Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 88, 134 - 138 (2015), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2015.088.019
1 Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Igdir-Turkey
2Ataturk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Erzurum, Turkey
3 Oregon State University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, Oregon-USA
4Sakarya University, Pamukova Vocational School, Sakarya-Turkey
5 Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Biometry Genetics Unit, Igdir-Turkey
6 Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economy, Igdir-Turkey
Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds
in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes
S.P. Eyduran1, S. Ercisli2, M. Akin3, O. Beyhan4, M.K. Gecer1, E. Eyduran5, Y.E. Erturk6
(Received January 26, 2015)
* Corresponding author
Summary
Mulberries (Morus spp.) are historically grown in particular micro-
climatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the
valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several
purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first
time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity
(TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and pheno-
lic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes
growing in Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and
geno-types strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxi-
dant capa-city (p<0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all
genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars,
fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.057 and
7.700 g/100 g and 5.337 and 9.437 g/100 g in all mulberry geno-
types, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remark-
ably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167
to 14.400 μmol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170
to 9.273 μmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phe-
nolic compounds.
Introduction
Mulberries are widely spread on tropical, subtropical and temperate
zones of Asia, Europe, America, and Africa, which indicate their high
adaptation capacity to different environmental conditions (ERCISLI
and ORHAN, 2007). Turkey is one of the important diversity centers
of mulberries with a long cultivation history dating back to 400-
500 years ago. The most popular mulberry species with edible fruits
grown in Turkey are Morus nigra, Morus rubra, Morus alba and
Morus laevigata (OZGEN et al., 2009; YILDIZ, 2013).
The high genotypic diversity for mulberries in Turkey (KAFKAS et al.,
2008) is especially attributed to its long period generative propaga-
tion in Turkey in the past. Although white mulberry (Morus alba)
is the main cultivated specie in Turkey with share 95 % of the total
production. More recently there is a growing interest on black and
white mulberries and potential benefits on human health associated
with its higher phytochemical content and antioxidant properties
(ERCISLI and ORHAN, 2007; ERCISLI and ORHAN, 2008; KOYUNCU
et al., 2014; NATIC et al., 2015; SANCHEZ et al., 2014; SANCHEZ-
SALCEDO et al., 2015).
Since ancient times, mulberry has been cultivated in some micro-
climatic areas particularly in eastern Anatolia including Aras valley.
The plant is also widely grown in western Anatolia as well as Medi-
terranean side of Turkey. Each growing area has own special geno-
types, which greatly differ each others (ERCISLI, 2004). Traditionally,
mulberry fruits have been processing into several product including
mulberry juice, molasses, jam, vinegar and some very special pro-
ducts such as ‘mulberry pestil’, ‘mulberry kome’, etc. in Turkey. All
of these products have significant marketing value due to its nutri-
tive features and distinct aroma characteristics (ERTURK and GECER,
2012).
There are big differences between black (Morus nigra) and white
(Morus alba) mulberry trees and particularly fruits. Morus nigra is
one of the most difficult fruit species for vegetative propagation and
it has also slow growing characteristics. Plant habit of this species is
more compact and free of pest of diseases due to thick leaves and high
phenolic contents in its tissues (ERCISLI and ORHAN, 2008). Black
mulberry fruits are mainly processed into juice and have also high
fresh consumption value.
Mulberry fruits are harvested several times in a growing period
(four to seven times in a year, according to altitude of orchards). The
first harvested fruits are sent to market for fresh consumption, while
later harvested fruits have increased their sugar content during fruit
development and are destined for processing purposes. Black and
red mulberry fruits have been used in small quantities for jam in-
dustry (AKBULUT et al., 2006). In Turkey 95 % of mulberry trees be-
longs to white mulberry (Morus alba) and 70 % of white mulberry
fruits processed into mulberry molasses, whereas 10 % processed
into ‘Mulberry kome’ and 3 % processed into ‘Mulberry pestil’. Ap-
proximately 4 % dried and 5 % consumed as fresh of white mulberries
(ERCISLI, 2004). The other species cannot be used to obtain above
products.
However, fruits of Morus nigra, are purple to black in color, juicy
and with pleasant acidic flavor (ERCISLI and ORHAN, 2008; OZGEN
et al., 2009). Together with fresh consumption, fruits of black mul-
berry are utilized in syrup, marmalade, ice-cream, vinegar and vine
industries (GUNDOGDU et al., 2011). Fruits of Morus nigra are very
rich source of phenolics due to their high content in anthocyanins
(ARAMWIT et al., 2010).
