Eka Puspita A2B016007 1 Language Features Used to Describe Major Character in Short Stories Eka Puspita1, Azwandi2, Irma Diani3 123 English Education Postgraduate Programe Bengkulu University, Indonesia e-Mail: puspitaeka398@gmail.com azwandi58@yahoo.com irmabengkulu@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Language Features are the important aspect in a text. This is part of the student’s knowledge. If the students familiar with the language features, they can understand the major characters in the texts easily. The purpose of this study is to analyze the language features that used to describe major characters in short stories. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The research objects were taken at six Indonesian short stories and six English short stories. The research procedure classifies all objects based on language features of research instruments.The results of this study are there are two characters of major character in the short stories, protagonist and antagonist. In Indonesian short stories there are two short stories that have antagonist characters and four short stories have protagonist characters. And all of the short stories only have one major character. But in English short stories, four of the short stories have two major characters and two short stories only have one major character. Keywords: Language Features, Short Stories, Characters, Major Characters ABSTRAK: Ciri-ciri kebahasaan merupakan aspek yang penting dalam sebuah teks. Ini merupakan bagian dari ilmu pengetahuan yang dimiliki siswa. Jika siswa mengenal ciri-ciri kebahasaan, mereka bisa memahami tokoh utama dalam cerita pendek. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis ciri kebahasaan yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan tokoh utama dalam cerita-cerita pendek. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Objek penelitian diambil dari enam cerita pendek Indonesia dan enam cerita pendek Inggris. Prosedur penelitian adalah dengan mengklasifikasikan semua objek berdasarkan ciri kebahasaan dalam instrument penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Ada dua karakter tokoh utama yaitu protagonis dan antagonis. Pada cerita pendek Indonesia, ada dua cerita pendek yang memiliki karakter antagonis dan empat cerita pendek yang empunyai karakter protagonis, dan semua cerita pendek hanya memiliki satu tokoh utama. Tetapi pada cerita pendek Inggris, ada empat cerita yang mempunyai dua tokoh utama dan dua cerita yang mempunyai satu tokoh utama. Key Words : Language Features, Short Stories, Characters, Major Characters INTRODUCTION Short story is a brief, imaginative narrative, unfolding a single predominating incident and a single chief character; it contains a plot, the details of which are so compressed, and the whole treatment so organized, as to produce a single impression. (Esenwein, 1909: 51). The short story is a literary genre. It is usually fictional narrative prose, as well as another form of fictional stories, short story is also established by intrinsic elements such as ; theme, character, setting, plot, stylistic, and point of view. The related issues on analysing short stories have been discussed in some graduating papers and journals. As seen in Adera (2012), in his mailto:puspitaeka398@gmail.com mailto:azwandi58@yahoo.com mailto:irmabengkulu@yahoo.com Eka Puspita A2B016007 2 thesis Adera stylistically analyses four of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories: Three Sundays in a Week, The Black Cat, A Tale of Jerusalem, and Shadow. He uses Foregrounding as a theoretical framework for his analysis. The second study was conducted by Adane (2012), Adane says due to time constraint the analysis focuses only on three selected chapters that are considered to be stylistically representative in the novel. The novel has a total of sixteen chapters. Adane takes lexical categories and figures of speech as theoretical framework for his analysis. The third study was conducted by Segara (2013), Segara found that the students did not use one or more features in their narrative text and the students applied and ignored when writing narrative text and factors that made students ignored features of narrative text. The fourth study was conducted by Buechner (2015), She explore writing to evaluate the nature of creativity in the English field, explaining certain techniques that writers must learn, identifying struggles they must overcome, and including tips from editors on publishing fiction. The last study was conducted by Alemu (2015), He found that very limited number of theses dealing with stylistic analysis of short stories and none of them deals with any of O Henry’s works. Since the research is theoretical, analytical and descriptive in nature, close reading and text based analysis are applied in the analysis of the short stories. The finding from Adera (2012) same with Adane (2012) and Alemu (2015). Adera analyse the stylistic in four short story but Alemu just one short story. Adane analyses stylistic only focuses on three selected chapter in a novel. Unlike finding from Segara (2013) and Buechner (2015) just analyse the narrative text features and Buechner just analyse the writing analysis in short story. The above studies are important in order to know about the language features However; none of those studies above focus on language features in major characters in short stories. Therefore, the researcher choose short stories for children, especially folktales and legends because, first, beside it is a part of English material in Junior High School, the short stories like folktales and legends needed to be introduce to the learners for enriching and showing differences genres and text types. Second, by showing different genre or text such as folktales and legends, it may also influence specific characters to the learners. “.From the background above, the research formulated problems. Of the research follow: 1. What language features did the authors used to describe the major characters in Indonesian short stories? 2. What language features did the authors used to describe the major characters in English short stories? 