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Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 80, 145 - 149 (2006)

1 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
2 Federal Center of Technological Education, Sao Vicente do Sul, Brazil

3 Kompetenzzentrum für Obstbau, Ravensburg, Germany

Quality and biochemical changes of sweet cherries cv. Regina
stored in modified atmosphere packaging

J. Harb1, A.A. Saquet2, R. Bisharat1, J. Streif 3

(Received June 26, 2006)

Summary

Biochemical and quality changes of sweet cherries cv. Regina were
assessed over three consecutive years after storage in different
modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) liners, with or without
hydrocooling, compared to regular atmosphere (RA) storage. All
plastic liners used in the experiment resulted in CO

2
-enrichment and

O
2
-reduction inside packages, with the following impact on fruit

quality after five weeks of storage: improved retention of fruit
firmness and red color of skin, no significant effect on acidity and
total soluble solids, and minimal loss of fruit weight. Fruit decay
was absent under both storage conditions (RA and MAP), probably
due to rain-protected cultivation of cherry trees. Stalks of MAP-fruits
remained fresher than control fruits, obviously due to higher relative
humidity condition inside packages. MA-packaged cherries were
preferred by the taste panel, while cold-stored fruits were criticized
due to flat and slightly bitter taste. The ATP concentration in air
stored fruits was higher than in MA-packaged fruits, while ADP level
was higher in MA-packaged fruits. Further, MA-packed sweet
cherries exhibited higher antioxidant potential and ascorbic acid
content than air-stored fruits. Moreover, hydrocooling did not cause
any significant effect compared to nontreated fruits.

Introduction

MAP refers to the technique of sealing actively respiring produce
like fruits in polymeric film packages to modify O

2
and CO

2
partial

pressures within the packages (KADER and WATKINS, 2000). In
their study on table grapes, ARTÉS-HERNÁNDEZ et al. (2004) used
35 mm thick microperforated polypropylene (PP) to generate a
modified atmosphere packaging of 15 kPa O

2
and 10 kPa CO

2
. The

changes in O
2

and CO
2

concentrations within a package depend on
the interaction between respiration of the commodity and the permea-
bility properties of the packaging film and/or microperforations
(BEAUDRY et al., 1992). Consequently, researchers stated that it is
crucial to use films with suitable gas permeability, and to determine
the time needed for the development of the concentrations of the
respiratory gases inside the package, to achieve any success with
MAP (EVELO, 1993). It was found that MAP can double the shelf-
life of tomatoes, citrus, cucumber and apples compared to the non-
packaged fruits, when the permeability characteristics of the package
matched the respiration rate of the produce (CAMERON et al., 1989;
AIT-OUBAHOU et al., 1994). Usually it is desirable to generate an
atmosphere low in O

2
and/or high in CO

2
to influence the metabolism

of the produce being packaged, and/or to retard the activity of decay-
causing organisms, which resulted in most cases in better storability
of fruits and an extended shelf life. SKOG et al., (2003) reported that
MAP reduced decay by 50% and significantly maintained firmness
with ‘Hedelfinger’ cherries. In addition to atmosphere modification,
MAP improves moisture retention, which had greater influence on
preserving stalks freshness than O

2
and CO

2
levels (JOBLING, 2001).

However, the atmosphere modification inside packages may in-

duce various undesirable effects. Fermentation and off-flavors may
develop if decreased O

2
levels cannot sustain aerobic respiration

(KAYS, 1997). Similarly, injury will occur if CO
2

exceeds tolerable
levels. Production of compounds that contribute to characteristic taste
of many fruit, including apple, banana, pear, peaches, strawberries
and others, can be adversely affected by low O

2
and elevated CO

2
(MATTHEIS and FELLMAN, 2000). Synthesis of aroma compounds are
generally suppressed by high CO

2
and low O

2
concentrations (HARB

et al., 2000), in part by their action on ethylene perception, but also
via oxidative processes, including respiration, required for substrates
production (SAQUET et al., 2003). Further findings by CRISOSTO
et al. (2002) indicate that rachis browning was accelerated and a
trained panel perceived ‘off-flavor’ in grapes (cv. ‘Redglobe’) ex-
posed to > 10 kPa CO

2
partial pressure in the packages.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of plastic liners
on the fruit quality and storability of sweet cherries cv. ‘Regina’
cultivated under rain covers. Rain-protection of sweet cherries during
fruit ripening, in particular during harvest period, is essential in
various regions in Western-Europe to avoid fruit cracking.