Phenolic compounds prove anti-aging properties attributed to their
antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. In addition, many
studies suggest that phenolics help reducing the risk of coronary heart
diseases and some cancer types (RODRIGUEZ-MATEOS et al., 2014).
Black mulberries are important for use in folk medicine as a remedy
for diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, anemia and moth lesions due to
its high phytochemical content (BAE and SUH, 2007; KOSTIC et al.,
2013).
Organic acids and sugars are another important components of the
fruits, characterizing their organoleptic properties. The flavor, which
is a very significant criterion in fresh market, is generally character-
ized by the ratio of organic acids and sugars. In addition, organic
acids are probable antioxidants with multi-purpose usages in pharma-
cology (SOYER et al., 2003).
Besides environmental conditions, genotype is a prominent factor
in the determination of fruit chemical composition and antioxidant
capacity (HEGEDUS et al., 2010; MIKULIC-PETKOVSEK et al., 2012;
ROP et al., 2014; JURIKOVA et al., 2014). In the last decade, several
Bioactive content of mulberries from Eastern Anatolia 135
studies have been reported on the definition of the organic acids,
sugars, and phenolic compounds of black, white, and red mulberries
growing naturally at different part of Turkey for promoting quality
of the produced products in mulberry industry (KOYUNCU, 2004;
ERCISLI and ORHAN, 2008; OZGEN et al., 2009, GUNDOGDU et al.,
2011; ORHAN and ERCISLI, 2014).
To our knowledge, no available data are found on the definition of
the phytochemical characteristics of mulberries grown in Aras val-
ley-located eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Hence, the objective of this
study was to investigate the organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, anti-
oxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of the historical Morus
nigra (Black Mulberry) and Morus alba (White Mulberry) genotypes
growing wildly in Melekli district of Igdir province in Turkey. The
phytochemical definition of the reachable genotypes for proving a
distinguishable improvement in mulberry industry will be a notable
reference to similar further studies.
Materials and methods
Study area
Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey.
It is bounded by Turkey’s Central Anatolia Region on the west, its
Black Sea Region on the north, its Southeast Anatolia Region and
Iraq on the south, and with Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia
on the east. Since most of the region is far from the sea, and has high
altitude, it has a long winter and short summer periods. During the
winter, it is very cold and snowy, during summer the weather is cool
in the highlands and warm in the lowlands. The region has the lowest
average temperature of all Turkish regions (-25 °C) and sometimes
temperature drop below -40 °C in winter. The summer average is
about 20 °C. The region’s annual temperature difference is the highest
in Turkey. However, some areas such as Igdir province in the region
have milder climate and accepted as microclimate.
Plant material
Three black mulberry (Morus nigra ) genotypes (76-IGD-1, 76-IGD-2
and 76-IGD-3) and two white mulberry (Morus alba) genotypes (76-
IGD-4 and 76-IGD-5) were used as material. Mulberry trees found
in Melekli district (latitude 39° 56' 47 N, longitude 44° 5' 52 E, and
856 meters above sea level) belong to Igdir province, located in Aras
valley, eastern Anatolia region in Turkey. Fruits (berries) for analyses
were collected from different branches of one mulberry plant (tree)
per genotype because there was only one plant (tree) per genotype in
natural growing area. In Turkey mulberry trees are generally found
in natural growing areas and there were no similar genotypes. A
total of 100 fruits (berries) were sampled per genotype to ensure good
representative of the genotypes to make average sampling, and the
berries of those mulberry genotypes were taken during commercial
ripe stage. The berries were stored at -20 oC (OZGEN et al., 2009)
until the extraction and analysis of organic acids, sugars, vitamin C,
antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds.
