Microsoft Word - 11.JASL-DEC 2019-Khaerani-Medan 214-220.docx Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 214—220 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 214 The translation techniques of bilingual abstract ‘sentrinov’ program book Ade Irma Khairani Politeknik Negeri Medan email: adeirmatazkia@gmail.com Abstract - This research focuses on the translation techniques found in the text of abstract bilingual Indonesian-English that has been translated by the researchers in the Sentrinov Program Book 2018 in Bali. The data analyzed in this study are clauses and their constituents in both Indonesian and English sentences. There are a totally 358 of abstract texts, which divided into 13 non- translated ID abstract texts; and 345 in translated ID-EN abstract texts, and there are 287 in translated ID-EN abstract texts which have been as the source data and identified their translation techniques. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the translation techniques that are applied by the researchers in translating the abstract texts from the source language to the target language and (2) to identify the most dominant and significant translation technique that is used by the researchers. The results identify that the frequency of applying the translation techniques is dominantly used by literal translation in the frequency of 278 (43.6%), then the second place is borrowing (pure/naturalized translation) in the frequency of 138 (21.6%), while the third technique is reduction in the frequency of 58 (9.1%), the fourth technique is creation discursive in the frequency of 54 (8.4%), the fifth technique is calque in the frequency of 28 (4.3%), the sixth technique is amplification in the frequency of 23 (3.6%), the seventh technique is established equivalent in the frequency of 22 (3.4%), the eighth technique is deletion in the frequency of 15 (2.3%), the ninth technique is transposition in the frequency of 12 (1.8%) , and the last technique is addition in the frequency of 9 (1.4%). The finding of this research particularly implies an innovative inlayed translation and explores the public study for the translation theory. Keywords: translation techniques, abstract writing procedures, source and target language Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 213—219 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 215 1. Introduction Over the years, technology has developed so fast and brings out our lives in the new era of the fourth Industrial Revolution which is known as Industrial Revolution 4.0. The world is evolved rapidly in motion, connected to one another globally without any boundary. Ready or not ready, agreed or disagreed, the new platform of human civilization follows technology development altogether. Aligned with technology modern into vast advanced digital, there is also affected to the information media networks, which is offline and online. It apparently improves so fast. Global transformation has made language over the world no barrier anymore. It is connected and demanded of highly interest to be converted and transferred into their nationality languages. As it happened to information media business, hand books, fiction and non- fiction, legal documents, medical documents, novel online, comic online and game online that did not exist in the past but today the business platform is in highly demanded and interested by digital user (cyber user). This current needed the availability of human power resource which is qualified, creative and able to translate two languages or more languages at the same time with correctly and equivalent meaning/message that is conveyed by source language into the target language. So that the readers and users understand the product of translation well, without feeling stiff and respond naturalness of translation after reading the translation. Due to trigger phenomenon, the writer feels excited to give contribution ideas in the study of translation matched to the field of study linguistics that she has been learned. The study of translation comprises as an applied research, some of the linguist researchers such as Vinay and Darkelner, Jacobson, Nida and Taber, Catford, House, Baker and Bell have contributed their ideas in techniques and strategies of translation processes. In fact, there are three significant terminologies in translation that should be more compressible, they are: 1) translation means both of process and the product of translation; 2) a translation means the product of translation result; 3) translating means the process of doing translation (Bell, 1991: 4). Thus, this study focuses on the analysis of translation techniques as a product of translation which is a translated document text in bilingual, Indonesian and English. The document product used as the source of data is a bilingual abstract text translated by the researchers in the fourth SENTRINOV Program Book 2018. The writer believes that a translated product as a result of translating processes demand a qualified human power resource, meets to the standard of a highly-skilled and expert profession, that possesses certificate and produces a qualified product translation texts and relevant to business industrial needs. Due to this study has a limited data analyzing and aligned to the problems of the study, this study focuses on the clauses and its constituent, such as a single unit words and phrases. A clause is a single unit grammatical classified into a group words, at least a clause consists of a subject and predicate which is potentially compounded into a sentence. Types of clauses are active clause, independent clause, intransitive clause, passive clause, subordinate clause, dependent clause, transitive clause and main clause (Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008: 208). 