3. How are the major characters characterized in Indonesian and English short stories? METHOD Eka Puspita A2B016007 3 research is Qualitative study that uses descriptive content analysis since data is in the form of text. Maxwell (1996) argues that qualitative study focuses on certain events or people emphasizing not on numbers, but more on words. Data Source The source of the data in this study is gathered from some short stories. The writer uses twelve short stories as main data. The data are taken from the text books and internet that are relevant and support the data of this research. The short stories consist of six folktales from Indonesian short stories and six folktales from English short stories. The short stories are taken from eight text books. In one text books have four until five folktales and legend. Some of them are fable, but researcher just takes the short story of fairy tales or legends. The short stories are The legend of Kemaro island, Malin Kundang, The Crying Stone, Timun Emas, Wa Lancar and The Legend of Rawa Pening. The English short stories are Beauty and the Beast, The Golden Star Fruit Tree, The Woodman and His Children (Henzel and Gretel), Mangita and Larina, The Empty Pot, and The Prince and his Best Friends. This instrument was adapted from Leech and Short (1992). According to the model of analysis used by Leech and Short, and can choose one or a few issues to focus on in an analysis of their four categories of linguistic analysis. The researcher has chosen to focus on one, namely lexical categories. Table of language feature’s instruments Language Features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Adapted from Leech and Short (1992) This instrument was adapted from Leech and Short (1992). According to the model of analysis used by Leech and Short, and can choose one or a few issues to focus on in an analysis of their four categories of linguistic analysis. The researcher has chosen to focus on one, namely lexical categories. Method of Data Analysis In this study, the writer use content analysis. Content analysis is applied to the analysis of data in documents and refers to the systematic description, description of the contents of documents. Four common uses for content analysis are: 1. To describe the relative frequency and importance of certain topics 2. To evaluate bias, prejudice or propaganda in pint materials. 3. To assess the level of difficulty in reading materials, and 4. To analyse types of errors in students’ work. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Language features used by authors to describe major characters in Indonesian short stories 1. Timun Emas The language features can see from the following table: This Eka Puspita A2B016007 4 Table 1. Timun Emas short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs The Island Java Indonesia A couple of farmer Children monster Buto Ijo Condition Meat of human being Months The wife Baby Girl Timun Emas A teenager House A child Parents Something Bamboo Seedles Seeds of cucumber Dressing Salt Things Weapons Prey Nose Vines of cucumber Cucumbers Steps Bamboo trees A lake The land Ocean God Home Lived Married Had Prayed Called Give Granted Grown up Sacrifice Eating Agreed Gave Named Came Frightened Hide Told Asked Postpone Promise Said Prepared Take Chase Ran Catch Spread Scared Arrived Realized Left Knew Turned Grabbed Started Found took Break Threw Overcome Continued Caught Threw Stood Drowned Died Thankful Ferocious Powerful Fresh Pregnant Beautiful Happy Healthy Smart Diligent Fast Far Angry Sharp Exhausted Dense Busy Hard Long time ago Later Again Quickly Easily Behind Soon Finally Instant From the table above, researcher analyze that verbs are the greatest number of language features. The choice of verbs contributes clearly to the depiction of characters as heroes or villains, and it appears that there is association between “positive” verbs and “good” characters. The second numbers of the language features are nouns, in this short story, noun consist of proper nouns such as, Timun Emas, Buto Ijo and Indonesia. Common nouns such as, the island, children, monster, ocean, etc. Collective nouns such as, a couple of farmer, meats of Eka Puspita A2B016007 5 human being, seeds of cucumber, and vines of cucumber. Material nouns such as, bamboo, seeds, etc The third numbers of language features are adjectives. The adjectives used in describing a character are very important. The type of adjectives consists of physical appearance such as, beautiful and pregnant. And personality adjectives such as, ferocious, powerful, smart, dilligent, etc The last numbers of language features are adverbs. The researcher analyze that the types of adverbs that used in this short story are adverb of manner such as, quickly, easily and finally. Adverb of time such as, long time ago, later, and behind, and adverb of frequency such as, again and soon. 2. Malin Kundang Malin Kundang is a popular legend from West Sumatera, Indonesia. In this short story, the language features can be seen in the table as follows: Table 2. Malin Kundang short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Mother Son Malin Kundang Something Woods The forest Food Need Clothes Permission Dear God Ship Employee Man Merchant Daughter Mother land The harbor West Sumatera Everybody The dweller Wife Village Clothes The justest king The sky The thunder Light Thundering Condition Everything Stone Lived Hanged Given Took Sold Buy Fulfill Ate Wore Asked Work Want Change Let Go Get Come back Said Answered Went Motivated Made Increased Interested Marry Agreed Invited See Anchored Heard Told Shouted Found Welcome Ashamed Saw Remember Believe Young Difficult Nature Enough Poor Better Luck Good Diligent Fast Rich Big Beautiful Bad Sad Short Dark Normal Once upon a time Namely Daily Normaly One day Soon Near Now Always Eka Puspita A2B016007 6 Unbelieve Forgive Felt Became Rumbled Sound From the table above verb is the greatest number of language features, the researcher analyze that verbs in the text can show the characters, it can see from the verbs such as, ashamed, saw, go have no. The second numbers of language features is nouns. In this text noun consist of proper noun suc as, Malin Kundang. The common noun such as, the merchant, ship, daughter. The last is material noun such as, stone. The third number of language features is adjectives. The adjectives use physical appearance such as, young. The personality adjective such as, diligent. The fourth number of language features is adverbs. Adverb which is used in this text are adverb of manner such as, daily, normaly. Adverb of place such as, near. Adverb of time such as, soon. And adverb of frequency such as, always 3. The Legend of Kemaro Island The Legend of Kemaro Island is a popular legend from South Sumatera. From the short story, the language features can be seen from the table as follows: Table 3. The Legend of Kemaro Island short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs A kingdom South Sumatera The king Daughter Siti fatimah Man Courage A ship China The captain Tan bun ann A prince Business Merchant Months The palace King’s permission Half of profit Majesty The people Information Son in law Love Thing Nine big jars Gold A letter The parents Fell Propose Wanted Marry Arrived Came Planned Meet Stay Remember Share Give Said Admired Tried Find Asked Knew Made Worked Approached Talked Filled Wrote Told Agreed Sent Cover Beautiful Single Young Rich Beauty Richer Patience Spirit Hard Big Rotten Angry Power Impatient Grave Bigger High A long time ago One day Here Then Often Really Finally Secretly After a while Top Later Immediately The bottom Again Always Never Eka Puspita A2B016007 7 The thieves Vegetables The pier Musi river Stone Mistake Guards Message A pile of soil An island The water Looked for Surprised Opened Saw Looked Search Threw Smashed Found Jumped Collect Waited for Became Drowned From the table