Analysis of organic acids
Succinic, citric, malic, fumaric and tartaric acid composition of
mulberries were analyzed by modified method of BEVILACQUA and
CALIFANO (1989). Fruits were mashed within a cheesecloth and the
obtained sample juices were stored at (-20 °C) until processed. 5 mL
sample juice and 20 mL 0.009 N H2SO4 were mixed (Heidolph Silent
Crusher M, Germany), and homogenized using a shaker (Heidolph
Unimax 1010, Germany) for 1 hour, after which centrifuged for
15 min at 15000 rpm. Supernatants were firstly filtrated with coarse
filter, then twice with 0.45 μm membrane filter (Millipore Millex-
HV Hydrophilic PVDF, Millipore, USA), and run through SEP-PAK
C18 cartridge. HPLC device was adjusted to 214 and 280 nm wave-
lengths, on Agilent package program (Agilent, USA) with Aminex
column (HPX - 87 H, 300 mm x 7.8 mm, Bio-Rad Laboratories,
Richmond, CA, USA) was used for the determination of organic
acids. The results are presented as g/100 g fresh mass.
Extraction and determination of sugars
Modified method of MELGAREJO et al. (2000) was used for sugar con-
tent determination. Samples of 5 mL were centrifuged at 12000 rpm
for 2 min at 4 °C, than filtrated in SEP-PAK C18 column. μbondapak-
NH2 column with 85 % acetonitrile liquid phase with refractive index
detector (IR) was used for the HPLC device. Calculations of the sugar
concentrations were according to the prepared fructose and glucose
standards. The results are presented as g/100 g fresh mass.
Analysis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Ascorbic acid content was determined according to the method sug-
gested by CEMEROGLU (2007). Samples of 5 mL were mixed with
% 2.5 (w/v) metaphosphoric acid (Sigma, M6285, 33.5 %), and
centrifuged at 6500 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. 0.5 mL of the solution
was completed to 10 mL with % 2.5 (w/v) metaphosphoric acid. Su-
pernatants were passed through 0.45 μm membrane filter. Ascorbic
acid detection was made with HPLC device using C18 column (Phe-
nomenex Luna C18, 250 x 4.60 mm, 5 μ) and the temperature was
adjusted to 25 °C. Mobile phase consisted of ultra distilled water with
1 mL/min flow rate at 2.2 pH acidified with H2SO4. DAD detector
was used and spectral measurements were made at 254 nm wave-
length. Different levels of L-ascorbic acid (SigmaA5960) (50, 100,
500, 1000, and 2000 ppm) were used for ascorbic acid readings. Re-
sults are presented as mg/100 g fresh mass.
Determination of Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity
(TEAC)
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) analysis was per-
formed with ABTS formulated with potassium persulphate dissolved
in a buffer (OZGEN et al., 2006). For longer stability, ABTS+ was
diluted with 20 mM sodium acetate buffer with pH 4.5, at 734 nm
wavelength, 0.700 ± 0.01. Spectrometric assay was done by mixing
20 μL of the samples with 3 ml ABTS+ for 10 min, and absorbance
measurements were done at 734 nm wavelength. The results are pre-
sented as μmol TE/g fresh mass.
Analysis of phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds viz. gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid,
caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanil-
lic acid, rutin, syringic acid, and quercetin were analyzed with the
modified method of RODRIGUEZ-DELGADO et al. (2001). Fruit juice
samples were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 with distilled water and cen-
trifuged for 15 min at 15000 rpm. After filtration with coarse filter
paper and twice with 0.45 μm membrane filter (Millipore Millex-HV
Hydrophilic PVDF, Millipore, USA), the supernatants were injected
to HPLC. Agilent 1100 (Agilent) HPLC system on a DAD dedec-
tor (Agilent. USA) was used. Chromatographic separation was per-
formed with 250 x 4.6 mm, 4 μm ODS column (HiChrom, USA). As
a mobile phase, Solvent A methanol:acetic acid:water (10:2:28) and
Solvent B methanol:acetic acid:water (90:2:8) with flow rate 1 mL/
min and 20 μL injection volume were used for spectral measurements
at 254 and 280 nm. Results are presented as mg/g fresh mass.
Statistical analysis
Five replicates including 20 fruits per replicate were used. Descrip-
tive statistics of organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity,
and phenolic compounds extracted from 2 Morus alba and 3 Morus
136 S.P. Eyduran, S. Ercisli, M. Akin, O. Beyhan, M.K. Gecer, E. Eyduran, Y.E. Erturk
nigra genotypes were represented as Mean ± SE. The phytochemi-
cal characteristics were statistically analyzed with One-way ANOVA
with five replicates. Duncan Test determined significant differences
between the evaluated genotypes. All statistical evaluations were per-
formed using SPSS 20.
