Microsoft Word - 2. JASL-Jun'21. Yuliarta 10-21.docx Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 10 Noun phrase and its translation in the novel “Budha, a story of enlightenment” I Made Juliarta Universitas Bali Dwipa email: Madejuliarta@balidwipa.ac.id Abstract - The paper analyzes the form of the noun phrase and its translation shift found an used in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. The shift in translation is stated as a major concept in a sentence analysis found in translation. The concept of shifting can be used in order to learn how a unit on a different level used to make interesting structures. This study has used the theory that is proposed by Catford (1978) and Quirk et all (1985). The qualitative method is applied to the research method by the researcher. In the data of noun phrases, it consists of the derived noun as head in the source language. In the translation process in this study, a shift occurred in the translation process from the source language into the target language. It can be seen that this study focuses on the translation strategies of the noun phrase. Those can be dictated by the structural discrepancies that occurred between the two language systems involved in this process. The optional ones (those that are dictated by the personal and stylistic preferences) and communicative rendition in source language text into another language. There are some shifts in translation occurred in the English noun phrases that are also translated into noun phrases in Indonesian as the target language. This study intends to: (i) identify the types of the noun phrase and its constituent structure found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of the noun phrase in the translation process from the source language into the target language. Keywords: category shifts, level shifts, noun phrase, translation Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 11 1. Introduction Translation can be stated as the process of changing speech or writing translated from one language (source language) into another language (target language). In the process of transferring meaning, the form is changed but the meaning needs to be preserved. When the form of language is spoken, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that are spoken or written. The translation is the process of transferring an idea, knowledge, or purpose translated from source language (SL) into target language (TL). In the translation process, the form of the source language can be replaced by the form of the receptor target language. It can be seen in translation, that the form of the source language can be replaced by the form of the receptor target language. Translation can take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, and their idioms. It can be seen that there is a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages. Shifting is stated as a major concept in sentence analysis in translation. The concept of shifting can help us a lot to learn how a unit of different level which can be brought down to create interesting structures. There is a concept of rank shifting in all modern grammars of English in their own particular way. There is a translation shift when the source language text has been translated into a different grammatical or phonological form in the target language text (Rofik, 2020, Ariyaningsih & Santika, 2018; Khaerani, 2019; cf. Wajdi et al, 2020; Utami & Hikmaharyanti, 2019; Santika et al, 2018). Moreover, Catford (1965) stated that there are two major types of shift, those are level shifts and category shifts. The level shift in the translation process can be indicated by grammar in the source language that can be translated into lexis in the target language. However, the category of shift consists of structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. This research study focuses on the translation shift analysis of the English noun phrase into the Indonesian Language. The concept of a shift can help us a lot to learn how a unit of different levels can be brought in order to create interesting structures. It can be seen that the concept of rank in shifting does not exist in the traditional grammar of English. It is stated that the concept of rank shifting exists in all modern grammars of English in their own particular way. The translator shifts the forms in order to keep the meaning constant. Therefore, messages can be communicative. This research study finds out the shifts in the form and meaning in translating English noun phrases into the Indonesian Language. In equivalence and shifts, it is stated that the meaning is more important than the form. The equivalence can focus on cases where the language describes the same situation by different structures. Moreover, there are people who are confused in differentiating the word order in headwords of the English and Indonesian language noun phrases. As we can see that it is because the English and Indonesian Language headword are not the same at all. In Indonesian Language noun phrases, the headword is a head-initial position. Meanwhile, it can be seen that in English the headword is a head-final position. The core of the phrase is called a headword used to determine the meaning and the word class. Based on explanations, this research study is done to analyze shifts in the translation of noun phrases found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. It can be seen from the explanation above, that based on the changes of grammatical category and cultures two of view, there are two research questions (1) what are the forms and types of noun phrase implemented in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment?”, (2) what types of translation shifts of noun phrase applied in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment?”. 