above, the greatest number of language features is verbs. In this short story, there are two characters. The first character is Siti Fatimah. The verbs can be show the character of Siti Fatimah such as, admired, work, fell, saw, waited for, wanted, jump and helped. The second character of this short story is Tan Bun Ann. The character of Tan Bun Ann can be seeing from the verbs as follow; cam, meet, ask, and propose. The second number of language features is nouns. The types of nouns which use in this text such as, Proper noun, common noun, collective noun and material noun. Proper nouns such as, Tan Bun Ann, Siti Fatimah. Common noun in such as, the king, daughter, man. Collective nouns such as, half of your profit, a pile of soil. The third number of language features is adjectives. Like the verbs and nouns, adjective is larger than adverb although it is only more one point. The adjectives that used by the author are physical appearance, personality and comparative adjective. The physical appearance such as, beautiful, single, young and beauty. The personality adjective that use in this short story such as, patience, spirit, angry, power and grave. The comparative adjective such as, richer and bigger. The last number of language features in this short story is adverbs. Adverbs that use in this story are adverb of manner, such as, really, finally, secretly and immediately. The next is adverb of place such as, here, top and bottom. Adverb of time can be see in the sentence such as, A long time ago, One day and. Later. Adverb of frequency such as, often and never 4 The Crying Stone. The Crying Stone is a famous short stories from Kalimantan, Indonesia. From the text of short story above the language features can be following from the table below: Table 4. The Crying Stone short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Widow Village Daughter Mother Problem Make up Clothes The market Food Everybody Lived Helped Want Know Put Wear Look Buy Refused Accompany Poor Old Small Beautiful Lazy Arrogant Best Rich Sad Beauty Once upon a time Never One day Finally Behind On the way Again Always Everytime Anymore Eka Puspita A2B016007 8 Girl Woman Dress Servant People The pain God Girl’s leg Stone The process The upper parts of girl’s body Body Agreed Go Walk Said Admired Asked Answered Hear Understand Met Hold Prayed Punish Turns Continues panic Forgive Cried Becomes See call Curious Simple Sad Ashamed Panic Suddenly Slowly Already Too Late Now Down From the table above, the greatest number of language features is verbs. The first major character in this short story is a poor widow (a mother). It can be see from the verbs such as, hear, say, understand, hold, prayed, punish, The second major character is a daughter.It can see from the verbs such as, helped, want, know, said, asked. The second number of language features is nouns. The first kind of nouns in this short story is common nouns, such as, widow, village, and daughter. The second noun is collective noun such as, the upper part of the girl’s body. The third noun is material nouns such as, dress, stone. The third number of language features is adverbs. There are four types of adverb which use in this text; the first is adverb of manner, such as suddenly, finally. The second is adver of place, such as, behind. The third is adverb of time such as, Once upon a time, now. The last adverb is adverb of frequency such as, again. The fourth number of language features is adjectives. The adjectives use personality and physical adjectives. The examples of personality adjective such as, lazy, arrogant, ashamed, panic. The example of physical appearance such as, poor, old, small, rich, beautiful. 5. Wa Lancar Wa Lancar is a story from North Sumatera. The Language Features in this short story can be seen from the table as follow: Table 5. Wa Lancar short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Wa Lancar Man Money Preacher Rice field Students A piece of advice First preacher Second preacher Third preacher Studied Have Go Met Willing Teach Return Asked Help Agreed Poor Young Diligent Hard Enough Hungry Satisfied Poor Jealous Angry Always Fortunately Several years Later Again Afterwards Immediately Mysteriously Next Apparently Eka Puspita A2B016007 9 A stone A knife Kids Jealous Preacher Palace King Lesson Man Daughter Wedding receptionist Guest Hill Foods Preacher’s advice Stone The hill Soldiers Hole Bed Centipede Wife Things Father Word Everything Mistakes Taught Left Thought Gave Eat Wait Wanted Leave adviced Rest Pay Get Grind Thankful Suffered Passed Made Told Remembered Fell Died Took Bought Arrived Sleep finished Killed Woke Surprise Confessed Punished Tired Delicious Hungry Black Lucky Deep Bad True Following morning Lucky Suddenly Soon From the table above, the greatest number of language features is verbs. The character in this short story can we see from the verbs such as, wanted, help, say, told, confessed. The second number of language features is nouns. From the text, nouns consist of proper noun suc as, Wa Lancar. Common noun such as, the preacher. Collective noun such as, a piece of advice. And material nouns such as, stone, knife. The third number of language features is adjectives. The adjectives consist of physical appearance such as, young. And personality adjectives such as diligent. The last number of language features is adverb. Adverb in this short story use adverb of manner such as, Fortunately, Adverb of place such as next. Adverb of time such as Later. And adverb of frequensy such as, in the following morning. 6. The Legend of Rawa Pening The Legend of Rawa Pening is a famous story from Central Java. The language feature of The Legend of Rawa Pening short story can be seeing in the table as follow; Table 6. The Legend of Rawa Pening short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Boy Village Door Food Nobody Woman Knocked Asked Cared Help Gave Wanted Little Poor Hungry Weak Generous Old Once upon a time Finally Mockingly Easily Suddenly Now Eka Puspita A2B016007 10 Shelter Meal Lesung Mortar Rice Flood A boat Journey People The field A stick The ground Everybody The crowd The hole Water Lake Rawa pening lake Salatiga Central Java Indonesia Leave Pounding Reminded Remember Save Thanked Continued Passing Saw Gathering Came Stuck Challenged Pull Tried Succeded Laughed Stepped Dumbfounded Spouted Stop Flooded Saved Told Picked Became Big Wooden Happy Closer Luck Huge From the table above, the greates number of language features are verbs, the character of this short story can be see from verbs as follows, knocked, asked, cared, helped, The second number of language features are nouns, in this short story noun consist of proper noun such as, Lesung, Rawa Pening,. Common nouns such as, People. Materials noun such as, stick. The third number of language features is adjectives. Adjectives which used in this short story are personality adjectives such as, hungry, weak, generous. The physical appearance such as, little. and comparative adjectives such as, closer. The fourth number