Results and Discussion
Tab. 1 shows the results of organic acids, Tab. 2 shows sugars,
vitamin C and antioxidant capacity and Tab. 3 shows phenolic com-
pounds of 2 white and 3 black mulberry genotypes collected from
Melekli district in Igdir province.
ANOVA indicated that the genotype had a major influence on all
parameters under evaluation (p<0.05).
Organic acids
As shown in Tab. 1, among organic acids, malic acid was the pre-
dominant one for all the mulberry genotypes in the study. It was fol-
lowed by citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and fumaric acid,
respectively. The malic acid levels in fruits were between 1.130 (‘76-
IGD-5’, white mulberry) and 3.040 g/100 g (‘76-IGD-3’, black mul-
berry). Black mulberries had the highest level in citric acid (1.033
mg/L) compared to white mulberries (Tab. 1). SANCHEZ et al. (2014)
from Spain and OZGEN et al. (2009) and GUNDOGDU et al. (2011)
from Turkey reported that malic and citric acids were main organic
acids in mulberry fruits. The results indicated that the fumaric acid
contents were detected at the lowest values for all black and white
mulberry genotypes. KOYUNCU (2004) and MIKULIC-PETKOVSEK
et al. (2012) found that fumaric acid was found to be lowest level
among the organic acids in black mulberry fruits.
The organic acids contained in fruits are one of the important factors
influencing fruit flavor and are of vital importance to human health.
Several studies emphasized the importance of organic acids such
as malic, citric and tartaric acids which are important in prevention
and elimination of kidney stones (PENNISTON et al., 2007). Malic
acid possesses many health related benefits such as boosting immu-
nity, maintaining oral health, reducing the risk of poisoning from a
build-up of toxic metals, promoting smoother and firmer skin and
help reducing symptom of fibromyalgia (ABRAHAM and FLECHAS,
1992).
Sugars
Main sugars as glucose and fructose contents of mulberry samples
were also investigated. We found higher glucose content than fruc-
tose in fruits of all mulberry genotypes. The genotype ‘76-IGD-4’
(white mulberry) had the highest glucose (9.437 g/100 g) and fruc-
tose (7.700 g/100 g) content (Tab. 2). The lowest glucose (5.337 g/
100 g) and fructose content (4.057 g/100 g) was determined in ‘76-
IGD-5’ (white mulberry) genotype (Tab. 2). The glucose contents of
the genotypes were in descending order ‘76-IGD-4’ (white mulberry)
> ‘76-IGD-3’ (black mulberry) > ‘76-IGD-2’ (black mulberry) = ‘76-
IGD-1’ (black mulberry) > ‘76-IGD-5’ (white mulberry). However
this order was ‘76-IGD-4’ (white mulberry) > ‘76-IGD-3’ (black
mulberry) > ‘76-IGD-1’ (black mulberry) > ‘76-IGD-2’ (black mul-
berry) = ‘76-IGD-5’ (white mulberry) for fructose content (Tab. 2).
The ratio of glucose/fructose were 1.500 in ‘76-IGD-2’ (black mul-
berry) > 1.311 in ‘76-IGD-5’ (white mulberry) > 1.225 in ‘76-IGD-4’
(white mulberry) > 1.196 in ‘76-IGD-3’ (black mulberry) > 1.098
in ‘76-IGD-1’ (black mulberry) (Tab. 2). SANCHEZ et al. (2014) re-re-
ported that the predominant sugar was fructose (~61 %) followed
by glucose (~39 %), while sucrose was presented only at trace le-
vel in mulberry fruits sampled from Spain and they also found big
genotypic differences among clones for different sugars. OZGEN
et al. (2009) declared that fructose and glucose contents of 14 black
and red mulberry genotypes ranged from 4.86 to 6.41 g/100 mL, and
5.50 to 7.12 g/100 mL, respectively. In a more comprehensive study,
MIKULIC-PETKOVSEK et al. (2012) suggested that fructose and glu-
cose were predominant sugars for 25 wild or cultivated berry species
and they reported that glucose and fructose contents were found 3.68
Tab. 1: Organic acids (g/100 g FW) content of black and white mulberry genotypes
Genotypes Citric acid Tartaric acid Malic acid Succinic acid Fumaric acid
76-IGD-1 (Black) 0.877±0.018b 0.147±0.007d 1.210 ±0.015d 0.280±0.015c 0.010± 0.000d
76-IGD-2 (Black) 0.733±0.009c 0.223±0.015c 2.713±0.048b 0.360±0.006b 0.057±0.012c
76-IGD-3 (Black) 1.033±0.032a 0.297±0.017b 3.040±0.056a 0.117±0.007d 0.107±0.003ab
76-IGD-4 (White) 0.687±0.022c 0.153±0.009d 2.103±0.028c 0.267±0.009c 0.100±0.006b
76-IGD-5 (White) 0.480±0.021d 0.430±0.006a 1.130±0.023d 0.437±0.012a 0.123±0.003a
CV % 4.9 7.9 3.2 6.1 13.8
Means with different letter in same column were statistically significant (p<0.05).
