Microsoft Word - 5-jasl-Darlina.docx Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 35 Derivational Affixes in Japanese and Indonesian (the study of linguistic typology) Lien Darlina Politeknik Negeri Bali e-mail: liendarlina@gmail.com Abstract – Japanese and Indonesian seen from morphological typology is an agglutinative language in which the morphological processes are done by affixation, i.e. by adding prefixes, suffixes and infixes. While the basic sequence sentence structure has a SOV sequence pattern for Japanese and SVO for Indonesian. The predicate filled by the verb is capable of binding arguments in constructing the clause structure, so that there are verbs with one, two and three arguments, it depends on the type of verb. This study is a preliminary study of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs: the study of linguistic typology. The Theory of Linguistic Typology is used to analyze the formation of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs in which the verb serves as the core of the predicate to bind the argument in constructing the clause structure. From the perspective of linguistic typology, the results of the analysis show that (1) the basic form of Japanese derivative verb formers are adjectives (keiyoushi) and noun verbs, whereas Indonesian derivative verbs are derived from adjectives, nouns and pre-categorical. (2) The Japanese derivation affixes joining the adjective (keiyoushi) are -める meru, -まる maru, -がる garu’, -む mu and which joins the noun verb is -する suru. While the derivational affix of the Indonesian that joined the nouns are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -i, per-i, per-kan, the affix that joins the adjective are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -kan, per-i, dan –i and the affixes that join the pre-categorical are meng-, ter-, ber-, ber-an, -i,-kan. Keywords: linguistics, typology, derivatives 1. Introduction This contrastive analysis aimed to describe the similarities and differences between the object under study, making it easier to understand both languages. This contrastive analysis is used to describe the characteristics of the language structure, ie Japanese and Indonesian languages which are the field of study of this research. Japanese and Indonesian are typologically an agglutinative language, ie there is an equation in the morphological process that can be done with affixation. Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 36 Greenberg (in Mallinson and Blake, 1981), shows that languages in the world can be grouped according to the basic order of subjects, objects, and verbs. Greenberg concludes that there are six basic typing patterns of sentence sequences: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS. The typology of Japanese and Indonesian is different, both in terms of phrase structure and sentence structure. In the phrase structure, the Japanese noun phrase follows the order of the MD, while Indonesian follows the DM sequence. Japanese sentence pattern pattern has a sequence of SOV (Subject-Object-Predicate), while Indonesian language has SVO sequence pattern (Subject-Predicate-Object). Linguistic typology is a study of the science of language how language is grouped based on the characteristics of the structure. The grouping of these languages is based on the properties (property) possessed by the language itself (Mallinson and Blake, 1981, Comrie, 1993, Artawa, 2000, Jufrizal, 2012). Artawa (2005) in his scientific oration explains that linguistic typology refers to a theory or theoretical framework that will serve as the basis for the assessment to classify languages based on certain parameters, whereas language typology is the result of a study based on the theory of linguistic typology, features and properties of the same grammatical behavior. Verhaar (2006: 144-146) explains the derivational affix always causes a word class change, but if maintaining the word class, it will change the meaning. Katamba (2006: 92-100) explains the concept of derivation and inflection as follows, inflection is related to predictable, automatic (automatic), systematic, consistent, and does not alter the lexical identity. While derivation is more unpredictable based on syntactic rules, is optional or sporadic, and change the lexical identity. Akhmad