of language features is adverbs, Adverbs in this short story such as, adverb of manner. For example, mockingly, easily. Adverb of time such as, once upon a time, now. Language features used by authors to describe the major characters in English short stories 1. Mangita and Larina Mangita and Larina is a fairy tale from Filipine. The language features of this story can be see from the table as follows: Table 7. Mangita and Larina short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs The banks of the Laguna the Bai Fisherman Wife Daughters Mangita Larina Hair Girl Lived Died Named Had Helped Mend Make Smile Poor Beautiful Black Dark Good Bright Little Fair Many years ago Night Never Cruelly One day Mockingly Afterwards Down Eka Puspita A2B016007 11 Loved Kindness Father The nets The torches Fish Nipa house A ray of sunshine Sister The day A pin Butterflies The lake Water The people Woman Rice Bowl The doorway Head Blood The jar Kitchen A word Treatment of a stranger The big city The river Food Sickness The world Shells A bag of seeds Signs The bag A seed Mangita’s moan of pain Girl’s cries The point of death The visitor The house The room A blinding light Place Fairy Arms Hearts Island home Evil Hands A number of elves Peace Happiness A greent plant The pasig wickedness Spent Combing Catching Stick Go See Laugh Struggling Thought Came Begged Put Mending Saw Spoke Pushed Fell Injured Sprang Washed Filled Thanked Promised Forget Spoke Care Mocked Took Task Hate Sell Attacked Carved Earned Buy Though Try Swept Asked Nurse Ease Grew Opened Came Gave Showed Thanks Returned Watched Hid Paid Wished Bent Searched Stood Holding Pointed Sit Long Golden Proud Different Pretty Clear Poor Jealous Old Cruel Alone Enough Worse Kind Weak Alone Weaker Empty There Now Everywhere Too Finally Soon Again Suddenly Now The bottom This day Eka Puspita A2B016007 12 Clapped Appeared Carried Struggling Combs Becomes Floats Know punished The largest number of language features is verbs. From the verbs in the text we can see the character as follow, sprang, help, washed, saw, spoke, pushed. The second number of language features is nouns. Types of nouns in this text are proper noun such as, Mangita and Larina. The common nouns such as, fisherman, wife. The collective nouns such as, a bag of seeds, the point of death. The abstract noun such as, kindness. And material noun such as, rice, seed. The third number of language features is adjectives. Adjectives in the text consist of personality adjectives such as, cruel, Kind, Physical appearance such as, black, dark. And the comparative adjectives such as, worse and worse. The fourth number of language features is adverbs. Adverbs in this text are adverb of manner such as, cruelly, mockingly, finally, suddenly. Adverb of place such as, down, there, the bottom, everywhere. Adverb of time such as, now. And adverbs of frequency such as, never. 2 The Golden Star Fruit Tree The Golden Star Fruit Tree is a famous story from Vietnam. The language features of this story can be seeing from the table below: Table 8. The Golden Star Fruit Tree short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Man Vietnam Sons Attitudes Older brother Younger brother Father’s wealth Parts Everything A smal piece of land Star fruit tree The tree Raven All the ripe fruit The market Family Bag A place full of gold Raven’s back House Wife Younger brother’s house Wealth The truth Died Divided Took Gave Made Selling Came Ate Know Dared Approach Begged Replied Need Have Bring Fill Told Climbed Flew Invited Refused Decided Got Surprised Rich Old Different Greedy Kind Big Afraid Starve Long Poor Happy Same Longer Heavy Straight Fast A long time ago In front of There Unfortunately One day Surprisingly Too Happily Finally Now Gladly Soon On the way Down Eka Puspita A2B016007 13 Fortune Plea Pockets The sea See Asked Tell Offered Trade Accepted Moved Expected Became Hang Swayed Sank From the table above, the researcher analyze that the greatest numbers of language features are verbs. The characters of this short story can be see from verb as follow; took, gave, filled, brought, tell. The second number of language features is nouns. Nouns in this short story consist of proper noun such as, Vietnam, raven. The next noun is common coun such as sons, brother. The third noun is collective noun such as a small piece of land, a place full of gold. The last noun is material noun such as, gold. The third number of language features is adjectives. Adjectives in this short story consist of phisical appearance such as, big, rich, and old. The personality adjectives such as, greedy, kind. The last adjectives are descriptive in comparative form, such as, longer. The fourth number of language features is adverb. The adverbs using adverb of manner such as, surprisingly, finally. Adverb of place such as, in front of, there. Adverb of time such as, one day. And adverb of frequency such as, soon, too. 3. The Empty Pot The Empty pot is a folktale from China. The language features of this short story can be see from the table below: Table 9. The Empty Pot short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs An emperor A successor Throne Children Flowers Plants Kingdom Seed Child Result Months Contest Crown Crowd Palace Home One of the children Jhrunk Gardener Village Needed Select Loved Decided Call Gave Said Show Win Wear Wanted Returned Carried Put Tried Announced Emerged Changed Grow Repotted Old Best Good Young A tiny The same Confused Finest Empty Real Shame Blossoming Honest enough Once upon a time Next Carefully Properly One week later Sprouting Carefully At the palace Again Eka Puspita A2B016007 14 Pot Soil Girl Kids Puzzled The method Clothes mother Father Parents Things Majesty Everybody Passed Cleaned Prepared Walked Hold Bring Felt Agreed Lined Brought Checked Came Scowled Pleased Choose Continued Surprised Boiled smiled From the text above, researcher analyze that the greatest number of language features are verbs. We can see the character from verbs such as, felt, agreed, said, and tried. The second number of language features is noun. In this short story the author use proper noun such as, Jhronk. Common noun such as, the emperor. Collective noun such as, one of the children. The material noun such as, seed. The third number of language is adjectives. The adjectives consist of personality adjective such as honest. The other adjective is physical appearance such as, old. The fourth number of language features is adverbs. The author use adverb of manner such as, carefully, properly. Adverb of place such as, at the palace, once upon a time. The adverb of frequency such as, again. 4. Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast is one of famous folktales in the world. The language features in this short story can be seeing in the table below: Table 10. Beauty and the Beast short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs A merchant Daughters Sons girl The family Money Beauty Brothers Sisters Wealth Older sister Garments Rose Father The forest The snow storm Became Worked Took Demanded Bring Asked Regain Trapped Came Found Wandered Saw Plucked Appears Said Die Youngest Most Beautiful Lost Poor Hard Expensive Simply Perfect Jealous Broken Once upon a time The night Morning Evening Never One day Night Gladly Suddenly Happily Eka Puspita A2B016007 15 Palace Food Shelter The garden A beast Place A chest Gold Home Treasure Father’s place Bast place A fairy Reward Wife The magic mirror Condition Castle Heart Love A prince Happiness Goodness Begged Agreed Go Take Refused Return Gave Filled Sent Enabled Make Giving Told Happened Insisted Went Saw Thanked Get Treated Visited Leave Allowed Agreed Overjoyed Persuaded Stay Dreamt Dying Transported Found Realized Marry Transformed Joined Lived Founded From the table above, the greatest number of language features is verbs. Verbs in the text such as, became, worked, came, die, refused, thanked, transformed, etc. The second greatest number of language features is nouns. The types of noun in this text are proper noun such as, Beauty, rose. The common noun such as, merchant, daughters, sons. Abstract noun such as, happiness, goodness. And the last is material noun such as, gold. Adjectives are the third numbers of language features although it is only one point greater from adverbs. There are three types of adjectives in the text; they are physical appearance, superlative adjective and personality adjective. Such as, the youngest, the most beautiful. The youngest and the most are superlative adjective while beautiful is physical appearance adjective. Personality adjective such as, jealous. The fourth number of language features is adverbs. Adverbs in this text consist of adverb of manner such as, suddenly. Adverb of time such as, every evening. And adverb of frequency such as, never. 5. The Woodman and His Children Eka Puspita A2B016007 16 The Woodman and His Children is a famous folktale in the world. The original title is Henzel and Gretel. The language features of this short story can be seeing in the table as follows; Table 11. The Woodman and His Children short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs A woodman A mountain The forest Wood Children Boy Henzel Gretel The mother Father Woman Wife Woodcutter Stepmother Person Customers Firewood Family Husband Idea The plan Child Pebbles Pocket Shirtfront Home A piece of bread Place The parents Distances The trail Destination All of the pebbles Crumbs of bread Ground Birds House of a witch Candy Foods The roof Chocolate The walls Cake Windowpanes Sugar Building A piece of roof One of the windowpanes Doorknob Lived Went Cut Had Died Married Became Find Buy Grew Suggested Abandon Objected Kept Talking Made Overhead Collected Filled Sleep Reached Said Stay Play Return Walked Dropped Brought Began Mark Tried Disappeared Eaten Wandered Belonged Made Attracted Opened Entered Grabbed Put Became Cook Took Withdraw Grown Feel Fed Remain Annoyed Bad Poorer Deep Small short Lost Nice Sweet Clear Hungry Unusual Poor Obvious Delicious Fatten Long Thin Hot Good Valuable Took Apologized Longer Poor Rich happy Once Everyday After a while Finally One day Somewhere Morning Here In the evening The end of the day Now Aimlessly Naturally Simply Day after day Inside There Finally Again Eka Puspita A2B016007 17 Witch A cage Meals Brother Finger The oven Crawl The key Witch’s house A trunk Treasure The rest Decided Light Roast Pretended Show Lighted Slammed Trapped Burned Unlocked Release Searched Discover Found Apologized Happened Enjoyed From the table above, the researcher analyze that the greatest number of language features in this short story are verbs. The characters in this story can be seeing from the verbs such as, dropped, have, slammed, shut, and trapped. The second number of language features is nouns. Noun which use in this short story are proper nouns such as, Henzel, Gretel. Common noun such as, woodman, mountain. Collective noun such as, a piece of the roof, one of the windowpanes. The material noun such as, the doorknob, the door. The third number of language features is adjectives. The adjective use physical appearance such as, fat. The personality adjective such as, bad. The comparative adjective such as, longer. The last number of language features is adverbs. The adverbs in this text are adverb of manner such as, aimlessly. The adverb of place such as, here. The adverb of time such as, morning. 6. The Prince and his Best Friends The Prince and his Best Friends is about the frienship of three young mans. The language features of this short story can be seeing from the table below: Table 12. The Prince and his Best Friends short story Language features Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prince Jonathan Loved People Friends Peter Pipe The servant of the palace Franklin Greedy A son of aristocrat The forest A group of bandits Three boys House The gate Doors The three boys A hostage The bandits Ransom Adored Walking Attacked Entered Blockaded Trapped Terrified Asked Surrender Urged Supported Give Decided Realised Become Ask Scared Wanted Make Kind Young Old Afraid Suspicious angry Once upon a time One day Suddenly Near Inside Immediately Quietly Early at dawn The front There Suddenly Outside Behind Safely Eka Puspita A2B016007 18 Father A deal Franklin’s behaviour The room A horse The window One of the bandit’s horses The yard The capital Escape Opened Unlocked Entered Search Supposed Sleeping Heard Running Saw Riding Sneaked Waited Hiding Took Went Going From the table above, the greatest number of language features are verbs, The verbs such as, decided, realized, become, made, opened, unlocked. The second greates number of language features is nouns. Nouns which used in this short story are proper noun and common noun such as, prince, Jonathan. From the verbs Jonathan is proper noun and prince is common noun. The collective noun such as, the servant of the palace, the son of an aristocrat. The third number of language features is adverbs. In this short story, the authors used adverbs of manner such as, immediately. The adverb of place such as, inside. The adverb of time such as Early at dawn. The last number of language features is adjectives such as, kind, young. Adjectives kind is personality adjectives and young is physical appearance. The major character characterized in the short stories. a. Indonesian short story. Having analyze the result, the researcher find that Timun Emas is the major character in this short story. The major character in a story is generally known as protagonist. She is protagonist because she is a hero in this story and it can be see from verbs run, spread, and threw. Such as in the sentence finally, when Timun Emas was almost caught, she threw her salt. Soon the land where Buta Ijo stood turned into ocean. Buto Ijo was drowned and died instantly (line 32). Timun Emas has dynamic character who changes from frightened to be brave girl. It also can be see from verbs such as frightened and scared. Timun Emas was scared but because of his weapons she could kill a monster. Timun