Materials and methods

Over three consecutive years various plastic liners in several MAP-
trials were used. In all experiments, cherry fruits were obtained from
a rain-protected orchard at the Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau-Bodensee
(KOB) located in South-West Germany, in Lake of Constance area.
Fruits were picked and selected for uniformity in size and color and
absence of decay and external injuries, and packed at the same
day.

Experiments in 2001: Fruits were divided into 16 samples, each
sample amounts about 2000 g. Eight samples were enclosed in PVC
plastic bags that were kept open (control treatment). A second set of
eight samples were enclosed in 30 µm Life-Plus® gusseted poly-
ethylene bulk liners supplied from Danisco Flexible, Bristol-UK
(MA-packed treatment).
Analyses of quality parameters were conducted as described for
Experiment 2003.

Experiments in 2002: Repetition of the 2001 experiments.

Experiments in 2003: The following treatments were conducted:
- Control treatment: Fruits were stored in cold storage without

precooling. The cherries were enclosed in macro-perforated
LDPE-liners (50 µm) for the purpose of increasing the re-
lative humidity without altering gas composition around
fruits.

- MAP experiment: Fruits were enclosed in two different plastic
films (SJ 304 and SJ 604) delivered from a Chilenian manu-
facturer (San Jorge, Santiago, Chile) and designed specifically
for sweet cherries. Furthermore, the 30 µm Life-Plus® gus-

seted polyethylene bulk liner supplied from Danisco Flexible
was used also.

- Hydrocooling experiment: Fruits were cooled in ice-water
for 10 minutes before enclosure in various liners (304, Life-
span, or LDPE). The aim of hydrocooling trial was to in-
vestigate the impact of hydrocooling on various quality
aspects, in particular on the freshness of stem condition.

All samples were stored at 0 °C for the entire storage period. From
each treatment two samples were taken every two weeks, and gas
composition inside packages was determined using a micro-GC
(Model CP 2002P, Chrompack,); detector: thermal conductivity
detector (TDC), column for O

2
-determination: Molsieb at 40 °C,

column for CO
2
-determination: Hayesep at 45 °C.

Fruits were analyzed for the following quality parameters:
Weight loss: Upon storage the initial weights of all samples were
recorded, and at each sampling date, the weights of two samples for
each treatment were recorded directly after removal from room, to
avoid any condensation of water on the fruits.

Fruit firmness: Firmness was measured using a nondestructive
instrument (FirmTech2; UP GmbH, Ibbenbüren, Germany) designed
for soft fruits, which measured the maximum force needed to com-
press the fruit tissues. Results are given in g mm-1.

Total soluble solids (TSS): The TSS in the fruit juice was determined
with a digital refractometer (Atago, Japan).

Titratable acidity: 10 ml of fruit juice were diluted with 100 ml
distilled water and titrated with 0.1 N NaOH solution to pH 8.1.

Skin color: Fruit color was assessed using a chromameter (Minolta,
Japan). Ten fruits per replicate were measured. The color assessment
with this instrument is specified by the coordinates L*, a*, b* in a
three-dimensional color space. L* represent the brightness, whereas
a* is the green (with negative values) and the red component (with
positive values), and b* is the blue (with negative values) and the
yellow component (with positive values).

Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration: All steps of this determination
procedure were carried out under cold and dark condition to minimize
the degradation of vitamin C. At each sampling date fruit sections
were obtained from at least 15 fruits per replicate, two replicate for
each treatment, shock frozen in liquid N

2
, and ground to fine powder.