Tab. 2: Sugar (g/100 g FW), vitamin C (mg/100 g FW) and antioxidant capacity (μmol TE/g FW) of black and white mulberry genotypes
Genotypes Glucose Fructose TEAC Vitamin C
76-IGD-1 (Black) 6.173±0.052c 5.620±0.071c 11.297±0.047b 10.123±0.023e
76-IGD-2 (Black) 6.247 ±0.088c 4.163 ±0.035d 14.400±0.025a 16.293± 0.039b
76-IGD-3 (Black) 8.573±0.061b 7.167±0.037b 10.167±0.043c 12.040±0.055d
76-IGD-4 (White) 9.437±0.048a 7.700±0.070a 6.170±0.061e 18.220±0.136a
76-IGD-5 (White) 5.337±0.075d 4.057±0.052d 9.273±0.038d 13.400±0.081c
CV % 1.6 1.7 0.8 1.00
Means with different letter in same column were statistically significant (p<0.05).
Bioactive content of mulberries from Eastern Anatolia 137
and 3.99 g/100 g for black mulberry grown naturally in central Slo-
venia, and that the concentration of fructose sweeter than glucose or
sucrose was important for consumers willing sweeter fruit.
The present genotypes illustrated wide variability for the sugars,
which may be ascribed to genetic factors, cultural applications, and
ecological conditions (light, temperature, and humidity etc.) as also
referred in the previous studies (GUNDOGDU et al., 2011).
Vitamin C and antioxidant capacity
We found vitamin C content between 10.123 and 16.293 mg/100 g
for black mulberry genotypes under the investigation (Tab. 2). In the
earlier work conducted on the northeast Anatolia region of Turkey,
ERCISLI and ORHAN (2008) reported vitamin C contents of black mul-
berry genotypes varied from 14.9 to 18.8 mg/100 mL. ERCISLI et al.,
(2010) reported the average vitamin C content in black and purple
mulberries as 20.79 and 18.87 mg per 100 mL, respectively. Fruit
species can be classified into three groups (low, moderate and high)
in terms of their vitamin C content (KARACALI, 2000) and mulberries
are generally placed within the moderate vitamin C content group.
LALE and OZCAGIRAN (1996) reported that vitamin C content in black
and purple mulberries was 16.6 and 11.9 mg/100 mL. Results of sta-
tistical assessments made for antioxidant activity (TEAC assay) are
presented in Tab. 2. As depicted in Tab. 2, the analysis results of vari-
ance illustrated that the genotype is of big importance in character-
izing TEAC (P<0.05) that changed between 6.170 and 14.400 μmol
TE/g FW and black mulberries had higher than white mulberries. The
highest contents for TEAC were statistically enabled by ‘76-IGD-2’,
followed by ‘76-IGD-1’ > ‘76-IGD-3’ > ‘76-IGD-5’ > ‘76-IGD-4’
(Tab. 2). GUNDOGDU et al. (2011) reported that black mulberry had
highest TEAC values than white mulberry.
Phenolic compounds
In our study, we found different levels of gallic acid, catechin, chloro-
genic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid,
o-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, rutin, and quercetin in fruits of black
and white mulberry genotypes (Tab. 3). Chlorgenic acid and rutin
were the main phenolics for mulberry fruits. Our results are consis-
tent with the findings of GUNDOGDU et al. (2011) and NATIC et al.
(2015).
