J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 344 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 Review Article Efficacy of Extractions of Iranian Native Plants against Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi in Iran for Making Appropriate Formulation for Disease Control *Hassan Vatandoost1,2; Fatemeh Nikpour1,2; Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd1,2; Mohammadd Reza Abai1,2; Mahnaz Khanavi3; Abbas Hajiiakhondi3; Ahmad Raesi2; Jalil Nejati1 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Received 01 Oct 2019; accepted 20 Dec 2019) Abstract Background: Malaria is the main vector–borne disease worldwide. There are several reports of insecticide resistant in malaria vectors worldwide due to using different insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate different native plant extortions against main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi in Iran for choosing the appropriate plant for formula- tion and use for vector control. Methods: The larvae of An. stephensi were reared in insectary, extraction of plants were carried out at department of Pharmacology. The standard WHO method for biological tests was used for calculation of LC50 and LC90. Probit regra- tion lines were plotted for calculation of LC50 and LC90. Results: In this study several plants including: Mentha spicata, Cymbopogon olivieri, Azadirachta indica, Melia azeda- rach, Lagetes minuta, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Cupressus arizonica, Thymus vulgaris, Lawsonia inermis, Cedrus deodara, Cionura erecta, Bunium persicum, Carum carvi, Artemisia dracunculus, Rosmarinus offici- nalis were used. Results showed that Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, had the lowest and highest LC50 respectively. Conclusion: Results indicated that Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, had the lowest and highest LC50 re- spectively. Several other plant extract also showed significant mortality. The formulation of these plants should be pre- pared and evaluate at the field condition against malaria vectors. Keywords: Plants; Malaria vector; Pesticide; Iran Introduction Malaria is the most important mosquito- borne disease so that an estimated 212 mil- lion cases worldwide in 2015 out of them 3,800,000 cases estimated to be happen in East- ern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It was es- timated that 429,000 deaths from malaria oc- curred globally including 7300 cases in EMRO. The disease in the region had 291 million peo- ple at risk, and mostly reported from 5 coun- tries: Sudan (36%), Pakistan (27%), Somalia (18%), Afghanistan (11%) and Yemen (8%) (1). There were an estimated 219 million cases and 435 000 related deaths in 2017 (2). Insec- ticide resistance is becoming a problem of glob- al importance as it threatens the significant achievements in malaria control. Dramatic in- crease of insecticides use in malaria vector con- trol projects has resulted to growing trend of insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors. Currently increased attention to pyrethroids as effective and low-risk insecticides has devel- oped the risk of resistance to this group. Now- adays there are two main interventions in ma- laria control programs: indoor residual spray- *Corresponding author: Dr Hassan Vatandoost, E- mail: hvatandoost1@yahoo.com, vatando@tums.ac.ir http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 345 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 ing (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). For both methods, pyrethroids are used and this will increase the pressure of se- lection for resistance. As a result, there are re- ports indicating resistance to pyrethroids in ma- laria vectors of the EMRO region in recent years (3). Data are still limited and difficult to consolidate as many countries have not yet car- ried out adequate routine susceptibility tests, and malaria-free countries don’t usually do the tests. During the last decade, three out of four in- secticide classes were applied in malaria con- trol activities in EMRO countries (4). Organo- phosphates including Malathion, Dichlorvos, Temephos and Fenitrothion with a total of 381 tones active ingredient had the highest use, fol- lowed by pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Alpha-cy- permethrin, Deltamethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin) and carbamates (Bendiocarb, Propoxur) with 157 and 30.6 tones active in- gredient, respectively. In contrast of organo- phosphates, during these years using of pyre- thriods and carbamates seems to be increased. Insecticide resistance is the selection of a her- itable trait in an insect population that results in an insect-control product no longer perform- ing as intended. Establishing the baseline of all plant evaluated against vector