saugi Ahya (2013: 13) The process of derivation is the process of forming the word that produces a new lexeme that causes the change of word class. While not changing the word class, but changing the meaning (changing the lexical identity). Ermanto (2008: 26) describes four types of derivational affixes: (1) Featural derivation, (2) Functional derivation, (3) Transposition and Expresive derivation. The contrastive analysis study of two languages between Indonesian and Japanese is very important, considering the condition of Japanese language learners is increasing, of course it can not be separated from Japan as a developed country capable of mastering various economic and technological sectors in Indonesia. Thus the impact of the condition, then many who want to learn Japanese. The hope of this contrastive study result gives benefit to Japanese language learners and Indonesian language learners, except for BIPA (Indonesian for Foreign Speakers) teachers. Another important factor is the reason for the need for a contrastive analysis study between Japanese and Indonesian languages, especially in the field of verbal derivation has not been done, especially those studied with typology theory, although this study is very interesting to be examined because the characteristics between Japanese and Indonesian languages the same typology -the same affix, the derivational affix can alter the class of words, otherwise the derivational affix can regulate valence. Valence is closely related to the verbs as the core of the predicate, ie the verb will involve arguments in constructing the clause structure and the number of arguments involved by the verb is called valence or in other words that valence is the ability or necessity of the verb that occupies the predicate element of a sentence in binding the argument. Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 37 2. Method This study is a preliminary study of Indonesian and Japanese derivative verbs that include the formation of derivative verbs and their argument structures, and this paper deals only with the formation of Japanese derivative verbs and Indonesian languages. Japanese derivative verbs can be derived from the basic form: adjectives and noun verbs, whereas Indonesian can be derived from the basic form: nouns, adjectives and preconceptions. To facilitate the understanding of the discussion and analysis flow of Japanese derivative verbs and Indonesian language, the following will be explained by the following research steps. The study began preparing text data from official manuscripts of official speeches, novels, newspapers, and textbooks. The next step is to start to process the data, ie by entering the database into the corpus program that is ready to operate by opening the command (file.dir) to search and collect data that is by typing the affix the derivation you want to search, for example typing affix in column search (search), then press start to start searching data. The corpus program as a data provider will display all of the affiliated verbs {-mem} on the computer screen, and continue storing the affixed verb data {mem-} with the following clauses into separate files. Likewise for the other affixes of derivation are: {- i}, {per}}, {per - i}, {berlah}, {per -} {ber -}, {ter-}. The data of derivative verbs that have been stored in separate files will be processed based on the two proposed problems, namely the first system of derivative verb forming by grouping based on the basic form of derivative verb formers ie nouns, adjectives, and prekatagorials. The second is to describe any affixes that the Indonesian language joins with nouns, adjectives, and prekatagorials. Likewise the Japanese derivative verb data, its stages are similar to the searches performed on Indonesian derivative verbs only for Japanese language data are done manually by marking each derivative verb. From the research steps can be described in the diagram of the research model as follows. Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 38 MODEL RESEARCH This study of derivative verbs of Japanese and Indonesian is qualitative descriptive research, so that the required data is qualitative data. The data for this research are written data taken from the official manuscript of official speech and Kompas newspaper of opinion column as well as editorial, novel and textbook as primary data and oral data from informant. Primary data used in this research is written data and spoken data. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Formation of Japanese and Indonesian Derivative Verbs. 3.1.1 Japanese Derivative Verbs Japanese derivative verbs can be derived from: 1) adjectives and 2) noun verbs a. Japanese derivative Verbs derived from adjectives 高まる takamaru、高める takameru,安まる yasumaru、安める yasumeru,早まる hayamaru、早める hayameru, 悲しがる kanashigaru、悲しむ kanashimu, 良がる yogaru, 悪める warumeru、悪がる warugaru,おもしろがる omoshirigaru,詰まらながる tsumaranagaru,難しめる muzukashimeru,難しがる muzukashigaru,易しがる yasashigaru,おいしがる oishigaru,まずがる mazugaru,暑める atsumeru、暑がる atsugaru,寒がる samugaru,つめたがる tsumetagaru,広まる hiromaru,広める DATA SOURCE: Japanese: Novels, Textbooks Indonesian: Novels, Official Speeches, Newspapers Method: Corpus BASIC FORMS: Japanese: 1) Adjectives, 2)Verbal Nomina Indonesian:1) Nomina, 2) Adjectives, 3) Pre-categorical �Berprefiks: peR-,beR-, meN-, teR- � Bersufiks: -i, -kan � Berkonfiks : per-kan, per- i, ber-kan, ber-an, ke-an Data: Derivative Verbs of Japanese and Indonesian Finding Theory: Typology Verb-forming affix: Japanese: 1) Adjective, 2) Verbs Indonesian: 1) Nomina, 2) Pra- categorical, 3) Adjectives Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 39 hiromeru,広がる hirogaru,狭まる semamaru,狭める semameru,軽める karumeru, 軽がる karugaru,長まる nagamaru,短める mijikameru,遠まる toomaru,近まる chikamaru, 近める chikamaru, 暗がる akarugaru, 遅まる chikamaru, 遅める chikameru,からめる karameru,からがる karagaru,しおからがる shiokaragaru, すっぱがる suppagaru,苦がる wakagaru. b. Japanese Derivative Verbs derived from Deverbal Noun 勉強する benkyoo suru, 昼寝する chuushoku suru,宿題する shukudai suru, 出張 する shutchoo suru , 残業する zangyoo suru,電話する denwa suru,失礼する shippai suru ,仕事する shigoto suru,アップする appu suru,テストする tenisu suru,朝食する chooshoku suru,昼食する chuushoku suru,夕食する yuushoku suru,出発する shuppatsu suru,予約する yoyaku suru,旅行する ryokoo suru,ゴルフする gorufu suru,買い物する kaimono suru,到着する toocahku suru,帰国する kikoku,説明す る setsumei suru,質問する shitsumon suru,休憩する kyuukei suru,発表する shuppatsu suru,会議する kaigi サッカーする sakkaa suru,キャンセルする kyanseru suru,案内する annai suru,両替する ryogae suru,ミーティングする miitingu suru,観光する kankoo suru,テニスする tenisu suru,散歩する sampo suru. 3.1.2 Indonesian Derivative Verbs Indonesian derivative verbs can be derived from: 1) adjectives 2) nouns, and 3) pre- categorical a. Indonesian Verbs from Adjective. menggigil, membenci, melengkung, melenggang, melekat, memelas, berjejal-jejal mendekati, terpenuhi, menjauhi, menyenangi, berbahagia, berkelanjutan, berkeyakinan, kedinginan, kepanasan, pertinggi, perbaiki, perkaya, perbarui mengeratkan, membahagiakan, menyakitkan, terharu (shivering, hating, curling, walking, sticking, poking, crowding, approaching, fulfilling, avoiding, loving, being happy, sustained, believe, being/feeling cold, feeling hot, rising, fixing, enriching, renewing, solidifying, making happy) b. Indonesian derivative verbs derived from nouns mengendap, membahana terengah-engah. bersarung menggelegar berkilauan mendidih beperkara berkilat . berdetak. terharu tergelak bersinar-sinar melangkah berhenti terpompa berkilat. terpesona melayari, melubangi mengalami menganugerahkan kehujanan, kecopetan, beranggotakan menyutradai, peralat persenjatai, menelepon, berkebun (settling, blowing, panting, glittering, glittering, boiling, lithe, shiny, ticking, tearing, chuckling, shining, stepping, stopping, pumping, shine, fascinating, navigating, perforating, experiencing, granting, being rained, pickpocket, member, direct, equipment, weapon, call, gardening) c. Japanese Verbs derived from Pre-catagory Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 40 Mengelak, mencuat, berlinangan, terpingkal-pingkal, terbelalak, melongo, beralih Menulari, menghindari, membiarkan, mengalir berlinangan (dodging, sticking, waving, giggling, staring, gawking, switching infecting, avoiding, letting, flowing, stretching) 3.2 Affix forming Japanese and Indonesian verbs. 