GUNDOGDU et al. (2011) reported that the amount of gallic acid,
catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric
acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, rutin and querce-
tin in mulberry fruits were 0.150, 0.075, 3.106, 0.131, 0.103, 0.129,
0.064, 0.134, 0.036, 1.423, and 0.113 mg/g for black mulberries,
and 0.215, 0.037, 0.119, 0.133, 0.049, 0.047, 0.033, 0.015, 0.008,
1.111, and 0.015 mg/g for white mulberries, respectively. MEMON
et al. (2010) used white mulberry fruits in three extraction techniques
(sonication, magnetic stirring, and homogenization) and found that
gallic acid (5.81, 4.32, and 3.57 mg/100 g), vanillic acid (4.57, 3.95,
and 3.70 mg/100 g), chlorogenic acid (20.47, 17.03, and 24.45 mg/
100 g) and syringic acid (9.19, 6.31 and 8.48 mg/100 g) were main
phenolic compounds in the fruits of Morus alba (white mulberry).
For the fruits of Morus nigra (black mulberry), these values were
5.81, 1.72, and 4.21 mg/100 g for gallic acid, 2.31, 2.25, and 1.63 mg/
100 g for vanillic acid, 4.41, 5.43, and 7.44 mg/100 g for chlorogenic
acid, 1.81, 1.63 and 1.59 mg/100 g for syringic acid and 8.66, 2.27
and 4.89 for p-coumaric acid. The difference may be ascribed to the
use of different extraction methods. GUNDOGDU et al. (2011) argued
that, within the phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid had the highest
content for black mulberry (Morus nigra), which was in agreement
with the first two black mulberry genotypes, but not consistent with
the predominant content (rutin) for the last black mulberry accession
(Tab. 1). Conversely, in the present study, chlorogenic acid was also
determined to be the predominant phenolic compound for two white
mulberry genotypes. The difference may be due to genetic factors,
and non-genetic factors (temperature, humidity, light, etc.), and cul-
tural applications (HEGEDUS et al., 2008; GUNDOGDU et al., 2011).
Conclusion
We have characterized for the first time the chemical attributes of
white and black mulberry genotypes from Igdir province located
Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, anti-
oxidant activity, and phenolic spectrum varied significantly within
and between white and black mulberry genotypes. High antioxi-
dant activity was found in particular in black mulberry genotypes.
The study highlighted that the chemical properties of mulberry fruits
(berry) were strongly affected by genotype. This study also increases
our knowledge about variation of phytochemical properties including
organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant activity and phenolic
spectrum in mulberry fruits and may be useful to producers, breeders
and processors.
Tab. 3: Phenolic compounds (mg/g FW) of black and white mulberry genotypes
76-IGD-1 76-IGD-2 76-IGD-3 76-IGD-4 76-IGD-5 CV %
(Black) (Black) (Black) (White) (White)
Catechin 0.085±0.002a 0.046±0.002c 0.066±0.001b 0.032±0.002d 0.070±0.002b 5.0
Rutin 0.820±0.004b 1.365±0.198a 1.238±0.004a 0.750±0.002b 0.925±0.004b 15.0
Quercetin 0.119±0.002b 0.067±0.001d 0.137±0.003a 0.101±0.003c 0.045±0.001e 4.2
Chlorogenic Acid 2.339±0.004b 1.641±0.004c 0.759±0.005e 2.667±0.004a 0.980±0.005d 0.4
Ferulic acid 0.036±0.002d 0.023±0.001e 0.063±0.002c 0.110±0.003b 0.141±0.003a 5.2
o-coumaric acid 0.034±0.001d 0.129±0.003a 0.043±0.001c 0.062±0.002b 0.026±0.001e 5.3
p-coumaric acid 0.111±0.004b 0.062±0.002c 0.035±0.001d 0.065±0.002c 0.127±0.003a 5.9
Caffeic acid 0.114±0.002c 0.094±0.002d 0.158±0.004a 0.094±0.003d 0.134±0.001b 3.7
Syringic acid 0.119±0.001a 0.053±0.001d 0.085±0.002b 0.115±0.004a 0.060±0.001c 4.3
Vanillic acid 0.035±0.001c 0.011±0.001e 0.062±0.002b 0.074±0.002a 0.017±0.001d 6.5
Gallic acid 0.122±0.003b 0.410±0.004a 0.105±0.003b 0.206±0.004b 0.214±0.083b 30.5
Means with different letter in same row were statistically significant (p<0.05).