and conducting a comprehensive situation analysis is the start- ing point for overcome against resistance. This will require collecting available background data and, if necessary. Interpretation of the data must take into account. Countries should de- sign a monitoring plan that includes data on vector distribution and relevant vector attri- butes for transmission and control, on suscepti- bility/ resistance to currently used insecticides, and on the quality of vector control interven- tions. Malaria in Iran Malaria is one of the important infectious diseases in Iran with an average of about 15000 annual cases in the last decade. The most routes of malaria cases are immigration from Afghanistan and Pakistan to southern and southeastern areas of the country (Ministry of Health, annual reports). During the 2002–2017, 134,273 malaria cases were reported. The ma- laria incidence decreased from 0.24/1000 cases in 2002 to 0.01/1000 in 2017. From 2009 on- ward, the number of imported cases increased in comparison with the autochthonous and in- digenous cases. Most cases were seen in males and people over 15 years of age. Moreover, the dominant registered reports were from rural areas. Most malaria cases were reported from the south and southeastern of Iran. Plasmodium vivax was the dominant species (5). There are several activities on different aspects of malaria in the country: including insecticide resistance monitoring (6-17), using bednets and long lasting impregnated nets (18-24). Recently resistance of An. stephensi to different insecticides in malarious areas of Iran has been reported (3). The last checklist of Iranian mosquitoes shows 31 Anopheles spe- cies including sibling, biological forms and gen- otypes, 17 out of them are reported to be in- cluded in malaria transmission. These vectors are considered as sibling, genotype and type forms. Anopheles stephensi, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. dthali are the main vector species of south-eastern foci, while An. sacha- rovi and An. maculipennis are included in ma- laria transmission in northwest focus, and An. superpictus has wide distribution in all malar- ia foci of the country (Fig. 1). Seasonal activity of Anopheline mosquitoes varies in different area due to environmental condition. It shows one peak in northwest es- pecially in summer, however, there are two peaks of activity in coastal warm and humid re- gion in the southern part of Iran with oriental epidemiological characteristics. The chemical control of vectors now is restricted to endem- ic malarious areas of south-eastern part of the country with Deltamethrin and residual spray- ing and long lasting permethrin impregnated nets (Olyset) for personal protection, while bi- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 346 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 ological control is conducting by Bacillus thu- ringiensis as larvicide. Knowledge on insec- ticide resistance in target species is a basic re- quirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales. The main criteria for susceptibility status, which are recommended by WHO, were considered. The results showed that there is resistance to DDT and dieldrin, indication of tolerance to some tested insecticides. Agriculture in Iran remains highly sensitive to climate develop- ments; the country's most important crops are wheat, rice and other grains, sugar beet, fruits, nuts, cotton, and tobacco, which require the use of insecticides. So far different groups of in- secticides are using for crops protection in the country. The main governmental use of insec- ticide in the health sector is their application for adult mosquito control. The campaign against malaria vectors started with organochlorines (DDT, dieldrin and BHC) during the 1960’s, followed by organophosphates (malathion and pirimiphos-methyl) for 2 decades from 1966 and continued with the carbamate, propoxur during 1977–1990, and then with pyrethroids including lambdacyhalothrin and Deltamethrin. Temephos, Reldan and pirimiphos-methyl was used for larviciding (Ministry of Heath of Iran) Materials and Methods Rearing of mosquito larvae Rearing and maintaining mosquito larvae was carried out in the temperature of 29±2 ºC and relative humidity of 70±10% and Light dark cycle of 16h light and 8h was performed in Culicidae insectarium of the School of Pub- lic Health Tehran University of Medical Sci- ences. The larvae of the late 3rd stage or early 4th stage of An. stephensi were used for larvi- cidal tests. Anopheles stephensi larvae used in this study were obtained from the laboratory of the “School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research” Tehran University of Med- ical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. They were reared under insectary conditions at 25±1, 12/12h (light/dark) photo- period