JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature) Vol. 4 No. 2, 2019 ISSN (print): 2502-7816; ISSN (online): 2503-524X Available online at https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/joall/index doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/joall.v4i2.6866 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 227 THE USAGE OF VANDERVEKEN THEORY TO ANALYSE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ON THE “OPINION” COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST EDITION 1st - 5th of SEPTEMBER 2018 Rani Herning Puspita1 , Sunarti2 1,2Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur Corresponding email: rhp546@umkt.ac.id Abstract There are various columns in the newspaper, from the news columns to the opinion column. The speaker letter column contains letters from the speaker which contain various things such as opinions, responses, criticisms, aspirations, suggestions and complaints. Sometimes the language the speaker uses to convey his intent is not explicitly stated. The problems discussed in this study are any speech acts contained in the opinion column of the Jakarta Post newspaper. The objectives of this study are (1) What types of illocutionary speech acts used by speakers in the "Opinion" column in The Jakarta Post newspaper; (2) What functions of illocutionary speech acts used in the "Opinion" column in the Jakarta Post newspaper. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The method of data collection uses note and technique notes. The data population used in this study is the speech contained in the column "Opinion" in the August 2009 edition of the Jakarta Post newspaper. The results of this study are that every person has different ways in giving their opinion about news or topic. It can be complaining, agreeing, and request. Those all expressive can be analysed using illocutionary acts or speech acts. Keywords: opinion, illocutionary acts, the Jakarta Post INTRODUCTION Language grows and develops in society because language belongs to the community. The language used in mass media is increasingly varied, because people's thinking is now more advanced and dynamic, the problems that occur in society are increasingly complex. Human speech can also be expressed through the mass media both verbally and in writing. In oral media, parties who carry out speech acts are speakers (speakers) and their partners (listeners), while in written media, speech is delivered by the speaker (speaker) to his partner, the speaker. The mailto:rhp546@umkt.ac.id The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 228 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 mass media that can be utilized for oral speech are electronic media, such as television and radio. Meanwhile, for print media such as magazines, tabloids, and newspapers, it is a tool that can be used by the speaker (speaker) to be conveyed to the speaker (partner) with the aim that what is conveyed through written media gets a response from the speakers (partner). One of the printed mass media that is widely consumed by the public is newspapers or newspapers. Because through newspapers, people know the news more detail than just watching television. One of the English language newspapers published in Indonesia is the Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post newspaper not only contains news, but also contains columns and other rubrics that are useful for speakers, such as advertisements, sports news, business, and speakers' letters. In the newspaper The Jakarta Post, the speaker letter column is better known as "Opinion". In this "Opinion" column, speakers are free to express opinions or thoughts or comments about a news story. The language used by the speaker in expressing his thoughts in the "opinion" column varies, there are those that refer directly to his/her intentions, but there are also those who give an explanation first before saying what he wants to convey. The Jakarta Post was chosen because the newspaper included English-language newspapers which were still quite easy to find and contained more international news than the national daily, besides the speakers of The Jakarta Post were not limited to Indonesian people but from other countries. This study aims to find the meaning of public opinions which are written in English. In this study the author will examine the intent and purpose of what the speaker wants to express in the "Opinion" rubric. Are they just giving opinions without any tendency or other objectives that are expressed indirectly? The meaning contained in discourse, behavior, and human actions becomes important to know the purpose of speech speakers (George Yule, 1996). The meaning of a word depends on the use of the language (Searle, 1985). The problems research of this research are (1) What types of illocutionary speech acts are used by speakers in the "Opinion" column in The Jakarta Post newspaper; and (2) the function of any illocutionary speech acts used in the "Opinion" column in The Jakarta Post newspaper. The Formulation of The Research Studies are (1) Describe the types of illocutionary speech acts used in the "Opinion" column in The Jakarta Post newspaper; (2) Identify the function of the illocutionary speech act contained in the "Opinion" column in The Jakarta Post newspaper. There are some researches about conducted by Isma Savanty Muwalidah titled "Analysis of Illocutionary Speech Acts in the speakers' Writing Discourse on the September 2014 Edition of the Jawa Pos Newspaper". Rani Herning Puspita Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 229 The results of the study from the results of the research that has been done, the researchers found 34 results of the study were assertive illocutionary speech acts complaining, reporting, and notifying; 73 the results of the study are directive illocutionary speech acts invoking, asking, suggesting, and advising; 12 the results of the study are expressive illocutionary speech acts to thank, and praise. Another similar study was carried out by Lailiyah (2013) with the title "Directive Actions in the speaker's Forum Rubric in The Jakarta Post" at least three conclusions. First, based