138 S.P. Eyduran, S. Ercisli, M. Akin, O. Beyhan, M.K. Gecer, E. Eyduran, Y.E. Erturk
References
ABRAHAM, G., FLECHAS, J., 1992: Management of fibromyalgia: rationale for
the use of magnesium and malic acid. J. Nutr. Med. 3, 49-59.
AKBULUT, M., CETIN, C., COKLAR, H., 2006: Determination of chemical con-
tent and minerals in mulberry cultivars. Proceedings of 2nd National Berry
Symposium, 14-16 September 2006, Tokat-Turkey, 176-180.
ARAMWIT, P., BANG, N., SRICHANA, T., 2010: The properties and stability of
anthocyanins in mulberry fruits. Food Res. Int. 43, 1093-1097.
BAE, S., SUH, H.-J., 2007: Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry
cultivars in Korea. LWT. 40, 955-962.
BEVILACQUA, A.E., CALIFANO, A.N., 1989: Determination of organic acids in
dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Sci.
54, 1076-1079.
CEMEROGLU, B., 2007: Food Analysis. Publication of Food Technology So-
ciety, 168-171, No: 34, Ankara, Turkey.
ERCISLI, S., 2004: A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey.
Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 51, 419-435.
ERCISLI, S., ORHAN, E., 2007: Chemical composition of white (Morus alba),
red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chem.
103, 1380-1384.
ERCISLI, S., ORHAN, E., 2008: Some physico-chemical characteristics of black
mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of
Turkey. Sci. Hortic. 116, 41-46.
ERCISLI, S., TOSUN, M., DURALIJA, B., VOCA, S., SENGUL, M., TURAN, M.,
2010: Phytochemical content of some black (Morus nigra L.) and purple
(Morus rubra L.) mulberry genotypes. Food Tecnol. Biotecnol. 48, 102-
106.
ERTURK, Y.E., GECER, M.K., 2012: Economy of berries. Proceedings of 4th
National Berry Symposium, 3-5 October 2012, Antalya-Turkey, 368-
385.
GUNDOGDU, M., MURADOGLU, F., SENSOY, R.I.G., YILMAZ, H., 2011: De-
termination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba
L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Sci. Hortic. 132, 37-41.
HEGEDUS, A., BALOGH, E., ENGEL, R., SIPOS, B.Z., PAPP, J., BLAZOVICS,
A., STEFANOVITS-BANYAI, E., 2008: Comparative nutrient element and
antioxidant characterization of berry fruit species and cultivars grown in
Hungary. Hort. Sci. 43, 1711-1715.
HEGEDUS, A., ENGEL, R., ABRANKÓ, L., BALOGH, E., BLÁZOVICS, A., HER-
MÁN, R., HALÁSZ, J., ERCISLI, S., PEDRYC, A., STEFANOVITS-BÁNYAI,
É., 2010: Antioxidant and antiradical capacities in apricot (Prunus arme-
niaca L.) fruits: Variations from genotypes, years, and analytical methods.
J. Food Sci. 75, 722-730.
JURIKOVA, T., SOCHOR, J., MLCEK, J., BALLA, S., KLEJDUS, B., BARON, M.,
ERCISLI, S., YILMAZ, S.O., 2014: Polyphenolic profile of interspecific
crosses of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Ital. J. Food Sci. 26 (3), 317-
325.
KAFKAS, S., OZGEN, M., DOGAN, Y., OZCAN, B., ERCISLI, S., SERCE, S.,
2008: Molecular characterization of mulberry accessions in Turkey by
AFLP markers. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133, 593-597.
KARACALI, I., 2000: The Storage and Handling of Horticultural Crops, Ege
University, Agricultural Faculty, Turkey (in Turkish).
KOSTIC, D.A., DIMITRIJEVIC, D.S., MITIC, S.S., MITIC, M.N., STOJANOVIC,
G.S., ZIVANOVIC, A., 2013: Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of
fruit extracts of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) from Southeast Serbia. Trop.
J. Pharm. Res. 12 (1), 105-110.
KOYUNCU, F., 2004: Organic acid composition of native black mulberry fruit.
Chem. Nat. Compd. 40 (4), 367-368.
KOYUNCU, F., CETINBAS, M., IBRAHIM, E., 2014: Nutritional constituents of
wild-grown black mulberry (Morus nigra L.). J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual.