3.2.1 The affix of Japanese verbs a. Affixes that join the adjective (形容詞) that is -まる-maru, める-meru, -がる-garu, -む-mu. 1. -まる-maru : 高まる takamaru、安まる yasumaru、早まる hayamaru、広ま る horimaru、狭まる semamaru、長まる nagamaru、遠まる toomaru、 近まる chikamaru、遅まる toomaru 2. -める-meru : 高める takameru、早める hayameru、安める yasumeru、悪め る warumeru、難しめる muzukashimeru、暑める atsumeru、広め る hiromeru、狭める semameru、短める mijikameru、近める chikameru、 遅める toomeru、からめる karameru、軽める karumeru 3. -がる garu: 悲しがる kanashigaru、良がる yogaru、悪がる warugaru、お もしろ がる omoshiroaru、詰まらながる tsumaranagaru、難しがる muzukashigaru、易しがる yasashigaru、おいしがる oishigaru、まず がる mazugaru 暑がる atsugaru、寒がる samugaru、つめたがる tsumetagaru、広がる hirogaru、軽が る karugaru、暗がる akarugaru からがる karagaru、しおからがる shiokaragaru、すっぱがる suppagaru、苦がる wakagaru 4. -む mu : 悲しむ kanashimu b. The affix that joins the noun verb is する, as follows. する suru à 勉強する benkyoo suru, 昼寝する chuushoku suru, 電話する denwa suru、宿題する shukudai suru、出張する shutchoo suru suru、失礼する shippai suru、予約する yoyaku suru、到着する toochaku suru、説明する setsumei suru、両替する ryogae suru、案内する annai suru、朝食する chooshoku suru、出発する shuppatsu suru、買い物する kaimono suru. 3.2.2 Affix Verb Former of the Indonesian language a. Affixes that join the basic form of adjectives, among them as follows meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-,-kan, per-i, dan –i 1.meng- : menggigil, membenci, melengkung, melenggang, melekat, memelas Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 41 (shivering, hating, warping, bending, clinging, poking) 2. ber- : berjejal-jejal, berbahagia, berteriak (crowded, happy, shouting) 3. ter- : terharu, terpenuhi (touched, fulfilled) 4.ke-an : kedinginan, kepanasan (cold, overheated) 5.ber-an : berkelanjutan, berkeyakinan (sustainable, faithful) 6.per- : perkaya, pertinggi (enrich, making higher) 7. –kan : mengeratkan, membahagiakan, menyakitkan (solidify, make someone happy, make somenone painful) 8. per-i : perbaiki, perbarui (ix, update) 9. –i : menyenangi, mendekati, menjauhi (like, approaching, away from) b. Affixes that join the basic noun form, are as follows meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber- an, ber-kan, per-, -i, per-i, per-kan 1.meng-: mengendap, membahana, menganggukkan, menggantikan, menyudutkan, menelepon, memihak, menganugerahkan, mengelap (settling, blowing, nodding, replacing, cornering, calling, taking sides, granting, wiping) 2. ber- : berkontribusi, beragama, berkebun, berkilat, berkedip, berdiri, berkata, berhenti, berkicau-kicau (contribute, confess to religion, gardening, gleaming, blinking, standing, saying, stopping, chirping) 3. ter-: terengah-engah, terpompa, terpesona, terharu, tergelak ( panting, pumping, fascinated, moved, chuckled) 4.ke-an: kesatuan, kehadapan, kemasyarakatan, kegotong- royongan, kecopetan, kehujanan. (unity, face to face, community, wandering, pickling, being trapped by rain) 5.ber-an : berkaitan (related) 6.ber-kan : berlandaskan, beranggotakan (based, membered) 7.per- : perbudak, peralat (slavery, manipulating) 8. per-i : persenjatai (weaponing) 9.–I : mengatasi, melayari, melubangi, menyutradai, mengalami (overcoming, navigating, punching, directing, experiencing) 10. per-kan : perkenankan (allow) c. Affixes that join the pre-categorical basic form are as follows: meng, ter-, ber-, ber-an, -i 1.meng : mengelak, mencuat, merenggut, merosot, membiarkan (dodging, sticking, grasping, degenerating, letting go) 2.ter- : terbelalak, terseok-seok (wide-eyed, shuffled) 3.ber-: beralih, belajar (switch, learn) 4.ber-an: berlinangan, berhamburan (tearing, splintering) 5.-i : menyelinapi, menghindari, menulari, menghindari (sneaking, avoiding, infecting) 4. Conclusions Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 2 Issue 1 (June 2018), p. 35—43 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/JASL 42 The formation of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs has similarities, since the morphological typology both of them are agglutinative language, ie the process of word formation can be through affixation. The equations are both Japanese and Indonesian verbs: 1) can both be formed from the basic form of adjectives and nouns. 2) can both form intransitive verbs and transitive verbs. Japanese intransitive verbs are marked with suffixes -まる-maru, -がる garu. While the intransitive verbs of Indonesia are marked with affixes meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, dan ber-kan. Japanese transitive verbs are marked with suffixes -める meru, -む mu. While the transitive verbs of Indonesian are characterized by affixes meng-, per-, -i, -kan, per-i, per-kan. 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