2. Method The main components of technique of data analysis in this study are 1) reduction of data; 2) presentation of data; 3) extraction of conclusion or verification (Miles & Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 213—219 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 216 Huberman, 1994: 10-12). Besides the technique of data analysis, this study also implemented the qualitative method in the stages of analyzing the data which is adapted from Creswell (2009: 183). Based on his ideas, there are main five elements in analyzing data are (1) Preparing the data for analysis; (2) Conducting different analysis; (3) Moving deeper and deeper into understanding the data; (4) Representing the data; (5) Making interpretation of the larger meaning of the data. The explanation further about the stages of analyzing data as shown in the diagram below. Figure 1 Data Analysis in Qualitative Research (Creswell, 2009: 185) 3. Results and Discussion As mentioned previously, there are 358 abstract texts, divided into 13 un-translated ID abstract texts; 345 translated ID-EN bilingual abstract texts and 287 translated ID-EN bilingual abstract texts as the data used in the study. The source of data is bilingual Indonesian-English abstract text of the 4th SENTRINOV Program Book 2018 published in Bali. 1. A Single Translation Technique This technique referred to the implementation of one single technique in translating data of the study, including words, phrases, clauses and sentences both in Indonesian and English. There are 3 single translation techniques used in the abstract SENTRINOV, namely literal, amplification and deletion, which is elaborated consecutively literal technique totally 40 data. As mentioned previously, there are 358 abstract texts, divided into 13 un- translated ID abstract texts; 345 translated ID-EN bilingual abstract texts and 287 Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 213—219 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 217 translated ID-EN bilingual abstract texts as the data used in the study. The source of data is bilingual Indonesian-English abstract text of the 4th SENTRINOV Program Book 2018 published in Bali. 1. A Single Translation Technique This technique referred to the implementation of one single technique in translating data of the study, including words, phrases, clauses and sentences both in Indonesian and English. There are 3 single translation techniques used in the abstract SENTRINOV, namely literal, amplification and deletion, which is elaborated consecutively literal technique totally 40 data number, amplification technique 1 data number, and deletion technique 7 data number. 2. Couplet Translation Technique This technique is a combination of two translation techniques that is applicable in order to determine the equivalence in translating source language. In this study, there are 9 couplet translation techniques which are classified into the combination of techniques: literal and calque, literal and borrowing, literal and reduction, literal and discursive creation, literal and transposition, amplification and literal, amplification and borrowing and literal and established equivalent. Sequentially, they can be described literal and calque are found 13 data, literal and borrowing are found 70 data, literal and reduction are found 20 data, literal and reduction are found 20 data, literal and creation discursive are 17 data, literal and transposition are 4 data, literal and amplification are 6 data, amplification and borrowing are 1 data, literal and established equivalent are 6 data, literal and deletion are only 1 data. 3. Triplet Translation Technique This technique referred to the combination of three translation techniques which is implemented in translating the data phrases, clauses and sentences. In this study, they are 26 triplet techniques adapted. Particularly, they are explained in detailed triplet of deletion + borrowing + literal techniques are only 1 data, triplet of reduction + borrowing + literal techniques are 17 data, triplet of creation discursive + borrowing + literal techniques are 7 data, triplet of transposition + borrowing + literal are 2 data, triplet of creation discursive + deletion + literal techniques are 1 data, triplet of amplification + reduction + literal techniques are 3 data, triplet of literal + calque + borrowing techniques are 4 data, triplet of reduction + creation discursive + literal techniques are 3 data, triplet of addition + established equivalent + literal techniques are 1 data, triplet of literal + established equivalent + reduction are 2 data, triplet of literal + amplification + calque are 1 data, triplet of literal + creation discursive + calque are 1 data, triplet of addition + literal + borrowing are 1 data, triplet of transposition + deletion + literal are 1 data, triplet of deletion + amplification + borrowing techniques are 1 data, triplet of transposition + reduction + creation discursive techniques are 1 data, triplet of creation discursive + amplification + borrowing are 1 data, triplet of creation discursive + established equivalent +literal are 1 data, triplet of creation discursive + established equivalent+ literal are 1 data, triplet of amplification + borrowing + literal are 1 data, triplet of deletion + creation discursive + literal are 1 data, triplet of transposition + creation discursive + literal are 1 data, triplet of amplification + borrowing + transposition are 1 data, triplet of established equivalent + Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 