Six grams of fruit powder was added to 15 ml of 3 % HPO
3
solution

and homogenized for 30 seconds. After centrifugation at 14 000 g
for 20 minutes, the supernatant was filtered and 20 µl were used for
HPLC determination under the following conditions: Column:
Prontosil 60-5-C18-H; size: 4.0 x 125 mm; particle size: 5.0 µl; eluent:
tetra-n-butylammoniumhydrogensulfate (2.5 g) + methanol (55 ml)
in 1 L H

2
O; flow: 800 µl·min-1; temperature: 25.0 °C; pressure:

16.0 MPa. An ascorbic acid standard solution (20 mg 100 ml-1) was
used to calculate the vitamin C concentration of the fruits.

Determination of antioxidants capacity of the water soluble
compounds (ACW): Determinations were carried out by Photochem
system (Analytik Jena AG) with photo-chemo-luminescence method.
Standard kits from Analytik Jena, Germany, were used to measure
water soluble antioxidants. ACWs were measured using the same
extract used for vitamin C determination after dilution with water
at a ratio of 1:10 according to the protocol provided with the ACW
determination kit (Analytik Jena, Germany).

ATP/ADP extraction and assay: The extraction and assay of ATP
and ADP were carried out according to SAQUET et al. (2003). The

concentrations of ATP and ADP were determined by bioluminescence
technique using a kit from Bio-Orbit Oy (Finland). 1 g of the lyo-
philized fruit powder was homogenized in a 5%-TCA solution
plus EDTA (2 mM) and incubated in ice for 30 min. Samples were
then centrifuged at 18000 g at 4°C for 15 min. An aliquot of 10 µl
of the supernatant was diluted with Tris-EDTA-buffer (pH 7.75) and
assayed with a luminometer (model 1250, LKB-Wallac, Finland) at
25 °C. For ADP-determination, samples were incubated with pyruvate
kinase at 25 °C for 30 min., during which ADP was converted into
ATP. An internal ATP-standard was used for calculating ATP and
ADP concentrations.

Sensory test: A taste panel, with a minimum of four people, evalu-
ated the sensory quality of the cherry fruits from different storage
conditions after four and seven weeks. The panelists looked for both
visual quality criteria, such as stalks freshness (green color and
dryness) and fruit color, and taste criteria, such as sweetness, acidity,
crispness, and off-flavour. All tests were performed after a shelf-life
period of 24 hours at 20°C in air. The visual properties (appearance,
color, stem condition, injuries) and organoleptical impression were
judged by numerical scores between 1 and 5 as follows: for decay:
1 = no decay, and 5 = strong infection; for color: 1 = fresh as at
harvest time, and 5 = very dark; for stalks condition: 1 = fresh as at
harvest time and 5 = dry and brown color; for taste: 1 = very good,
and 5 = very bad. Furthermore, a detailed discussion was conducted
at each session to describe the quality of sweet cherries. Therefore,
our results will be shown in both numerical as well as a descriptive
manner.

Statistical analysis: All results were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using the CoStat-software (CoHort Software, Monterey,
CA, 1998), and mean separations were calculated by Duncan’s
multiple range test at P < 0.05.

Results and discussion
Partial pressures of gases inside the MA-packages: Fig. 1 shows
changes in gas composition occurred over a storage period of five
weeks after using various MAP-liners.
The lifespan liner led to the strongest reduction in CO

2
partial pres-

sure, although it was not low enough to slow the ripening process
according to WILLS et al. (1998).
CO

2
partial pressure increased up to 5 kPa in all liner treatments and

this influenced some aspects of fruit ripening and quality as shown
in Tab. 1. None of the tested liners was clearly superior over the
others and all liners affected fruit quality and freshness mainly by
increasing the relative humidity around the fruit more than by
changing the gas composition inside because stem freshness was
clearly better than control.