Emas also has neutral character, who describes the imaginary character that is only life in the fiction. Malin Kundang is the major character, he is the most appear in the story. Malin Kundang is antagonist because he has bad character. It can see from verbs go away and shouted. He shouted to his mother to let her mother go away. From adjective ashamed, he ashamed to his wife because his mother is very poor. Malin Kundang has dynamic character that changes the action it can see from. It can Eka Puspita A2B016007 19 see from adjectives poor, good, diligent and rich. Malin has good character before, he is good and diligent but after he become rich, he changes to be a bad character. Malin Kundang is neutral character; this character is only presented to set up the story itself. In The Crying Stone short story, a daughter is the major character but she is antagonist. It can see from adjectives lazy and arrogant. And from noun servant, she calls her mother as her servant. The character of a daughter can be see from the quotation “No, she is not my mother. She is my servant,” the girl answered (line 14). A daughter has flat character that has only one certain nature character that is bad character. A daughter also static character, it is the same from beginning until the end because the conflict of the story does not influent to this character. a daughter is neutral character because this character is only presented to set up the story itself. The major character in the short story of The Legend of Kemaro Island is Tan Bun Ann because he is the most appears in the story. He is protagonist. It can see from the nouns love and courage. Tan Bun Ann fall in love with Siti Fatimah and he has courage to propose her. From the verbs such as, permission, admired and propose. The character of Tan Bun Ann can be seen in the sentences Tan Bun Ann finally got information about Fatimah. He knew that she was single and the king only wanted to have a rich son in law. The information made Tan Bun Ann worked harder. He wants to be richer (line 15). Tan Bun Ann is flat character because he has simple character. The character of Tan Bun Ann always static that is does not change in surprising way. Tan Bun Ann is neutral character who describes the imaginary character that is only life in the fiction. Wa Lancar is the major character in Wa Lancar short story. He has good character, its mean that Wa Lancar is protagonist. It can see from verbs studied, help, teaching and remembered. The character of Wa Lancar can be seen from the sentence Wa Lancar wanted to help poor kids by teaching them (line 14). Wa Lancar is flat character because it is only has one nature character. There is no surprising action designed to make the reader impressed. Wa Lancar also stactic because the character remains predictable. Wa Lancar is neutral character; he describes the imaginary character that is only life in the fiction The major character in The Legend of Rawa Pening is a little poor boy. The little boy is protagonist. It can see from adjectives little, poor, hungry and weak. Such as in the sentences Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a village. He was very hungry and weak (line 1). From verbs such as, used and pick up for example in the sentence he used the “Lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman (line 15) a little boy has flat character, he has the simple character. A little boy has dynamic character, his character changes from weak to be strong. A little boy is neutral character. b. English Short Story. Mangita and Larina are two major characters in Mangita and Larina’s short story. There are two characters in this short story, that are good and bad characters. Mangita has good character and she is protagonist, it can see from Eka Puspita A2B016007 20 adjectives good and kind. For example in the sentence she was a good and beautiful girl (line 3). And you were cruel and Mangita was kind (line 41). It can see from nouns such as, loved and kindness. For example in the sentence she was a good and beautiful girl, was loved by all for her kindness. From verbs such as, help and washed. For example Mangita sprang to help her, washed the blood away from her head (line 15). Opposite with Mangita, Larina is antagonist. It can see from adjective jealous and cruel, such as This made Larina jealous (line 10) and the cruel girl said that she had done so (line 37). From verbs such as stick, laugh, spoke and pushed, for example in the sentences, she would catch a pretty butterfly, cruelly stick a pin through it (line 7). ...and would laugh to see the poor butterfly struggling in the pain (line 9). When Larita saw the old woman she spoke mockingly to her and pushed her. (line 14). And adver such as cruelly, for example in the sentence the people dislike her for her cruelly (line 9). The character of Mangita and Larina are also flat characters, the attitude and behavior of the character is totally flat. There is no surprising action. Both of them also static that is do not changed in surprisingly way. The major characters in this short story are neutral character because this character is only presented to set up the story itself. In The Golden Star Fruit Tree short story, there are two major characters that are the older brother and the younger brother. The older brother is antagonist, he has bad character. It can see from adjective greedy in the sentences such as, the older brother was very greedy (line 2). From verbs took and gave from the sentence such as, the big brother took almost everything. He gave his younger brother only a small piece of land (line 5). Opposite from his brother, the younger brother is protagonist and he has good character. It can see from adjective kind such as ...and the younger brother was very kind (line 3). From verb invited such as, on the commemoration of his father’s death, he invited his older to come to his house (line 22). Both of them have flat character, it means that they are the simple character that only has nature character. Their characters also static, their characters remains predictable. The major characters have neutral characters because this character is only presented to set up the story itself. In The Empty Pot short story, Jhrunk is major character. He is protagonist because he has good character. It can see from adjectives good, best and honest such as in the sentence He was a good gardener, even people said that he was the best young gardener in his village (line 10) and sentence “you are the only child honest enough to return with an empty pot” (line 48). From verbs tried and planted such as, “. I tried the best. I planted your seed with the best soil...” (Line 44), it means that Jhrunk is dilligent child. Jhrunk also flat character, he has simple character, there is no surprising action. The character of Jhrunk is static because his character is the same at the end of the story as the beginning. Jhrunk is neutral character who describes the imaginary character that is only life in the fiction Beauty is the major character