on structure or sentence mode, the type of directive speech act is divided into direct and indirect speech acts and based on the meaning of the words that compose them there are literal speech acts. Second, based on context analysis, the intent of directive speech acts found among other things is to command / order, prohibit, request, suggest, invite, warn, expect, and allow. In addition, this study also revealed the politeness strategy used by speakers in the "Opinions" column of The Jakarta Post. The purpose of this study is to find out the meaning of opinion texts written by the speakers of Jakarta Post newspaper about many different topics which is up to date in Indonesia especially in another country, and this study hoped that speakers can be more responsive on the latest news. METHOD In this study, the author used a qualitative and descriptive approach. The descriptive approach aims to design systematically, factually, and accurately the facts (Mahsun, 2005). The population data of his study is opinions on the "opinion" column of the Jakarta Post newspaper. More specifically what is used as a source of data is speech on opinions that contain illocutionary acts. The step of data collection is an attempt by researchers to provide data that is directly related to the problem to be studied (Sudaryanto, 1993: 5). Taking data sampling is done by documentation techniques, because data is taken from daily newspapers / newspapers. Documentation technique is taking data if the data source is books, journals, or newspapers. Sudaryanto (1993: 133) classifies the technique of collecting data into 5 types, namely tapping technique, skillful listening free technique, skillful listening technique, recording technique, and note taking technique. The data collection technique in this study is to use the listening technique. Learning is done by listening, namely listening to the use of language. The technique in referring to this study used the technique of free learning (SBLC), the author are not involved in the narrative process (Sudaryanto 1993: 134), the authors only participate in analyzing and observing the data that has been determined. After the data collection completed, the next step was to analyze all the data that had been collected. This data analysis was basically describing The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 230 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 the elements that make up a reality without even changing or destroying it. In other words, this data analysis was an attempt to process data so that conclusions were obtained to achieve the research objectives. Lexy (2000: 103) cited the analysis definition from Patton (1990) "data analysis is the process of arranging data sequences, organizing them into a pattern, category and basic description unit". In this study, the data analysis method used was a qualitative method. One characteristic of qualitative methods is the data collected in the form of words, images, and not numbers (Aminuddin, 1990). The analysis used in this study uses the heuristic method, which was a type of problem solving task faced by speakers in interpreting a speech or utterance (Leech 1983: 61). The analysis carried out in this study was in the form of identifying the types of illocutionary speech acts and functions of illocutionary speech acts. To find out the meaning of each opinion, first the author analyse each paragraph of the opinion. The author analyses the speech act of each paragraph the opinion, then the author analysed the whole paragraph. To analyse the meaning or function of each utterances in opinion, the author used hypothesis of Daniel Vanderveken. Vanderveken divided illocutionary force into six (6) components, in which these components used to show if the illocutionary force is accepted or not. The components are: 1. Illocutionary Force/ Illocutionary Point The speaker always connects the contents of his propositions to the circumstances when he speaks 2. A mode of Achievement The conditions for fulfilling illocutionary force are components of the force that show how illocutionary point can be achieved in accordance with the content of the context / proposition successfully which can show an action that is appropriate to that force. 3. Propositional Content Condition This component has the purpose of expressing an assessment, opinion, or problem that is connected each other. The contents of the proposition can express the state of the past, present and future conditions. 4. Preparatory Condition This preparation component deals with the most important conditions for the success of the illocutionary power. The speaker can not responsible for his speech in carrying out an action without assuming that he can do it. 5. Sincerity Condition This condition of sincerity refers to the expression of the speaker's psychological behavior that he truly does illocutionary acts. 6. Degree of Strength Rani Herning Puspita Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 231 A speaker can express the level of seriousness of his actions with different illocutionary powers, depending on his strength. Example of Data Analysis; (1) Is the latest market flurry a sign abnormal changes will be ushered into the global economy, or just a temporary adjustment of stock prices. The opinion above is formed question sentence in which the question sentence usually requires answers, but the question sentence above contains expressive illocutionary acts, the doubtful feeling of the speaker about the global economy. The speech act above can be analyzed using Vanderveken’s hypothesis in the following. 1. Illocution point: by writing the speech, the speaker wants to express his feelings about market prices that will bring changes in the global market. 2. Condition of Fulfillment: the condition of achievement that exists in the speech is the achievement of demand in accordance with the proposition. 3. Contents of the Proposition: Illocutionary force according to the contents of the proposition shows the actions of the speaker, namely questioning the realization of changes in market prices. 