Quality parameters: Tab. 1 shows the influence of MAP-treatments
and hydrocooling on various quality parameters after five weeks of
storage in 2003. Fruit firmness decreased significantly upon cold
storage (control), but preserved upon storage of fruits in plastic liners,
and hydrocooling did not contribute with most treatments to the
preservation of firmness. Changes in the total soluble solids, which
reflect the amount of sugars in fruits, were minimal and did not differ
significantly between control and all MAP treatments. Concerning
the titratable acidity, fruits in all conditions suffered great losses,
which possibly reflect that the gas composition developed inside
plastic liners was not effective in reducing the respiration rate of
fruit, and no significant differences were registered between all
treatments. However, significant differences were recorded in color
attributes (a* and b* values). The a*-value, which gives the red

146 J. Harb, A.A. Saquet, R. Bisharat, J. Streif

component of color decreased with both treatments. However, a
significant lower decrease was registered with MAP-fruits, which
indicates that increased CO

2
-level inside the liner may have preserved

the red pigments in MAP stored fruits more than in control fruits.
Concerning the b*-values, which reflect the blue/yellow components
of color, a significant lower decrease was registered also in MAP-
fruits compared to control fruits. The L*-values did not differ
significantly between both treatments. Hydrocooling of cherries for

two minutes in ice water soon after harvest did not affect fruit quality,
when fruits were analysed after five weeks storage period. Our results
are in agreement, although partially, with that of MEHERIUK et al.
(1995), who succeeded in maintaining the quality of sweet cherries
cv. ‘Lapins’ through storing in LDPE-bags (30 µm) with an im-
mediate flushing of bags with a gas mixture composed of 5% O

2
+

5% CO
2
. ARJONA et al. (1994) also found that yellow passion fruit

wrapped with VF-60 plastic film and stored for 15 and 30 days show
less weight loss, while maintaining external appearance. Moreover,
KUPFERMAN and SANDERSON (2005) mentioned also good results,
but concluding that controlling fruit temperature is more important
than using MAP, particularly if sweet cherries are to be stored for
less than 10 days. In another experiment, MAP using 80 µm LDPE
film retarded fruit softening and inhibited development of peel and
flesh disorders of Japanese ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (BEN-ARIE and ZUTKHI
1992). However, fruit quality deteriorated more rapidly in a 60 µm
package, which was attributed to specific physiological effects of
the different atmospheric equilibria established due to film thickness.

Weight loss: Results show that cold-stored fruits without packaging
lost more weight than MA-packaged fruits (Data not shown). This
was attributed to the buildup of a high relative humidity inside MA-
packages. OTHIENO and THOMPSON (1993) reported that sweet corn
packed in polypropylene film with no perforations showed a reduced
rate of weight loss. ARJONA et al. (1994) found also that yellow
passion fruit wrapped with VF-60 plastic film and stored for 15 and
30 days showed less weight loss. It is not expected that any differences
in respiration rates between treatments could cause such a difference
in weight loss.

Visual inspection and sensory test: Panelists were not able to detect
differences between control and MAP stored fruits, in respect to
external fruit quality (appearance and color) (Tab. 2). However,
significant differences were detected in stalks condition and taste. It

0 1 2 3 4 5
Weeks of storage

C
O

2
a

n
d

O
2
p

a
rt

ia
l p

re
ss

u
re

(
kP

a
)

SJ 3 304 (CO2) SJ 6 604 (CO2) Lifespan (CO2)

SJ 304 (O2) SJ 6 604 (O2) Lifespan (O2)

a
a

a
a
a

Fig. 1: Changes in partial pressures of CO
2
and O

2
inside various MAP-

liners filled with 500 g sweet cherries cv. Regina, and stored at
0 °C, over a storage period of five weeks in 2003. Different letters
indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05,
Duncan’s multiple range test.

Tab. 1: Influence of various MAP-treatments with or without hydrocooling (+HC) on various quality parameters of sweet cherries cv. Regina. Measurements
were taken at harvest time and after storage period of five weeks at 0 °C in 2003.