213—219 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 218 calque + literal are 2 data, triplet of reduction + calque + literal are 1 data, triplet of established equivalent + borrowing + literal techniques are 3 data. 4. Quartet Translation Technique Quartet technique is the combination four translation techniques which applied in translating the data of source language (Indonesian) into target language (English). There are 12 variants of quartet translation techniques in the data, as described in detailed as follows, the variant quartet techniques of literal + borrowing + reduction + creation discursive are found 4 data number; the variant quartet techniques of addition + borrowing + reduction + literal are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of addition + established equivalent + calque + literal are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of literal + borrowing + creation discursive + amplification are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of deletion+ borrowing + amplification + literal are 2 data number, the variant quartet techniques of literal + creation discursive + calque + addition are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of literal + calque + established equivalent + creation discursive are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of literal + addition + borrowing + creation discursive are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of transposition + reduction + borrowing + literal are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of amplification + creation discursive + reduction + borrowing are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of established equivalent + borrowing + calque + literal are 1 data number, the variant quartet techniques of deletion + creation discursive + borrowing + literal are 1 data number. 5. Quintet Translation Technique Quintet technique is the combination five translation techniques which is utilized in translating the data of source language into target language. There are 3 variants of quintet translation techniques applied in this study, as described as follows, the variant quintet techniques of addition + established equivalent + borrowing + reduction + literal are found in 1 data number; the variant quintet techniques of creation discursive + amplification + reduction + addition are found in 1 data number; the variant quintet techniques of amplification + creation discursive+ addition + established equivalent + calque are found 1 data number. 6. Sextet Translation Technique Sextet technique is referred the adaptation of six translation techniques in translating the data phrases, clauses and sentences. In this study, there is only 1 variant of the sextet technique identified as follows, amplification + creation discursive + addition + borrowing + established equivalent + literal. 7. Translation Techniques Frequency Diagram 2 presents that the translation techniques frequency as adapted in the 4th SENTRINOV Program Book 2018. It shows that a dominant technique applied in the data is literal translation in the frequency of 278 (43.6%), then the second place is borrowing (pure/naturalized translation) in the frequency of 138 (21.6%), while the third technique is reduction in the frequency of 58 (9.1%), the fourth technique is creation discursive in the frequency of 54 (8.4%), the fifth technique is calque in the frequency of 28 (4.3%), the sixth technique is amplification in the frequency of 23 (3.6%), the seventh technique is established equivalent in the frequency of 22 (3.4%), Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 3 Issue 2 (Dec 2019), p. 213—219 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 219 the eighth technique is deletion in the frequency of 15 (2.3%), the ninth technique is transposition in the frequency of 12 (1.8%) , and the last technique is addition in the frequency of 9 (1.4%). Figure 2 Translation Techniques 4. Conclusion The implementation of translation techniques in the data is varied. From 287translated ID-EN bilingual abstract texts, the results identified that the frequency of applying the translation techniques is dominantly used by literal (literal translation) in the frequency of 278 (43.6%), then the second place is borrowing (pure/naturalized translation) in the frequency of 138 (21.6%), while the third technique is reduction in the frequency of 58 (9.1%), the fourth technique is creation discursive in the frequency of 54 (8.4%), the fifth technique is calque in the frequency of 28 (4.3%), the sixth technique is amplification in the frequency of 23 (3.6%), the seventh technique is established equivalent in the frequency of 22 (3.4%), the eighth technique is deletion in the frequency of 15 (2.3%), the ninth technique is transposition in the frequency of 12 (1.8%) , and the last technique is addition in the frequency of 9 (1.4%). There are 6 variants translation techniques, which classified into 48 data in single variant techniques; 138 data in couplet variant techniques; 60 data in triplet variant techniques; 16 data in quartet variant techniques; 3 data in quintet variant techniques and 1 data in sextet variant technique. References Ariyaningsih, NND. & Santika, IDADM. (2018). The translation of English tourism news text into Indonesian. Journal Of Applied Studies In Language, 2(2), 151-157. Bell, Roger T. (1991). Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman. Bessy, Aryanto Polce. (2017). Metode Penelitian Linguistik Terjemahan. Jakarta: Penerbit Indeks Jakarta. Catford, M. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. 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