and 50–70% relative humidity and were fed with 10% sucrose so- lution. The late 3rd and early 4th instar larvae were used for the tests. The sucrose solution was withdrawn from the cage, 14h prior to the tests. Biological tests (larvicidal) The standard WHO method for biological tests was used. The overall temperature of the lab (28 ºC), test period (24h) and the number of larvae (25 in each 400cc beaker) has to be constant. The best age range of the larvae for the tests are the larvae of the late 3rd stage or early 4th stage range and preferably dechlorin- ated water should be used in the tests. At least 5 logarithmic concentrations should be made of the EO. In order to find the suitable concen- tration first the concentrations should be chosen in a larger domain and based on the results the concentration domain becomes narrower. Usu- ally the concentration in which has the 50% rel- ative mortality and two concentrations lower than it and two concentrations upper than it are used to draw that regression line diagram. In each test 5 concentrations of pesticide and for each concentration 4 repetitions and in general 2 witnesses are considered. Statistical analysis The test results after 24h were read as the following way: the number of alive larvae, the number of dead larvae, the number of moribund larvae, number of larvae and the total number and the results were used to draw the mortali- ty tables. The mortal quantities of 50% and 90 % of EOs (LC50 and LC90) and the level of con- fidence of 95%, the equation of the regression line will be estimated using a regression probit analysis as described by Finney (25). When the mortality of the witness group is less than 5% then the resulted data of biometric tests have been correct but if the mortality of the witness group is between 5% to 20% they have to be corrected line. The percentage mortality was calculated using Abbot’s formula (26). http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 347 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 Extraction Solvent fractionation dried whole samples (300g) were extracted with 80% methanol (MeOH, 6×1.5l) in a percolator at room tem- perature for 2 weeks. The combined extract was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40 °C. The MeOH extract was suc- cessively dissolved in 100mL MeOH: H2O (7: 3) and extracted Mosquito rearing and eval- uation with petroleum ether (4×200mL), chloro- form (CHCl3, 4×200mL), H2O-saturated ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 4×200mL) and H2O-saturat- ed n-butanol (n-BuOH, 4×200mL) in separato- ry funnel. Each fraction together with the re- maining MeOH part after the solvent fraction- ation, were then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40 °C for the purpose of test fraction. All solvents were purchased from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). List and Identification of plants In this study the different extractions of the following Iranian native plants were evalu- ated against main malaria vector, An. Stephe- nsi, Mentha spicata, Cymbopogon olivieri, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, La- getes minuta, Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Cupressus arizonica, Thymus vulgaris, Lawsonia inermis, Cedrus deodara, Cionura erecta, Bunium persicum, Carum carvi, Artemisia dracunculus, Rosmarinus offi- cinalis. Results Results of efficacy of different Iranian native plants against malaria vector An. ste- phensi at the LC50 and LC90 levels are pre- sented in Table 1 and Fig. 2. From these re- sults it can be concluded that Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, had the low- est and highest LC50 respectively. Table 1. Efficacy of different plants extract against Anopheles stephesni at the LC50 and LC90 level Component name LC50 (mg/l) LC90 (mg/l) Reference Mentha spicata 0.009 Hajiakjoondi A et al. (2000) (27) Cymbopogon olivieri 321.90 983.6 Hadjiakhoondi A, et al. (2003) (28) Azadirachta indica 0.35 1.81 Vatandoost H, et al. (200 4) (29) Melia azedarach 5.51 34.90 Hadjiakhoondi A, et al. (2006) (30) Tagetes minuta L (dried plant) 1.30 5.07 Hajiakhondi A, et al. (2008) (31) Tagetes minuta L (fresh plant) 1.05 3.83 Hajiakhondi A, et al. (2008) (31) Calotropis procera (Alcoholic extract) 109.71 234.61 Shahi M, et al. (2010) (32) Calotropis procera (Fresh latex) 13.06 23.53 Shahi M, et al. (2010) (32) Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Methanol extract) 397.75 3085.18 Sedaghat M, et al. (2010) (33) Eucalyptus camaldulensis (essential oil) 89.85 215.26 Sedaghat M, et al. (2010) (33) Cupressus Arizona E.L. (leaf essential oil) 79.30 238.89 SedaghatM, et al. (2011) (34) Centaurea bruguierana ssp. belangerana 15.70 48.34 Khanavi M, et al. (2011) (35) Sargassum swartzii 11.75 53.47 Khanavi M, et al. (2011) (35) Chondria dasyphylla 10.62 56.39 Khanavi