4. Condition Preparation: before writing his opinion, the speaker reads a discourse that contains issues about the global economy on prices. 5. Sincerity Condition: speakers want to see the realization that market prices can bring better changes to the global economy. 6. Level of Strength: shows the seriousness of the speaker in questioning whether market price volatility is the effect of a global economy rather than stabilizing temporary stock prices. By using the analysis above, it can be stated that the speech of the opinion above is an expressive speech act, because through opinion, the author intends to express his feelings. FINDINGS After the data collection was done, the next step is discussion. The data presented has been randomly selected to represent the overall data. There were 6 data to represent all the opinions. Table 1. Opinions number Speech Act IMF decries US shift Directive The heat is on Directive Tokyo’s hate speech law Directive Treating honoured guests Directive The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 232 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 Opinions number Speech Act Hasty decision on death penalty Request G20 must deepen cooperation Request From the table above shown that four opinions have directive meaning and two opinions have request meaning, means most of the meaning or illocutionary force of the opinions are directive. Analysis of Data 1: IMF Decries US Shift Paragraph 1 is an assertive speech, because it conveys facts or tells the truth. Paragraph 2 is an assertive statement because the data revealed from the source (IMF) is trusted. Paragraph 3 is a directive speech because it contains a request that countries build a strong economy. Illocution Point is the speaker wants that other countries to build a stronger economy so they wouldn’t be affected by economic of US. Fulfillment Conditions is what the speaker wants to do that other countries improve the stronger and fairer for the future economy. A content of Proposition is the IMF can resolve problems regarding the conditions of economic growth. Conditions for Preparation are speaker providing data that the IMF is cutting economic growth in China and America. Condition of Sincerity is the speaker really wants better economic growth in countries. Strength Level is the strength level shown in the sentence “Countries should, as Christine Lagarde, the managing director of the urgent urged, resolves disputes to build a trade system that is "stronger, fairer, and fit for the future", which indicates that serious speakers want countries have good economic growth rates. Rani Herning Puspita Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 233 From the analysis above, the illocutionary function of the opinion above is directive even though the speech acts of each paragraph have different functions. The illocutionary function of opinion is to ask other countries to build a better economy. Analysis of Data 2: The Heat is On Paragraph 1 is assertive because in the opinion, the speaker speaks about facts. Paragraph 2 is expressive speech act because it expressesd the speaker’s' concern that changes in the economic climate of Paris will affect the economy in India and Pakistan. Paragraph 3 is directive because it contains the request for the government to change the economy of the country so that it can remain stable. Paragraph 4 is directive because the speaker requests the countries to support the Paris agreement on changing the economic climate. Paragraph 5 is expressive, because the speaker wrote in his/her opinion about the anxiety if the economic conflict will change the politics and economy of their country. Analysis of Vanderveken Illocutionary Point is that the speaker worried if the economic climate change will change the political structure and economic structure of his country. A condition of Achievement is the speaker asked the government to keep the economy in a stable condition. Contents of Proposition are that the speaker wanted the government understands people's concern about economic changing. Conditions for Preparation are in paragraphs 3 and 4, explained that according to the speaker “it takes a dozen years to change the country's economic system”. The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 234 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 From the analysis above, it can be concluded that the function of speech act is directive. It was contained the speaker’s requests to the government to keep the economy of his/her country still stable. Analysis of Opinion 3: Tokyo Hate Speech Law Paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 4 are utterances in the first, second, and third paragraphs and the fourth include illocutionary assertive speech act because the speaker wrote about something real. Paragraph 5 is expressive illocutionary speech acts because it described the disappointment of the speaker that the government cannot detect parties who give anonymity speech. Paragraph 6 is directive speech acts because the speaker asks the Tokyo government to resolve and prevent irresponsible parties from making hate speech, especially about race. Illocutionary point is that the speaker tries to illustrate that utterances of hatred about race are problems that must be prevented and stopped. Achievement of conditions is the point that the speaker wanted to achieve was that the Tokyo government can stop the hate speech of the country. Contents of the Proposition are the speaker explained that hate speech that contains race can offend people. Conditions of Preparation are the speaker illustrated that the United Nations also condemned acts of hate speech. Conditions of Sincerity are the speakers really hope that the government is firm about the issue of speech hate. Level of Strength is the level of strength can be seen in the last paragraph in the sentence "Tokyo should ensure for human rights". From the analysis above, the overall meaning the opinion is directive. It is shown on the sentence “Tokyo should ensure for human rights…..” Rani Herning Puspita Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 235 Result of Opinion 4: Treating Honoured Guests Paragraph 1 and 2 are illocutionary assertive because the speaker writes