2. Method This research study applied the qualitative approach to the data found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment” and its translation. The study started to analyze the types of noun phrases found in the novel. The theory of the types of translation shifts by Catford (1965) is Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 12 used in analyzing data found in the data sources. This research study applied library research in the research method. The library research has been used in the research study in order to find the data of noun phrases that can be analyzed. The research is needed as the place to support the main facility needed such as books, computers, and pens. The data source of the study is taken from the novel entitled “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. It is the note-taking that is used in the method of gathering data for this study. The process of collecting the data is started by reading the entire data source to understand and observe the possibility of the data that are taken from this book. Firstly, the data sources are read to find out the types of the noun phrases. After that, it is continued to select the data based on the problems that are discussed in this research study. Finally, the types of noun phrases and translation shifts are classified, and find their translations into Indonesian. It can be seen that the qualitative descriptive method is stated as the method used to analyze translation shifts and types of noun phrases found in the data source. Then, the data in this study is analyzed qualitatively by the researcher. The data are analyzed by using some stages. Then the data taken from the novel are listed in the table between the source language and target language. Then, the noun phrase found in the source language has been compared with the Indonesian translations. It can be seen that the next step is identifying and analyzing the data by using the theory that is proposed by Catford (1978). a. Noun Phrase The noun phrase is stated as the phrase that has an important role of a noun. A noun phrase can be called a phrase consisting of a noun as its headword. It can perform the same grammatical function such as a phrase. Noun phrases are, as it is widely known, very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type in the translation. In some modern theories of grammar, it's stated that noun phrases with determiners are often analyzed to possess the determiner instead of the noun as their head. They can be stated as the determiner phrases. The phrase comprises two or more words. It can be seen that a single word (such as a noun or pronoun) is not referred to as a phrase. There are some single words that are judged to be phrases based on a desire for theory-internal consistency. b. Translation Shift Shifts represent changes that occur in the translation process. The translation shifts occur both at the lower level of language. It can be seen for example in the lexicogrammar and at the higher thematic level of text. Catford (1978), an outstanding translation theory, stated that a shift may be a departure of a proper correspondence within the process of going from the language into the target language. Catford (1965) firstly made a statement on translation theory that a shift is stated as the departure from formal correspondence found in the process from the source language into a target language. The translation shift can be used in order to get the natural equivalent of the source text message into the target text. There are two major types of shifts found in the translation process, those are level/rank shift and category shift. Level/rank shift is called a source language item at one linguistic level that has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. It can be called a shift from grammar to lexis. Category shift is stated as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. Catford (1965) stated that there are two types of shifts that are found, those are (1) Shift of level and (2) shift of category. It can be seen as follows. 1. Level Shifts A source language at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. Catford (1965) clearly argued that cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. Level/rank shift can ask a language item at one linguistic level that features a target language translation equivalent. 2.Category Shifts Category shift is called the departures from formal correspondence in translation. The grammatical category in the target language is said to occupy the same position in the system Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 13 of the target language as the given source language category in the source language system. The category shift is categorized into several parts, those are structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. Structure shift is stated as the process of changing word sequence in a sentence. a. Structure Shifts Structure shifts can be found at several ranks. Structure shifts can be seen at other ranks. For example, it can be found at the group rank. Catford (1965) stated that, in translation between English and French, for example, there is a shift from MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ ((modifier+) head + qualifier). b. Class Shifts Class-shift can occur when the interpretation equivalent of a language item is stated as a member of a special class from the first item. c. Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shift can refer to the shifts occurring internally in the system. That is for those cases where the language and therefore the target language have systems that correspond on their constitution, but when translation involves a variety of a non-corresponding term in the target language system. It can be stated as intra-system shifts when a term is singular in the source language, meanwhile, its textual equivalent is stated to be plural. d. Unit Shifts A unit shift is called the process of the changes of rank. On the other statement, it can be said as departures from formal correspondence in which the equivalent of translation of a unit at one rank found in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language of translation. The unit shifts can include shifts from a morpheme to a word, a word to a phrase, a clause to a sentence, and vice versa. For example, it can be seen from the process of translating a phrase into a word. 3. Results and