M, et al. (2011) (35) Nepeta menthoides (methanol extract) 69.54 175.55 Khanavi M, et al. (2012) (36) Nepeta menthoides (essential oil ) 234.35 419.86 Khanavi M, et al. (2012) (36) Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian (essential oil) 4.88 9.60 Vatandoost H, et al. (2012) (37) Thymus vulgaris (methanol extract) 191.33 503.98 Khanavi M et al. (2013) (38) Lawsonia inermis (methanol extract) 69.40 158.75 Khanavi M, et al. ( 2013) (38) Cedrus deodara (methanol extract) 128.04 292.87 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys trinervis (methanol extract) 210.42 604.04 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys inflate (methanol extract) 195.84 392.81 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys setifera (methanol extract) 181.62 352.35 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys laxa (methanol extract) 269.64 602.6 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://www.openj-gate.org/Search/SearchResults.aspx?SearchTerm=%22H.%20Vatandoost%22&Field=AU&res=10&type=2&sub=All&update=none&from=-1&to=2011&pr=2 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 348 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 Stachys persica (methanol extract) 282.80 515.94 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys subaphylla (methanol extract) 252.60 592.37 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys byzantine (methanol extract) 103.29 276.99 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Stachys turcamanica (methanol extract) 253.45 549.05 Khanavi M, et al. (2013) (38) Cionura erecta (essential oil) 77.30 199.58 Mozaffari E, et al. ( 2014) (39) Cionura erecta (methanol extract) 250.38 490.00 Mozaffari E, et al. ( 2014) (39) Ferulago carduchorum (essential oil) 12.78 47.43 Golfakhrabadi F, et al. ( 2015) (40) Bunium persicum (essential oil) 27.72 91.35 Sanei-Dehkordi A, et al (2016) (41) Carum carvi (seeds) 21.6 72.44 Torabi Pour H, et al. (2016) (42) Artemisia dracunculus (branches and Leaves) 1.33 4.12 Torabi Pour H, et al. (2016) (42) Rosmarinus officinalis (branches and Leaves) 93.22 229.29 Torabi Pour H, et al. (2016) (42) Fig.1. Map of Distribution of malaria vectors in Iran Fig.2. Efficacy of different plants extract against Anopheles stephesni at the LC50 and LC90 level Table 1. Continued … http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 349 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 Discussion Most botanical components are rapid act- ing and breakdown quickly in the environment. The extract of whole leaf and essential oil of some certain plants have been investigated against some public health pests. The use of botanical pesticide may help in reducing the environmental side effects by the synthetic in- secticides. The results obtained suggest that the extracts of different Iranian native plants may be a promising as larvicide against An. stephen- si. There are many researches in the field. In other investigation, Nathan et al. (2007) (43) re- ported that the larvicidal activity of essential oil from Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. with LC50 and LC90 values were 23.8 and 63.9ppm re- spectively against An. stephensi larvae. There are some reports about the resistance to these chemicals in mosquitoes. Therefore we need to identify alternative insecticide substances from natural products. Many scientists reported in- secticidal activities of plants belong to differ- ent families in different parts of the world. There are several native reports about crude sol- vent extracts of different parts of plants, es- sential oils or their chromatographic fractions. They showed various levels of bioactivity against different developmental stages of ma- laria vectors (44). Some plants have phyto- chemicals constituents for the control of mos- quitoes. One of the earliest reports of the use of plant extracts against mosquito larvae is extraction of plants’ alkaloids like nicotine, anabasine, methyl anabasine and lupinine from the Russian weed in 1933 (45). Some plant families such as Asteraceae, Cladophorace- ae, Labiatae, Meliaceae, Oocystaceae and Ru- taceae have the maximum potential for devel- opment of novel mosquito control agents (46). The genus Lawsonia has one species, Lawsonia inermis (47-48). Henna`s leaves, flowers, seeds, stem barks and roots had been used in Iran to treat some diseases such as rheumatoid arthri- tis, headache, ulcers, diarrhea, leprosy, fever, leucorrhoea, diabetes, cardiac disease. It had hepatoprotective effect and been used as col- ouring agent too (49). Conclusion Due to larvicidal effect of some Iranian na- tive plants against malaria vector, production of specific formulation is required for evalu- ation under filed condition. Acknowledgements The authors would like to appreciate very much for kind collaboration of Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) for providing the test mosquito, An. stephensi. All the extraction was carried out at Department of Pharmacol- ogy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). This study was supported by the Min- istry of Health and Medical Education of Iran with Nimad Project Number 971065. All au- thors declare that there is no conflict of interest. References 1. World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) World Malaria report. p. 186. 2. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) World Malaria repot. p. 210. 3. Abbasi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Yaghoobi-Er- shadi MR, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Hazratian T, Mohammad Mehdi Seda- ghat, Sajjad Fekri, Reza Safari, Abdol Mojahedi, Yousef Salari (2019) Re- sistance status of main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Cu- licidae) to insecticides in a malaria en- demic area, southern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 12: 43–48. 4. World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Regional malaria action plan 2016–2020 http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 350 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 towards a malaria-free Region. p. 46. 5. Vatandoost H, Raeisi A, Saghafipour A, Nikpour F, Nejati J (2019) Malaria situation in Iran: 2002–2017. Malar J. 18 (200): 1–7. 6. Vatandoost H, Shahi H, Abai MR, Hanafi- Bojd AA, Oshaghi MA, Zamani G (2004) Larval habitats of main malaria vectors in Hormozgan Province and their sus- ceptibility to different larvicides. South- east Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 35 Suppl 2: 22–25. 7. Vatandoost H, Mashayekhi M, Abai MR, Aflatoonian MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Shar- ifi I (2005) Monitoring of insecticides re- sistance in main malaria vectors in a ma- larious area of Kahnooj District, Kerman Province, southeastern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 42(3): 100–108. 8. Davari B, Vatandoost H, Ladonni H, Shaeghi M, Oshaghi M, Basseri H, Enayati AA, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Hanfi-Bojd AA, Ak- barzadeh K (2006) Comparative effica- cy of different imagicides against differ- ent strains of Anopheles stephensi in the malarious areas of Iran, 2004–2005. Pa- kistan J Biolog Sci. 9(5): 885–892. 9. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Jafari R (2006) Susceptibility status of Anophe- les dthali and An. fluviatilis to common- ly used larvicides in an endemic focus of malaria, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(1): 34–38. 10. Davari B, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi M, La- donni H, Enayati A, Shaeghi M, Basse- ri HR, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2007) Selection of Anopheles stephensi with DDT and dieldrin and cross-resistance spectrum to pyrethroids and fipronil. Pes- tic Biochem Physiol. 89(2): 97–103. 11. Abai MR, Mehravaran A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Javadian E, Mashayekhi M, Mosleminia A, Piyazak N, Edallat H, Mohtarami F, Jabbari H, Rafi F (2008) Comparative performance of imagicides on Anopheles stephensi, main malaria vector in a malarious area, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 45(4): 307–312. 12. Vatandoost H, Hossein ZA (2010) Respon- siveness of Anopheles maculipennis to different imagicides during resurgent ma- laria. Asian Pacific J Trop Med. 3(5): 360–363. 13. Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2012) In- dication of pyrethroid resistance in the main malaria vector, Anopheles Stephen- si from Iran. Asian Pacific J Trop Med. 5(9): 722–726. 14. Soltani A, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Raeisi A, Eshraghian MR, Soltan-Dallal MM, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Rafi F (2013) Baseline susceptibil- ity of different geographical strains of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to Temephos in malarious areas of Iran. J Arthropod borne Dis. 7(1): 56–65. 15. Lak SS, Vatandoost H, Entezarmahdi M, Ashraf H, Abai M, Nazari M (2001) Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Anopheles sacharovi (Favre, 1903) in borderline of Iran, Armenia, Naxcivan and Turkey. Iranian J Public Health. 31 (3–4): 96–99. 16. Enayati AA, Vatandoost H, Ladonni H, Townson H, Hemingway J (2003) Mo- lecular evidence for a kdr-like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vec- tor mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Med Vet Entomol. 17(2): 138–144. 17. Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Abbasi M, Shaeghi M, Abtahi M, Rafi F (2009) Designing of a laboratory model for eval- uation of the residual effects of deltame- thrin (K-othrine WP 5%) on different sur- faces against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Borne Dis. 46(4): 261–267. 