+,-(!#'9!%L.S.D.! !C+;%()&!*$-!@)6+'!AB!!! !:$'!++!"\*2Y! ! &+?," &!*+,-.!-+/0.!4&-*%&!>(6$!234!9/8#%&!*?"%&!+2! >+-#;#%&3!0%&! >#?$! "4&-#%&!A.4.%! %&+,-.*! '"$(:&3';)! 1.65 d! 2.26 a! 86.67 a! 0.00 3 c! 1.83 b ! 88.33 a! 0.25! 4.14 a! 1.80 b! 93.34 a! 0.50! 3.74 ba! 1.70 cb! 75.00 b! 0.75! 3.38 bc! 1.58 c! 63.34 c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