in Beauty and the Beast short story. Beauty is protagonist, she has good character. It can see from verbs insisted and went such as, Beauty insisted on taking her father’s place, Eka Puspita A2B016007 21 and so she went to the Beast palace (line 15). Beauty has dynamic character, who demonstrated a new realization about her self. Beast asks Beauty to be his wife but Beauty refused him. At the end, Beauty realized that she was in love with the Beast and want to marry him. Beauty is neutral character who describes the imaginary character that is only life in the fiction In the short story of The Woodman and His Children, there are two major characters that are Henzel and Gretel. Henzel and Gretel has good characters and they are protagonists. Henzel and Gretel are the heroes, it can see from verbs slammed, shut, and trapped such as, Gretel Slummed shut the oven door and trapped the witch inside (line 45). Henzel and Gretel are dynamic characters, their characters change to be brave characters. Henzel and Gretel has neutral characters, they describes the imaginary character who is only life in the fiction The major character in The Prince and his Best Friends short story are Jonathan and Peter Piper. They are protagonist characters and have good characters. It can see from adjective kind and afraid such as ...there lived a kind young prince named Jonathan (line 1) and ...but Peter was not afraid (line 8). Jonathan and Peter Piper have Dynamic character, which changes in the course of the action. They also has neutral character who describes the imaginary character who is only life in the fiction Discussion Major Characters in Indonesian Short Sories Having analyzed the Indonesian short stories, the researcher found that the major character in Indonesian short stories has two characters, protagonist and antagonist characters. Although they are from different regions, some of them have the same characters, such as Malin Kundang and The Crying Stone. Both of them have bad attitudes, they are ungodly children. Different from Malin Kundang and The Crying Stone, Timun Emas, Wa Lancar and The Legend of Rawa Pening have good attitudes; they are heroes and want to help another people. The Kemaro Island is about a couple falling in love but they are never being in love because of death. From the six short stories, four of them, Malin Kundang, The Crying Stone, The Legend of Kemaro Island and The Legend of Rawa Pening have the real evidence. The Major Characters in English Short Sories From six English short stories four of them have two major characters in one short story, they are protagonist and antagonist. The short stories such as, Mangita and Larina, The Golden Star Fruit Tree, The Woodman and His Children and The Prince and His Best Friends. The major characters of each short story have bad and good attitudes. Two of short stories have one major character in one short story, that The Eka Puspita A2B016007 22 are Beauty and the Beast and The Empty Pot. From the twelve short stories, the researcher has analyzed that there is no ungodly characters in English short story such as Malin Kundang and The Crying Stone. But there are the same character between Timun Emas, The Empty Pot and The Woodmand and His Children; they are about honest, brave and hero children. They are about kind children. The Major Characters characterized short stories From the explanation in the result, researcher analyze that in Indonesian short stories Timun Emas has protagonist, dynamic and neutral characters. Malin Kundang has antagonist, dynamic and neutral characters. The Crying stone has antagonist, flat, static and neutral characters. The Legend of Kemaro Island has protagonist, flat and neutral characters. Wa Lancar has protagonist, flat and neutral characters. And the Legend of Rawa Pening has protagonist, flat, dynamic and neutral characters. There are four short stories which have almost same characters that are Timun Emas, The Legend of Kemaro Island, Wa Lancar, and The Legend of Rawa Pening. The major characters of each short story are protagonist and neutral characters. But each of them has different in flat, static and dynamic characters. Timun Emas has dynamic character same withThe Legend of Rawa Pening. The Legend of Kemaro Island, Wa Lancar and The Legend of Rawa Pening have flat characters In English short stories, Mangita and Larina short story has the same characters with The Golden Star Fruit Tree and The Empty Pot. Both of them have two major characters, they are protagonist and antagonist, flat, static, and neutral characters. But The Empty Pot only has one major character. The Beauty and the Beast short story have same characters with The Woodman and His Children and The Prince and his Best Fiends. The major characters of that stories has protagonist, dynamic and neutral characters. Explaining the result with theory In this paper attempts have been made to language features analyze in selected short stories. In order to carry out the language features, twelve different short stories (Timun Emas, Malin Kundang, The Legend of Kemaro Island, The Legend of Rawa Pening, The Crying Stone, Wa Lancar, Mangita and Larina, The Golden Star Fruit Tree, Beauty and the Beast and The Woodman and the Children (Hanzel and Gretel), The Prince and his Best Friends) a checklist of language features categories suggested by Leech and Short (2007) has been applied as a theoretical framework. In the analysis of Indonesian short stories among the checklists, lexical categories have been employed. And it was noticed that the authors use of verbs takes the largest share of the major word classes. These verbs play a very great role in describing the characters, the setting and the surroundings well. Through the use of adjectives (that contributes the 3rd largest number from the major word classes), the author is able to describe the physical and psychological features of the characters and the setting. Nouns, the second largest Eka Puspita A2B016007 23 group of the major word classes, have played an important role in the story. This role in making meaning accessible to the reader is achieved through describing actions and to a certain extent by playing stative role in the story. The fourth number is adverbs. In the analysis of English short stories among the checklists, lexical categories have been employed. Same with the Indonesian short stories, There are six English short stories use of verbs takes the largest share of the major word classes and nouns are the second largest group of the major word classes. The second number is verbs. All of English short stories, adjectives that contributes the 3rd largest number from the major word classes, the author is able to describe the physical and psychological features of the characters. The fourth number is adverbs. From the explanation above, the researcher needs to compare the language features by using the table as follows: Table 13. The number of language features in Indonesian and English short stories. Indonesian Short Stories Language Features