18. Vatandoost H, Dehakia M, Djavadia E, Abai MR, Duchson S (2006) Compara- tive study on the efficacy of lambda- cyhalothrin and bifenthrin on torn nets against the malaria vector, Anopheles http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=A.A.%20Enayati&last= https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=Y.%20Rassi&last= https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=M.R.%20Abai&last= https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=A.A.%20Hanfi%20Bojd&last= https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=K.%20Akbarzadeh&last= J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 351 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 stephensi as assessed by tunnel test meth- od. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(3): 133–135. 19. Moosa-Kazemi SH, Vatandoost H, Raeisi A, Akbarzadeh K (2007) Deltamethrin impregnated bed nets in a malaria control program in Chabahar, Southeast Baluchi- stan, Iran. Iran J Arthropod borne Dis. 1(1): 43–51. 20. Rafinejad J, Vatandoost H, Nikpoor F, Abai MR, Shaeghi M, Duchen S, Rafi F (2008) Effect of washing on the bioefficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and long- lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) against main malaria vector Anopheles stephensi by three bioassay methods. J Vector Borne Dis. 45(2): 143–150. 21. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Shaeghi M, Raeisi A, Abedi F, Eshraghi- an MR, Aghamolaei T, Madani AH, Sa- fari R, Jamshidi M, Alimorad A (2012) Effects of educational intervention on long-lasting insecticidal nets use in a ma- larious area, southeast Iran. Acta Med Iran. 50(4): 279–287. 22. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Shaeghi M, Raeisi A, Abedi F, Eshraghi- an MR, Madani A, Safari R, Oshaghi MA, Abtahi M, Hajjaran H (2012) Field evaluation of permethrin long-lasting in- secticide treated nets (Olyset) for malaria control in an endemic area, southeast of Iran. Acta Trop. 123(3): 146–153. 23. Vatandoost H, Mamivandpoor H, Abai MR, Shayeghi M, Rafi F, Raeisi A, Nikpoor F (2013) Wash resistance and bioefficacy of alpha-cypermethrin long lasting im- pregnated nets (LLIN-Interceptor) against Anopheles stephensi using tunnel test. J Arthropod borne Dis. 7(1): 31–45. 24. Vatandoost H, Ramin E, Rassi Y, Abai M (2009) Stability and wash resistance of local made mosquito bednets and deter- gents treated with pyrethroids against sus- ceptible strain of malaria Vector Anoph- eles stephensi. Iran J Arthropod borne Dis. 3(1): 19–28. 25. Finney DJ (1971) Probit Analysis. 3rd Ed. Cambridge University Press. London, UK. 26. Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(2): 302–303. 27. Hajiakjoondi A, Aghel N, Xamanizadeh- Nadgar N, Vatandoost H (2008) Chem- ical and biological study of Mentha spi- cata L. essential oil from Iran. Daru. 8 (1–2): 19–21. 28. Hadjiakhoondi A, Vatandoost H, Jamshidi AH, Bagherj Amiri E (2003) Chemical constituents and efficacy of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss) bar essential oil against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Da- ru. 11(3): 125–128. 29. Vatandoost H, MoinVaziri V (2004) Lar- vicidal activity of a neem tree extract (Neemarin) against mosquito larvae in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Med- iterr Health J. 10(4/5): 573–581. 30. Hadjiakhoondi A, Vatandoost H, Khanavi M, Sadeghipour-Roodsari HR, Vosoughi M, Kazemi M, Abai MR (2006) Fatty Acid Composition and Toxicity of Me- lia azedarach L. Fruits against Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi. Iran J Phar- maceutical Sci. 2(2): 97–102. 31. Hajiakhondi A, Vatandoost H, Abousaber H, Khanavai M, Abdi L (2008) Chemi- cal composition of the essential oil of Tagetes minuta L and its effect on Anoph- eles stephensi larvae in Iran. J Med Plants. 7(26): 33–39. 32. Shahi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Iranshahi M, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd MY (2010) Larvicidal efficacy of latex and extract of Calotropis procera (Gentianales: Ascle- piadaceae) against Culex quinquefasci- atus and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Borne Dis. 47(3): 185–188. 33. Sedaghat MM, Sanei-Dehkhordi AR, Kha- navi M, Abai MR, Hadjiiakhondi A, Mohtarami F, Vatandoost H (2010) Phy- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aghamolaei%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Madani%20AH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Safari%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Safari%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Jamshidi%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Alimorad%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22592579 http://www.openj-gate.org/Search/SearchResults.aspx?SearchTerm=%22H.%20Vatandoost%22&Field=AU&res=10&type=2&sub=All&update=none&from=-1&to=2011&pr=2 http://www.openj-gate.org/Search/SearchResults.aspx?SearchTerm=%22V.M.%20Vaziri%22&Field=AU&res=10&type=2&sub=All&update=none&from=-1&to=2011&pr=2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20834091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20834091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20834091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20834091 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20834091 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2019, 13(4): 344–352 H Vatandoost et al.: Efficacy of Extractions … 352 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 31, 2019 tochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eu- calyptus camaldulensis against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Asian Pa- cific J Trop Med. 3(11): 841–845. 34. Sedaghat MM, Sanei-Dehkordi AR, Kha- navi M, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Vatan- doost H (20110) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil of Cupressus arizona E.L. Greene against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Lis- ton (Diptera: Culicidae). Pharmacogno- sy Res. 3(2): 135–139. 35. Khanavi M, Rajabi A, Behzad M, Hadji- akhoondi A, Vatandoost H, Abai MR (2011) Larvicidal activity of Centaurea bruguierana ssp. belangerana against Anopheles stephensi Larvae. Iran J Phar- maceutical Res. 10(4): 829–833. 36. Khanavi M, Alireza F, Vatandoost H, Sed- aghat MM, Abai MR, Hadjiakhoondi A (2012) Larvicidal activity of essential oil and methanol extract of Nepeta men- thoides against malaria vector, Anophe- les stephensi. Asian Pacific J Trop Med. 4(1): 962–965. 37. Vatandoost H, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Sadeghi SM, Davari B, Karimian F, Abai MR, Sedaghat AA (2012) Identification of chemical constituents and larvicidal ac- tivity of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaf- farian essential oil against two mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Experimen- tal Parasitol. 132(4): 470–474. 38. Khanavi M, Vatandoost H, Dehaghi NK, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Sedaghat MM, Hadji- akhoondi A, Hadjiakhoondi F (2013) Larvicidal activity of some Iranian plants against malaria vector An. stephensi. Acta Medica Iranica. 51(3): 141–147. 39. Mozaffari E, Abai MR, Khanavi M, Vatan- doost H, Sedaghat MM, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Rafi F (2014) Chemical composition, larvicidal and repellent properties of Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. against ma- laria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory con- ditions. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 147– 155. 40. Golfakhrabadi F, Khanavi M, Ostad SN, Saeidnia S, Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Hafizi M, Yousefbeyk F, Razzaghi-Rad Y, Ameneh Baghenegadian A, Shams- Ardekani MR (2015) Biological active- ties and composition of Ferulago car- duchorum essential oil. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 9(1): 104–115. 41. Sanei-Dehkordi A, Vatandoost H, Abai MR, Davari B, Sedaghat M (2016) Chemical composition and larvicidal ac- tivity of Bunium persicum essential oil against two important mosquito vectors. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 19(2): 49–357. 42. Torabi Pour H, Shayeghi M, Vatandoost H, Abai MR (2016) Study on larvicidal effects of essential oils of three Iranian native plants against larvae of Anophe- les stephensi (Liston). Vector Biol J. 1 (2): 2–6. 43. Senthil Nathan S (2007) The use of Eu- calyptus tereticornis Sm (Myrtaceae) oil (leaf extract) as a natural larvicidal agent against the malaria vector Anopheles ste- phensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Bio- resource Technol. 98(9): 1856–1860. 44. Mittal P, Subbarao S (2003) Prospects of using herbal products in mosquito control. ICMR Bull. 33(1): 1–10. 45. Sukumar K, Perich MJ, Boobar LR (1991) Botanical derivatives in mosquito con- trol: a review. J Am Mosq Control As- soc. 7(2): 210–237. 46 Gupta A (2003) Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants Indian council of me- dicinal research. ICMR Bull. 1: 123–129. 47. Sastri BN (1962) The wealth of India. Raw materials. 4: 275–277. 48. Chetty KM (2008) Flowering Plants of Chit- toor. 1st Ed. Andhra Pradesh, India. 49. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: C SIR. http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hafizi%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yousefbeyk%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rad%20YR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Baghenegadian%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ardekani%20MR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ardekani%20MR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26114148