Discussion Text I Suddhodana was a warior king, and the first thing to know about him is this, he mistook himself for a god (12). Suddhodana adalah raja perang, satu hal yang perlu diketahui tentangnya adalah ia mengira dirinya dewa (10). We can see from the English noun phrase that is available in a text I stating that the English noun phrase “a warrior king” is formed by using determiner (a) +noun (warrior) + noun (king). “A warrior king” is stated and categorized as a full phrase (N) because it is categorized as a determiner (a) that it stands as a pre-modifier of NP followed by a noun (warrior) + noun (king). The constituent structure of a noun king stands as the head of NP. It can be seen that the noun phrase “a warrior king” has the tree diagram as follows. NP Det. noun noun A warrior king It can be seen from the explanation above that the English noun phrase “a warrior king” is translated into the noun phrase “raja” operating in the target language. The noun phrase “a warrior king” has the constituent structure of determiner (a) + noun (warrior) + noun (king). The noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constituent structure of determiner (a) + noun (warrior) + noun (king). The Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 14 translation indicates that there is the occurrence of translation shift in the data because of the structural shift. It is stated as a structural shift because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. Text II Ravi Santhanam, a northern warlord along the Nepalese border, had taken one of Suddhodana’s trade caravans in a surprise attack (13). Ravi snthanam, panglima perang daerah utara dekat perbatasan Nepal tanpa disangka- sangka menyerang salah satu kravan dagang Suddhodana (10). NP Det. Adjective noun A surprise attack We can see from the explanation above that the English noun phrase a surprise attack is translated into tanpa disangka-sangka menyerang in the target language. The noun phrase a surprise attack has the constitution of determiner (a) + adjective (surprise) + noun (attack). The noun phrase in the source language is translated into phrases in the target language. It is stated that the translation shift occurs in this data because the noun phrase in the source language text is translated into a phrase in the target language text. Based on the theory of Catford, it can be identified that these types of a shift are stated as a unit shift. It can be seen that there are differences in the structure between the source language and the target language. The unit shift occurred in the process of translation from the source language into a target language. It can be seen from the text above that the word surprise is translated into tanpa disangka-sangka. Based on the theory of Catford, it is stated as a unit shift in higher rank as a word translated into the phrase tanpa disangka-sangka. A higher rank occurs as a word that is translated into phrases in the text above. Text III Their metalbound wheels clattered across the hard ground (13). Roda-roda logam mereka berdenting di tanah keras (11) NP det adj Noun the hard ground NP N Adj tanah keras We can see from the data source in-text III that the English noun phrase "the hard ground" is translated into the noun phrase tanah keras in the target language. The noun phrase "the hard ground" has the constituent structure of determiner (a) + adjective (hard) + noun (ground). The noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constituent structure of noun (tanah) + adjective (keras). The translation indicates that there is the occurrence of a translation shift in the data because of the structural Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 15 shift. It is because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. The translation process above can be said as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases in the target language. Structure shift is proposed by Catford (1980) who stated to be the most common form of shifts and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the phrase the hard translated into keras. As we know that in this translation process, the noun phrase the hard is translated into the word keras. The unit shift has occurred in the translation process above because the noun phrase the hard is translated into the word keras. It can be seen that a unit shift in lower rank has occurred in this translation process. Text IV It was the custom for new mothers to go home to deliver, but he and Maya were inseparable (14). Lazimnya memang ibu muda pulang kampung untuk melahirkan, tapi raja dan Maya tak terpisahkan (12) NP Adj N New mothers NP N Adj ibu muda It can be seen from the source language above that an English noun phrase is translated into a noun phrase in the target language. The noun phrase found in the English source language new mothers has the constituent structure of adjective (new) + noun (mothers). The noun phrase found in the target language has the constituent structure of adjective (new) + noun (mother). As we know that there is the occurrence of a translation shift in this data because the structural shift occurred in the translation process above. This occurs because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. The source language in the data source is made up of adjective (new) followed by a noun (mother). It can be seen from the source language above that the structure of the English noun phrase consisting of adjective + noun. Catford stated that there are structure shifts, unit shifts, and class shifts. The translation process above can be stated as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and in the target language. It can be seen that a new mother is translated into ibu muda in the target language. Text V He raised his hand in grudging assent (14). Dengan enggan raja melambaikan tangan tanda setuju (12). NP Art N his hand We can see from the source language in text V that the English noun phrase his hand is translated into a word tangan in the target language. The English noun phrase his hand found in the English source language has the constituent structure of the article (his) + noun (hand). Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 16 The noun phrase found in the source language has the constituent structure of the article (his) + noun (hand). It is known that the translation shift occurs in this data because the English noun phrase his hand in the source language text is translated into a word tangan in the target language text. Based on the theory of Catford, these types of shift is stated as a unit shift in a lower rank. However, it can be seen that the unit shift occurred in the process of translation from a source language into a target language. Here, there is a shift namely unit shift which means that there is a change of rank of a unit at one rank in the source language, which is seen as a unit at a different rank in the target language in the translation process. It can be seen from translating a phrase into a word. It can be concluded that a translation shift occurs from a noun phrase in a source language into a word in the target language that is a change in a lower rank. These are stated as shifts where the translation equivalent in the target language is at a different rank to the source language. Based on the theory that is proposed by Catford, this type of shift is called a unit shift. Text VI She expressly wanted to visit the sacred grove because a huge tree stood there like a pillar to the mother goddess (16). Ia ingin cepat-cepat berada di hutan keramat karena di sana ada pohon besar yang menjulang bagaikan pilar bagi ibu bumi (15). NP det adj Noun the sacred grove NP N adj Hutan keramat We can see from the data source in text VI that the English noun phrase the sacred grove is translated into the noun phrase hutan keramat in the target language. The noun phrase the sacred grove has the constituent structure of determiner (the) + adjective (sacred) + noun (grove). It can be seen that the noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constituent structure of noun (hutan) + adjective (keramat). The translation indicates that there is the occurrence of a translation shift in the data source because of the structural shift. It is because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. The translation process above can be said as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases in the target language. Structure shift is proposed by Catford (1980) stated to be the most common form of shifts and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the phrase the sacred grove translated into hutan keramat. As we know that in this translation process, the phrase the sacred grove translated into a noun phrase hutan keramat. Unit shift occurred in the translation process above as noun phrase the sacred translated into a word keramat. A unit shift in lower rank occurred in this translation process. Text VII In reality she was a frightened, fragile young woman who barely escaped being lost in the wilderness (16). Pada kenyataannya ia ketakutan, wanita muda rapuh yang nyaris tersesat di rimba belantara (15). Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 17 NP adj adj noun fragile young woman NP N adj adj wanita muda rapuh It can be seen from the data source in text VII that the English noun phrase fragile young woman has been translated into the Indonesian noun phrase wanita muda rapuh in the target language. The English noun phrase fragile young woman has the constituent structure of adjective (fragile) + adjective (young) + noun (woman). It can be seen that the English noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constitution of a noun (wanita) + adjective (muda) + adjective (rapuh). The translation shows that there is the occurrence of translation shift in the data source because of the structural shift. It occurs because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. The translation process above is stated as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases in the target language. Structure shift is proposed by Catford (1980) stated to be the most common form of shifts and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the English noun phrase fragile young woman translated into wanita muda rapuh. As we know that in this translation process, the phrase fragile young woman translated into an Indonesian noun phrase wanita muda rapuh. Unit shift occurred in the translation process above as the phrase fragile young woman translated into wanita muda rapuh. A unit shift in lower rank occurred in this translation process. Text VIII The sentry shouted from his post, and the great wooden gates of the capital opened (18). Penjaga pintu gerbang berteriak dari posnya dan pintu gerbang kayu besar kota itupun dibuka (18). NP Det adj adj N The great wooden gates Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 18 NP N N N adj Pintu gerbang kayu besar We can see from the data source in text VIII that the English noun phrase the great wooden gates is translated into the Indonesian noun phrase pintu gerbang kayu besar in the target language. The English noun phrase the great wooden gates has the constituent structure of determiner (the) + adjective (great) + adjective (wooden) + noun (gates). It can be seen that the noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constituent structure of noun (pintu) + noun (gerbang) + noun (kayu) + adjective (besar). The translation indicates that there is the occurrence of a structural shift in the data source because of the structural shift. It is because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target language. The translation process above can be stated as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases in the target language. Structure shift is proposed by Catford (1980) stating that to be the most common form of shift and to involves mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the phrase the great wooden gates translated into pintu gerbang kayu besar. As we know that in this translation process, the phrase the great wooden gates translated into a noun phrase pintu gerbang kayu besar. Text IX Their happiness increased when the full moon, an auspicious omen, rose over the