87, 93-96.
LALE, H., OZCAGIRAN, R., 1996: A study on pomological, phenological and
fruit quality characteristics of mulberry (Morus sp.) species, Derim. 13,
177-182 (in Turkish).
MELGAREJO, P., SALAZAR, D.M., ARTES, F., 2000: Organic acids and sugars
composition of harvested pomegranate fruits. Eur. Food Res. Technol.
211, 185-190.
MIKULIC-PETKOVSEK, M., SCHMITZER, V., SLATNAR, A., STAMPAR, F.,
VEBERIC, R., 2012: Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phe-
nolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. J. Food Sci. 77(10), 1064-
1070.
MEMON, A.A., MEMON, N., LUTHRIA, D.L., BHANGER, M.I., PITAFI, A.A.,
2010: Phenolic acids profiling and antioxidant potential of mulberry (Mo-
rus laevigata W., Morus nigra L., Morus alba L.) leaves and fruits grown
in Pakistan. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 60 (1), 25-32.
NATIC, M.M., DABIC, D.C., PAPETTI, A., FOTIRIC-AKSIC, M.M., OGNJANOV,
V., LJUBOJEVIC, M., TESIC, Z.Lj., 2015: Analysis and characterisation of
phytochemicals in mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits grown in Vojvodina,
North Serbia. Food Chem. 171, 128-136.
ORHAN, E., ERCISLI, S., 2014: Genetic relationships between selected Turk-
ish mulberry genotypes (Morus spp.) based on RAPD markers. Gen. Mol.
Res. 9 (4), 2176-2183.
OZGEN, M., REESE, R.N., TULIO, A.Z., SCHEERENS, J.C., MILLER, A.R., 2006:
Modified 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS)
method to measure antioxidant capacitiy of selected small fruits and a
comparison to Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Di-
phenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) methods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1151-
1157.
OZGEN, M., SERCE, S., KAYA, C., 2009: Phytochemical and antioxidant
properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Sci.
Hortic. 119, 275-279.
PENNISTON, K.L., STEELE, T.H., NAKADA, S.Y., 2007: Lemonade therapy
increases urinary citrate and urine volumes in recurrent calcium oxalate
stone formers. Urology 70 (5), 856-860.
ROP, O., ERCISLI, S., MLCEK, J., JURIKOVA, T., HOZA, I., 2014: Antioxidant
and radical scavenging activities in fruits of 6 sea buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides L.) cultivars. Turk. J. Agric. For. 38, 224-232.
RODRIGUEZ-DELGADO, M.A., MALOVANA, S., PEREZ, J.P., BORGES, T.,
GARCIA-MONTELONGO, F.J., 2001: Separation of phenolic compounds
by high-performance liquid chromatography with absorbance and fluori-
metric detection. J. Chroma. 912, 249-257.
RODRIGUEZ-MATEOS, A., VAUZOUR, D., KRUEGER, C.G., SHANMUGANAYA-
GAM, D., REED, J., CALANI, L., MENA, P., DEL RIO, D., CROZIER, A., 2014:
Bioavailability, bioactivity and impact on health of dietary flavonoids and
related compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol. 88, 1803-1853.
SANCHEZ, E.M., CALIN-SANCHEZ, A., CARBONELL-BARRACHINA, A.A., MEL-
GAREJO, P., HERNANDEZ, F., MARTINEZ-NICOLAS, J.J., 2014: Physico-
chemical characterization of eight Spanish mulberry clones: Processing
and fresh market aptitudes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 49, 477-483.
SANCHEZ-SALCEDO, E.M., MENA, P., GARCIA-VIGUERA, C., MARTINEZ, J.J.,
HERNANDEZ, F., 2015: Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba
L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the as-
sessment of their beneficial properties. J. Funct. Foods 12, 399-408.
SOYER, Y., KOCA, N., KARADENIZ, F., 2003: Organic acid profile of Turkish
white grapes and grape juices. J. Food Comp. Anal. 16, 629-636.
YILDIZ, O., 2013: Physicochemical and sensory properties of mulberry pro-
ducts: Gümüşhane pestil and köme. Turk. J. Agric. For. 37, 762-771.
Address of the corresponding author:
E-mail: sercisli@gmail.com
© The Author(s) 2015.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License (http://creative-
commons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).