Microsoft Word - Jasl-17 (8).Simanjuntak.docx Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 53 Analysis technique of translation and measurement shift (shifts) in the text of AXA Life contract Indonesia Pantas Simanjuntak Politeknik Negeri Medan email: bursokpatipsj@gmail.com Abstract – The research was carried out to analyse a legislative text as a product of translation. It is referred to Seiddel's qualitative data analysis where the data processing was performed by selecting, identification, and tabulating. (2%), compensation (1%), description (2%) discursive creation (5%) generalization (5%), literal translation (10%), modulation (8%), particularization (5%) reduction (5%) completion (4%), and dilation (14%). Meanwhile, the four categories shift are implemented as the following frequency: Intra-system shifts; 90 (52.02%), followed by Unit Shifts 46 (26.59%), Structural Shifts 24 (13.88%), and then Class Shifts 13 (7.51%). The other finding was inaccurateness. It was found that there were inaccurate translation for 5 phrases, and resulted not equivalence ones in rendering the source language into the target language. Keywords: shifts, technique, equivalence Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 54 1. Introduction Translation is one of the branches of applied linguistics as part of the activity in interpersonal communication with different languages that have been known since ancient Rome in the early centuries. It was precisely in the first century BC (46 BC) when Cicero claimed that translation was meaning languages in general. "In that day translation activities had been practiced over ancient Babylonian manuscripts (scribal activities) more than three thousand years ago (Horby, 1988). Translation includes several aspects, such as grammatical skill, reading skill, and discourse analysis (Bell, 1991) describes the definition of translation as a process of expression of a language into another language taking into account the semantic and equality or equivalence factors "... translation as" The expression in another language (TL) of what has been expressed in another source, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences” "Analysis of Translation and Shift Techniques in AXA-Life Indonesia Contract Text" examines a translation product of the contract text as legal text in terms of translation techniques as well as category shifts as part of the shifting of form and meaning occurring in the process of translation text of AXA-Life Indonesia contract. Translation is the transition of the source language into the target language in the form of written text" (Munday, 2001) and Catford, 1965). Defines translation as a replacement of the source language text with an equivalent text in the target language. "(TL) and the term equivalent is a clear a key term "In translation there is a transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language, with the accuracy of the message, the legibility, and the acceptability of the product (Nababan, 2010). Interpreting sense is an attempt intended to restate what one has declared or written in a language into another. "The translation is intended to restate in one language what someone else said or wrote in another language" (Larson, 1984). Translation is also defined as the transfer of meaning from the source language into the target language through three-step approach: 1) studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text; 2) analyse the source language text to find its meaning; and 3) revealing the same meaning by using appropriate lexicons and grammatical structures in the target language (Baker, 1992). In addition to the vocabulary and grammar, the translation process also concerns the culture (Hatim, 2001). The complex problem faced by an interpreter, demanding more skills to apply the use of two main pillars as a buffer for translation, namely (1) competence in two languages, (2) expertise in basic knowledge of the text genre and skilfully concluded, and (3) competence in communication (Bell, 1991). Equivalence boils down to two levels: words, phrases, grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels with the notion that they remain influenced by various linguistic and cultural factors; which is therefore relative. "It is commonly used as an alternative to the letters" (Baker, 1992). Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 55 Mary Snell and Hornby use the term parallel texts as an equivalent substitute. A translation is always obtained from another text; parallel text, which results from two texts independent from the linguistic side and derived from a very identical situation. "A translation is always derived from another text, parallel texts are two linguistically independent product arising from identical situation" (Steiner and Yallop (eds.), 2001). Non-parallel translation results are an indication of inaccuracies in translation; where there is a mismatch of meaning between the source language and the target language, then such translations include poor translations. "... if a text does not match its source text ideationally, so does the question whether it is a good translation does not rise" (Albir and Molina, 2002). There are several techniques and shifts in translation such as adaptation, borrowing amplification. calque, translation techniques in which the translator translates literary source language phrases literally, compensation, description, discursive creation, general equivalence, linguistic