treetops (17). Kebahagiaan mereka bertambah saat purnama, pertanda baik, muncul di puncak pepohonan (16). NP Art Adj N An auspicious omen NP N Adj Pertanda baik It can be seen from the data source in text IX that the English noun phrase an auspicious omen has been translated into the Indonesian noun phrase pertanda baik in the target language. The English noun phrase an auspicious omen has the constitutional structure of the article (an) + adjective (auspicious) + noun (omen). It can be seen that the English noun phrase in the source language is translated into a noun phrase in the target language that has the constituent structure of noun (pertanda) + adjective (baik). The translation indicates that there is the occurrence of a translation shift in the data source because of the structural shift. It occurs because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is different from that of the target Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 19 language. The translation process above can be stated as the structural shift because there are differences between the structure of noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases found in the target language. According to Catford (1980) stating that the most common form of shifts and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the English noun phrase an auspicious omen is translated into pertanda baik. As we know that in this translation process, the English Noun phrase an auspicious omen translated into an Indonesian noun phrase pertanda baik. Text X It was still a lovely dream, she thought, and an escape from her great weariness (20) Tetap saja itu mimpi yang indah, pikirnya, mimpi itu pelariannya dari rasa lelah yang teramat sangat (22). NP Art Adj N A lovely dream We can see from the data source in text X that the English noun phrase a lovely dream is translated into the Indonesian phrase mimpi yang indah in the target language. The English noun phrase a lovely dream has the constituent structure of the article (a) + adjective (lovely) + noun (dream). It can be seen in the text X that there is the occurrence of a translation shift in the data source because of the structural shift. It occurs because the word or phrasal structure of the source language is stated to be different from that of the target language. The translation process above can be called the structure shift because there are differences between the structure of the noun phrases found in the source language and noun phrases found in the target language. Catford (1980) stated that the most common form of shifts and involves mostly a shift in grammatical structure. It can be seen from the translation process above that the English noun phrase a lovely dream is translated into mimpi yang indah. As we know that in this translation process, the English noun phrase a lovely dream is translated into an Indonesian phrase mimpi yang indah. 4. Conclusion This study analyzes the form of a noun phrase and its translation shift found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. A shift in translation is stated as a major concept in a sentence analysis found in translation. The concept of shifting is used in order to learn how a unit in a different level used to make interesting structures. This study applied the theory that is proposed by Catford (1978) and Quirk et all (1985). The qualitative method is used in the research method by the researcher. In the data of noun phrases, it is found that it consists of a derived noun as head in the source language. This theory categorized the translation shift theory into two types, those are level/rank shift and category shift. In the level/rank shift, it is stated to refer to a source language at one linguistic level. It has a target language equivalent found at a different level. It can be stated as a shift from grammar to lexis. In the translation process in this study, it is found that a shift occurred in the translation process from a source language into a target language. It can be seen that this study focuses on the translation strategies of a noun phrase and analyzes about the form of a noun phrase and its constituent structure of it. Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 5 Issue 1 (Jun 2021), p. 10—21 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 20 This research study used the qualitative approach to the data found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment” and their translations. The analyze is started with the types of noun phrases found in the novel. The theory of the types of translation shifts by Catford (1965) has been used in analyzing data found in the data sources. This research study used library research in the research method. The library research is used in the research study in order to find the data of noun phrases that can be analyzed. The research is needed as the place supports the main facility needed such as books, computers, and pens. The data source of the study is taken from the novel entitled “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. It is the note-taking used in the method of gathering data for this research. The process of collecting the data is started by reading the collected data source to understand and observe the possibility of the data that is taken from this book. Firstly, the data sources were read to find out the types of noun phrases. For further research, it is suggested to find the intended meaning when translating English noun phrases into Indonesian translation. In analyzing the translation process of the English noun phrase, it is better to use the theory related to the noun phrase and its translation. Further research is invited to analyze more translation processes in translating English noun phrase, then it can describe the translation process occurred. In analyzing the translation of the English noun phrases for further research, it is also better to use mapping theory in analyzing the translation process. References Ariyaningsih, NND., & Santika, IDADM. (2018). The translation of English tourism news text into Indonesian. 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