English short stories Language Features N V Adj Adv N V Adj Adv Timun Emas 37 46 17 9 Mangita and Larina 63 75 26 19 Malin Kundang 33 44 18 9 The Golden Star Fruit Tree 30 37 16 14 Tle Legend of Kemaro Island 39 42 17 16 The Empty Pot 32 38 14 9 The Crying Stone 22 31 15 17 Beauty and the Beast 39 53 11 10 Wa Lancar 36 41 18 15 The Woodman and His children 62 67 25 19 The Legend of Rawa Pening 28 33 12 6 The Prince and his Best Friend 29 36 6 14 Total 195 237 97 72 Total 255 306 98 85 From the table above, the researcher analyze that from all of the stories, the authors of Indonesian and English short story use verbs as the greatest number of language features, the second numbers are nouns, the third numbers are adectives and the fourth numbers are adverbs. The number of English short stories is greater than the Indonesian short stories. In The Crying Stone and The Prince and his Best Friends short stories, the numbers of adverbs are larger than adjectives. The Comparing and Constrasting Result with Other Study From the previous studies in chapter I, This study gets the same result from Alemu (2015) about Stylistic Analysis of Selected Short Stories by O Henry. Alemu analized four short stories of O Henry (After Twenty Years, A Harlem Tragedy, The Last Leaf, and A Furnished Room). He use the same theory from Short and Leech (2007). The result of Alemu’s paper is in one the short story, After Twenty Years, the author’s use of nouns takes the largest share of the major word classes. Verbs are the second dominant group of the major word classes. Adjectives contribute the 3rd largest number from the major word classes. And the least Eka Puspita A2B016007 24 represented in the major word classes are adverbs. The Implication of this research for study The implications of this research for study are firstly, for the teacher, short story is one of materials that used to be taught in Junior High School level especially for ninth grade. According to Permendikbud number 24 (2016) in syllabus about core competence (1,2,3,4) and basic competence (3.7 and 4.7) for the ninth grade of Junior High School. The unit focus on narrative text. The grammar lessons are the use of simple past tense, adverbs of time in simple past tense, singular and plural nouns. The learning material sections contain text title, the social function of the text, language features, vocabulary and the generic structure of the genre. The core competencies and basic competencies of ninth grade at Junior High School are presented as follows: Table 14. The core competencies and basic competencies of Grade IX of Junior High School. CORE COMPETENCIES BASIC COMPETENCIES 1. Respect and appreciate the teachings of their religion 2. Respect and appreciate the honest behaviour, discipline, responcible, caring (tolerance, mutual cooperation), polite, confident in teaching effectively with the social and natural environment in a range of social and existence. 3. Understanding knowledge (factual, concept science, technology, arts, conceptual and procedural) based on his curiosity about science, technology, arts, culture and events related phenomena. 4. Try, process, and present in the realm of concrete (using parse, compose, modify, and create) and realm of the abstract (writing, reading, counting, drawing, and fabricated) accordingly to the learned in school and other sources in the same viewpoint/ theory. 3.7. To compare the social function, generic structure, and language features of spoken and written narrative text by asking and giving information about short and simple fairy tales based on the context. 4.7.To get contextual meaning about the social function, generic structure and language features of spoken and written short story and simple fairy tales. CONCLUSION Having analysed this study about Language Features Used to Describe Major Characters in Short Stories, The language features can be used in teaching narrative texts for children. It could be read in following discussion: 1. The result of language features in Indonesian short stories are the authors use verbs as the largest share of the major word classes. The verbs play a role in describing the characters of major character; the second dominant group of the major word classes are nouns and the third number from the major word classes are adjectives. And the least represented in the major word classes are adverbs. From the six Indonesian short story, there is one short story that has adverb is greater than adjective. It is The Crying Stone short story. 2. In English short stories, the result of language features that used to describe major character has the same result with Indonesian short stories. The authors use verbs as the greatest number of the major word classes, the second Eka Puspita A2B016007 25 number is nouns and the third number is adjectives. The last number of the major word classes is adverb, but one of the six English short story, The Prince and His Best Friend short story use adverb as the third number of major word classes and adverb is the last number of major word classes. 3. The dominant characters of major character in Indonesian short stories are protagonist and antagonist, From six of Indonesian short stories, there are two short stories where the major characters are antagonist, they are Malin Kundang and The Crying Stone and four short stories where the major characters are protagonist, they are Timun Emas, The Legend of Kemaro Island, Wa Lancar, and The Legend of Rawa Pening.. In English short stories, there are four short stories which have two major characters, protagonist and antagonist characters, they are Mangita and Larina, The Golden Star Fruit Tree, The Woodman and His Children, and The Prince and his Friends. . And two short stories only have one character of major character, they are The Empty Pot and Beauty and the Beast, both of these short stories is protagonist. From the twelve short stories, there are no English short stories which have the same characters with Malin Kundang and The Crying stone. SUGGESTION Based on the conclusion above, the researcher would like to give suggestions related to this research, which hopefully will be helpful for English teacher, students, institution, and further researcher. 1. For English teacher, the using of language features to identifying major characters in short stories will help the teacher in teaching narrative text especially for folktales and legends 2. For the students, they expected to be interest with the lesson and easy to identify the major character in short stories, and they can easily to understand the characters of the major characters. the children expected to more interesting to read short stories especially short stories and folktales from Indonesia and another country, 3. Based on the limitation in this study, the result of this research can be used as reference for further researcher who wants to analyse language features and characters of major character in short stories and other literary works. 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