Assessment Control SJ 604- SJ 304- SJ 304- Lifespan- Lifespan- Untight Untight
time liner liner liner liner liner enclosure1 enclosure

+HC +HC +HC

Firmness at harvest ………………………………….......……........ 277 …………………………………………………………….…….…............
(g mm-1) after 5 weeks 237 d* 343 a 317 abc 311 bc 288 c 327 ab 312 bc 322 ab

TSS at harvest ………………………………….......……….... 17.7 ……………………………………………………………………..............
(%) after 5 weeks 18.0 a 17.2 a 17.6 a 17.1 a 17.6 a 17.6 a 17.7 a 17.3 a

Acidity at harvest ………………………………….......……..….. 11.4 ……………………………………………………………….…....….........
(g l-1) after 5 weeks 9.0 a 8.9 a 8.5 a 8.2 a 8.9 a 8.5 a 8.5 a 7.9 a

Color at harvest …………………………………….........…….. 27.2 ……………………………………………………………….......…...........
(L*) after 5 weeks 24.9 a 25.2 a 25.0 a 26.3 a 25.1 a 24.7 a 25.0 a 25.5 a

Color at harvest ………………………………….......……..….. 13.6 …………………………………………………………………....…..........
(a*) after 5 weeks 10.3 a 10.6 a 9.1 bc 9.7 ab 9.7 ab 8.9 bc 8.3 c 8.2 c

Color at harvest ………………………………….......……….... 1.7 ………………………………………………………………..…....…........
(b*) after 5 weeks 1.6 a 1.4 ab 1.2 cd 1.3 bc 1.3 bc 1.3 bc 1.2 cd 1.0 d

1 Fruits were enclosed inside a PVC plastic film without tight enclosure with the aim of increasing relative humidity around fruits without changing the gas
composition around fruits.

* Means within lines followed by different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05, Duncan’s multiple range test.

Modified atmosphere packaging of sweet cherries 147

is well known that stalks condition plays crucial role in the consumer
acceptance, and it is obvious from Tab. 2 that stalks of MA-packed
fruits remained fresher than control fruits. The high relative humi-
dity inside packages may contribute highly to this positive stalks
appearance. Reduced dehydration and better condition of stalks were
reported also by HORVITZ et al. (2004) with cherries stored in MA up
to 42 days.

Tab. 4: Changes in ATP, ADP concentrations and ATP/ADP ratio of sweet
cherries cv. Regina stored for five weeks (year 2003).

ATP ADP ATP:ADP
(nmol g-1 DW) (nmol g-1 DW) ratio

At harvest time 55.3 c* 16.9 c 3.3 a

Control fruit (after 5 weeks) 194.7 a 46.4 b 4.2 b

MAP fruit (after 5 weeks) 168.8 b 51.4 a 3.3 a

* Means within each column followed by different letters indicate significant
differences between treatments at P < 0.05, Duncan’s multiple range test.

Tab. 3: Ascorbic acid content and potential of water soluble antioxidants
(ACW) of MA- packed sweet cherries cv. Regina at harvest time
and after five weeks in storage at 0 ºC. Year 2003.

Ascorbic acid (mg 100g-1 FW) ACW. (µg g-1 FW)

Control MAP Control MAP

Harvest time ……… 2.8 ……… ......… 1.65 …….
After 5 week 1.9 b* 2.3 a 1.26 b 1.36 a

* Means within rows -for each parameter- followed by different letters indicate
significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05, Duncan’s multiple
range test.

Tab. 2: Percentages of weight losses and scores of consumer perception of
sweet cherries cv. Regina after six weeks storage period in 2001.
Before tasting, fruits were conditioned for 24 hours at room tem-
perature. Scores for fruit color and appearance: 1 = fresh as at har-
vest time, 5 = very dark; scores for stem condition: 1 = fresh as at
harvest time, 5 = dry and brown colored; scores for fruit taste: 1 =
very good, 5 = very bad.

Weight Stem Fruit Fruit Fruit
loss (%) freshness color appearance taste

(%) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5)

MAP (Life-Plus 30µm) 3.1 b* 1.7 b 2.8 a 5.0 a 2.7 b

Control 7.4 a 3.5 a 2.5 a 5.0 a 4.3 a

*Means within each column followed by different letters indicate significant
differences between treatments at P < 0.05, Duncan’s multiple range test.