amplification of linguistic compression (linguistic amplification) linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, variation, deletion, transposition or transposition (Bhatia, 1993). A text in discourse is not purely a linguistic phenomenon, but it must also be viewed as a tool in terms of its function, i.e. as a means of communication (Horby and Snell (1988). This confirms that it takes various techniques to deliver the source language to the target language communicatively, which in this case, the shift of meaning (shifts) is one technique that is absolutely necessary implementation. The shift in Translation consists of shifting meaning and shift in shape. In the shift of meaning, the form (word, phrase, and clause) is fixed; which shift is the meaning. The meaning of the shift occurs because one word has primary meaning and secondary meaning. It is stated that the meaning must be maintained, while the form may be changed. In this case it is necessary shift technique as an alternative (Hatim, 2001). "To shift from one language to another is to alter the forms. Further, the contrasting forms convey meanings which cannot but fail to coincide totally; there is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language” (Bell, 1992). Of the two types of shifts are likely to occur category shift or level shift. But the core discussion in this paper is the shift category. Category shift consists of (a) Structural Shift: shift at the level of structure words in clauses that result in a change of meaning on the translation result. Structural shifts, for example, of the Explained- Explained (DM) structured phrase into the Explained-Explained (MD), (b) Class Shift phrase occurs when a particular word type in the source language shifts to another word type in the target language (Comprise shifts from one part of speech to another. (c) Unit Shifts involve change ranks from word to phrase, from phrase to clause and vice versa. This level shift can occur from the source language to the target language or vice versa, and (d) Intra-System Shift occurs when the source and target languages Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 56 are in a possess somewhat corresponding systems the translation does not indicate the relation seen in the terms of the target language system (TL). For example: the sum and article systems that although have the same system in English and Indonesian, but both do not always mean the same. The article 'a' in English, in the 'He has a broken leg' clause is not translated as 'He has a broken leg' but 'He broke his leg' or 'broke his leg' in Indonesian as the target language (Munday, 2001). Tiered shifts occur when transpositions produce different target language elements, whether phonological, graphological, grammatical, or lexical. The shift is caused by the grammar on the source and word (lexis) language of the target language. Example: Source Language: "John swims on Saturdays" Target Language: "John swims on Saturdays" (Simple Present which is marked witch’s’ on 'swims' shifts to 'every time' on lexeme 'swims). The contract text is a text that contains binding agreements between two or more parties which usually consist of a series of interrelated parts. "A recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative objectives (s) identified and mutually understood by members of the professional community in which it is regularly" (Bhatia, 1993). The definition of legal language according to Bhatia refers to the text used to communicate the activities of a particular professional association. Some of them are written text in the form of advocate and client consultations, counsel-fitness examination and legislation, contracts, agreements, and the like (Bhatia, 1993). 2. Method The source of the research data is the legal text AXA-Life Indonesia as a population, consisting of 25 articles, 51 verses, 102 subparagraphs, and 7 sub-paragraphs, as stuck data. The source language consists of 5,451 words; 27.403 characters; 272 paragraphs; and 576 lines. (Words count; MS-words) While in the Indonesian language as the target language consists of 4,601 words; 29,055 characters; 268 paragraphs. Of the twenty-five articles of the contract document (population), 100 phrases were provided for translation technique studies and 173 phrases for the study of shifts as accidental samples (Bhatia, 1993). Data analysis refers to the theory of Qualitative Data Analysis through data processing performed in four stages: 1) record by coding, 2) collecting, sorting, classifying, and 3) indexing, and 4 to think, by creating categories of data, interpreting, and making general findings (Moleong, 2002). The application of the theory is by the steps of work: 1) Identification of words, phrases, and / or clauses through various translation techniques chronologically, 2) Identify shifts that occur in the whole text, 3) Editing in the form Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 57 of examination of the entire translation of the source language to the target language, and 4) Tabulation of compilation and calculation of data of editing result, then presented in the form of frequency table and then held the calculation in percentage (%). Data analysis by identification based on translation techniques and the four types of shifts. The results are shown through tables and diagrams. Analysis refers to two variables, namely; 1) the variant of translation techniques and 2) the four types of shifts. The results are summarized, displayed statistically and followed by descriptive explanations in the results and discussion sections. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Model Technical Translation on Contract Text Source Language Language Target The board of arbitration may amend this timetable from time to time. Dewan Arbitrase memiliki wewenang untuk mengubah jadwal setiap saat. The board of arbitration may amend this timetable from time to time. The Arbitration Board has the authority to change the schedule at any time. In the translation of the above clause, the 'may' lexeme is implicit information which is then translated by applying the amplification technique i.e. paraphrasing may be 'authorized to ...' 3.2 Shift Model on Contract Text Translation Class Shift Source Language Language Target They insist on higher wages, better living conditions and shorter working hours. Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji, perbaikan syarat-syarat kehidupan dan pengurangan jam kerja. They insist on higher wages, better living conditions and shorter working hours. They demanded a raise, improved living conditions and reduced working hours. The higher, better, and shorter adjectives shift to noun, increase and decrease. Table 1 Frequency of Application of Translation Technique Num. Translation Phrase Clause/ Technique Amount Percentage (%) 1 Amplification 37 37% 2 Lending 2 2% Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 58 3 Calque 2 2% 4 Compensation 1 1% 5 Description 2 2% 6 Discursive Creations 5 5% 7 Generalization 5 5% 8 Literal Translation 10 10% 9 Modulation 8 8% 10 Particular 5 5% 11 Reduction 5 5% 12 Additions 4 4% 13 Removals 14 14% 100 100% Table 3 Frequency of Shifting in Translation Num. Category Shifts Clause/ Technique Amount Percentage (%) 37% 14% 10% 8% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 2% 2% 2% 1% 0 0 0 Table 2 AXA_Life Contract Text Translation Technique Amplification Lending Calque Compensation Description Discursive Creations Generalization Literal Translation Modulation Particular Reduction Additions Removals Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 59 1 Structural Shift 24 13 46 90 13,88% 7,51% 26,59% 52,02% 2 Class Shifts 3 Unit Shifts 4 Intra-System Shifts Amount Clause/ Technique 173 100% The frequency of shifting as a result of the analysis of the entire AXA-Life Indonesia contract text is illustrated in the following chart. 3.3 Inequalities of Translation Inaccuracies in the translation process should be avoided in order to avoid distortion or even loss of source language meaning in the translation text. Inaccuracies can occur with the occurrence of paraphrasing by adding, omitting, and obscuring the meaning of the source language in the target language. This occurs in the legal-text translation process of AXA-Life Indonesia, albeit only in a very small percentage. Inaccuracy occurs in the phrase 'corresponding meaning' which translates to 'correspondence', 'No partnership translates to' cooperation', 'shall be deemed 'translated into' obliging '' between the parties 'translated' by the parties ', and' grace period 'is inconsistently translated, i.e.' grace period 'and' free period ' Intra-System Shifts 52,02% Unit Shifts 26,59% Structural Shifts 13,88% Class Shifts 7,51% Table 4 Shifts Categories Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 1 Issue 1 (Dec 2017), p. 53—61 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 60 Besides that, there is a lack of precision interpretation when translating "policy anniversary" into "policy anniversary" which actually can be interpreted more accurately with the phrase: "policy due date" and in force majeure translation which is translated with force majeure. In terms of legibility and acceptability, the phrase force majeure is more accurate if interpreted by "emergency conditions" rather than "majesty" which means arbitrary (Big Indonesian Dictionary 1990: 376) In general, in translation of the AXA-Life Indonesia contract text, several techniques and shifts have been applied as a dynamic effort aimed at obtaining equivalent, legible and acceptable translation products. 4. Conclusion The amplification: 37%, (2) lending: 2%, (3) calque: 2%, (4) Compensation: 1%, (5) description: 2%, (6) discursive creations: 5%, (7) generalization: 5%, (8) literal translation: 10%, (9) modulation: 8%, (10) 5%, (11) reduction: 5%, (12) additions: 4%, and (13) removal: 14%. Of the 13 types of translation techniques applied, the highest frequency technique is the Amplification technique (37%). Meanwhile, among the four types of shifts according to Catford's theory, Intra-System shift is the most dominant shift in translation of AXA-Life Indonesia contract text (52%). The four types of category shifts are applied to the translation process of AXA-Life Indonesia contract text. The most dominant shift is intra-system shifts (first in-line shifts); (Shifts) of 26.59% (13), Structural Shifts 13.88% (24) and Class Shifts of 7.51% (13). There is inaccuracy in the process of translation of AXA Life's contract text, where there are five cases of inaccuracies in translation that result in unequal translation. References Albir, A. H. and Molina, L. (2002). Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach. Meta, Vol. XLVII, No. 4. Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge. Bell, T. R. (1991). Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman. Bhatia, K. V. (1993). 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