about facts on the Asian Games event. Paragraph 3 is Expressive speech act because opinion the speaker writes his/her feelings of disappointment being rejected by the local government when they will help earthquake victims in Central Sulawesi. Paragraph 4 and 5 are illocutionary assertive because the speaker writes the things he/she really experienced while volunteering in Central Sulawesi. Paragraph 6 is expressive illocutionary acts because the speaker expressed her/his feelings of disappointment due to the volunteers were rejected but the arrival of parties’ officials was welcomed. Paragraph 7 is Illocutionary directives because the speaker wants President Jokowi to receive both volunteers and officials. The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 236 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 Illocutionary Point is that the speaker describes the events he experienced during his time as a volunteer in Central Sulawesi. Achievement Condition is what the speaker wanted in his opinion was that he and other volunteers could be accepted. Contents of Proposition are the speaker wants the volunteers complaints were heard and responded or given a solution from the parties concerned. Conditions of Preparation are the speaker first shared his experiences in Central Sulawesi before finally asking the President to accept good intentions from volunteers. Condition of Sincerity is the speaker really hopes that the local government did not obstruct their intention to help the victims of the earthquake disaster. Level of Strength is in the last paragraph of the speaker wrote "President Jokowi and his staff must accept both foreign volunteers and Indonesian volunteers. From the analysis above, the meaning of that opinion is directive. It is shown in sentence “President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo and his officials must unequivocally welcome these dedicated foreigners, who along with locals are trying to help survivors regain the strength to rebuild their lives amid the loss of their loved ones.” Analysis of Data 5: Hasty Decision on Death Penalty Paragraph 1: There are illocutionary directive actions, in which the speaker indirectly asks the community for 2 important things in the parliamentary session. Paragraph 2: there is expressive illocutionary action, because speakers express their feelings about the discourse discussed, namely the abolition of the death penalty. Paragraph 3: there is an illocutionary directive action, where the speaker requests that the government rethink the abolition of the death penalty. Rani Herning Puspita Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 237 Analysis Vanderveken Illocution point : the speaker highlighted two important things at the parliamentary session, one of which was the abolition of the death penalty. Achievement Conditions: what the speaker wants to achieve is the government is reconsidering the abolition of the death penalty. Contents of the Proposition : the speaker argues that there are some serious criminal cases such as drugs and murder whose perpetrators deserve to be sentenced to death. Conditions of Preparation : the speaker writes examples of countries that still apply the death penalty for some criminals. Condition of Sincerity: the speakers really hope that the government considers all its decisions. Level of Strength: a sentence that shows the purpose of the speaker in the final sentence of opinion, "the government should have studied this issue more thoroughly before making a decision on whether to abolish the death penalty." From the analysis the meaning of the opinion written by the speaker was a request to the Government to rethink carefully before abolishing the death penalty. It shown in sentence “the government should have studied this issue more thoroughly before making a decision on whether to abolish the death penalty." Analysis of Data 6: G20 Must Deepen Cooperation Illocution Point : the author states his doubts about the policies that will be taken by the G20 country. Conditions of achievement: the author wants the parties related to the interest rate increase to be good at preparation and the impact that will occur. Contents of Proposition: the speakers write that an increase in interest rates will benefit one country and harm another. The Usage of Vanderveken Theory to Analyse Illocutinary… 238 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol 4(2), 2019 Conditions for Preparation: in paragraph 2 the impact of the policy on raising interest rates is explained. Conditions of Sincerity: the authors hope that the G20 countries will think of the impact on developing countries if interest rates are raised. Level of Strength: in the last paragraph a number of effects are explained Overall, the meaning of the above opinion is a request from the opinion speaker to rethink the impact that will arise from the policy to be taken by the authorities, not to only benefit one of the countries and to disadvantage the developing countries. This is shown in the sentence "Emerging economies need to be better prepared for possible impacts from a flight of capital. By recommending the cracks that the US has caused within the G20, the group should strive for close cooperation in policy areas”. There are some theories that can be used to identify the illocutionary force; one of them is Vanderveken theory. By Vanderveken theory, we may know the step how the meaning is built by sentence or utterance. For some people or culture it is difficult to point their meaning of their utterance, so they will make the utterance which the meaning is implied. In those opinions the speakers or the writers hoped that the hearer or the reader understand what they talk about. Analysis of illocutionary force is one of pragmatic studies, not only the utterances of opinions but also the utterances of dialogues of the movies or even speech of President or Prime Minister. CONCLUSION The conclusions of this study are in the following. 1. Some speakers have different ways of expressing their intentions. 2. Vanderveken theory can be used to identify the meaning of some utterances 3. 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