ATP- and ADP-levels: Tab. 4 shows the changes in ATP and ADP
levels in sweet cherries at harvest time, and after five weeks in store.
At harvest time, fruits contained the minimal levels compared with
fruits stored for five weeks. However, significant differences occurred
between control and MA-packaged fruits, by which air stored sweet
cherries contained significantly higher ATP-concentrations than MA-
packaged fruits, whereas ADP levels show an inverse situation.
Significant differences were registered also in ATP-ADP ratios, by
which control fruits had significantly the highest ratio. CO

2
-enriched

atmosphere inside MA-packages may possibly reduced the respira-
tion rate, and consequently the turn over of energy carriers may be
slow enough to cause the accumulation of ADP in MAP-fruits; lower
respiration rate was registered also with CA-storage of sweet cherries
cv. Regina (HARB et al., 2003).

Modified atmosphere packaging lengthened the postharvest life of
cherry fruit by retaining firmness, reducing the rate of acidity loss,
and by retaining stalks freshness. In conclusion, MAP seems to exert
a positive impact on both external and internal quality of fruits, which
means better storability of sweet cherries. However, MAP should be
seen as a complementary measure, and not as a substitute for cold
temperature; cherries held at lower temperature are generally superior
to those held at slightly warmer temperatures (KUPFERMAN and
SANDERSON, 2005).

References
AIT-OUBAHOU, A., EL-OTMANI, M., PECH, J., CHIRAGUI, T., 1994: Improving

postharvest storage and handling of horticultural commodities in
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ARTÉS-HERNÁNDEZ, F., AGUAYO, E., ARTÉS, F., 2004: Alternative atmosphere
treatments for keeping quality of ‘Autumn seedless’ table grapes during
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ARJONA, H., MATTA, F., GARNER, J. JR., 1994: Wrapping in polyvinyl chloride
film slows quality loss of yellow passion fruit. HortScience 29, 295-296.

BEAUDRY, R., CAMERON, A., SHIRAZI, A., DOSTAL-LANGE, D., 1992: Modified-
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Moreover, our results with odor volatiles (data are not shown), allow
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2
-level created inside packages did not reach

the injurious level. LARSEN (1993) found that strawberries packed in
LDPE-films developed very strong off-flavor, which is reflected
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acetate, and a decrease in the content of methyl ester, hexanal, and
trans-2-hexenol. The current results revealed the preference of taste
panel to MA-packed sweet cherries, in particular due to more juicy
and crunchy taste. Furthermore, these fruits were judged to be more
acidic, although panelists criticized the weak odor of fruits – no off-
flavor-, while with control fruits flesh dryness and slight bitter and a
non-homogenous taste were peceived. Dryness is partly a result of
higher dehydration of cold-stored fruits. Hydrocooling of sweet
cherries before MAP (year 2003) did not caused any significant im-
provement in the consumer acceptance and stalks condition after
five weeks of storage (data not shown).

Vitamin C and antioxidants: Tab. 3 shows further aspects related
to quality that is highly important for human health. Both ascorbic
acid content and the potential of water soluble antioxidants of fruits
decreased in sweet cherries stored either in air or inside the MAP-
liners, compared to those analyzed at harvest time. This reflects a
gradual oxidation of constituents with time, and it is obvious that
MAP slows down this degradation.

148 J. Harb, A.A. Saquet, R. Bisharat, J. Streif

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Addresses of the authors:
Dr. J. Harb, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University,
P. O. Box 14, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine (via Israel)
R. Bisharat, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University,
P. O. Box 14, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine (via Israel)
Dr. A. Saquet, Federal Center of Technological Education, Sao Vicente do
Sul, Brazil
Dr. J. Streif, KOB, Schuhmacherhof 6, D-88213 Ravensburg

Modified atmosphere packaging of sweet cherries 149

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/CreateJDFFile false
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments false
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org)
/PDFXTrapped /Unknown

/Description <<
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/ENU (Use these settings to create PDF documents with higher image resolution for improved printing quality. The PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Reader 5.0 and later.)
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>>
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice