J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 116 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 Original Article Monitoring of Laboratory Reared of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis to Different Imagicides in Hyper Endemic Areas, Isfahan Province, Iran Leila Shirani-Bidabadi1; Ali Reza Zahraei-Ramazani2; Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi2; Amir Ahmad Akhavan2; Mohammad Ali Oshaghi2; Ahmad Ali Enayati3; Yavar Rassi2; Fatemeh Gholampour2; Niloufar Shareghi4; Elham Madreseh5; *Hassan Vatandoost2,6 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control,School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran 4 Isfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research ,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 6 Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Received 06 Mar 2020; accepted 30 Mar 2020) Abstract Background: In domestic and per domestic area,insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda- cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colonized Phlebotomus papatasi populations in Iran. Methods: The insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi laboratory population was assessed during 2016–2017, following the standard WHO technique for mosquito (WHO, 2013) based on diagnostic dose. Sand flies collected from rural area of Badrood (Matin Abad), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, using aspirator. Results: Susceptibility test to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papatasi (1746 females and 1788 males). The LT50 and LT90 values were measured using probit analysis and regression lines. The test results against males of P. papatasi revealed that LT50 values to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00 and 57.84 seconds. The figures for females were 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71 and 72.69 seconds , respectively. Conclusion: According to presented results, the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to prethroids and Resistance candidate to DDT 4%. Keywords: Phlebotomus papatasi; Bioassay; Insecticide resistance; Rearing Introduction Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psycho- didae) are hematophagous insects involved in the transmission of viruses (Bunyaviridae, Re- oviridae and Rhabdoviridae), bacteria (Bartonel- la bacilliformis) and protozoa (Leishmania spp.) to animals and humans (1-3). Among protozoa, Leishmania spp. are recognized as pathogenic to humans, causing different clinical forms: vis- ceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous, post-kala-azar dermal and mucosal leishmani- *Corresponding author: Dr Hassan Vatandoost, E- mail: hvatandoost1@yahoo.com, vatando@tums.ac.ir http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ mailto:hvatandoost1@yahoo.com J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 117 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 asis (4). Leishmaniases are neglected diseases worldwide distributed, occurring mainly in trop- ical and subtropical zones (5). Cutaneous leish- maniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania major, L. tropica or L. infantum, while VL is caused by L. infantum (6). There are 56 species (32 Phlebotomus and 24 Sergentomyia) of phlebotomine sandflies in Iran but Phleboto- mus papatasi is the main vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) (7-10). Few studies have been performed on the level of susceptibility of sandflies reared in the labora- tory to common insecticides used in agricul- ture and health in world. Hassan et al. (2012) in Sudan studied insecticide susceptibility sta- tus of first progeny (F1) of P. papatasi to DDT, permethrin, malathion, and propoxur. This study results showed sand flies were resistance to malathion and propoxur (11). In Iran sand flies P. papatasi which were collected from a hyper endemic focus of the disease in central Iran breed under laboratory condition and deter- mine sand flies susceptibility level to commonly used insecticides (12). Denlinger et al. in 2016 showed that P. papatasi and Lutzomyia longi- palpis sand flies are highly susceptible to the carbamates as their diagnostic doses are under 7.0μg/ml. Both species are also highly suscep- tible to DDT during the exposure assay as their diagnostic doses are 7.5μg/ml, yet their diagnostic doses for the 24h recovery period are 650.0μg/ml for Lu. longipalpis and 470.0 μg/ml for P. papatasi (13). Italian populations of P. perniciosus and P. papatasi from Cam- pania region and from Rome, respectively, were susceptible to the insecticides DDT 2%, lamb- da-cyhalothrin 0.06% and permethrin 0.2% as compared with the reference strain used (14). The present study reports the results of time- mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalo- thrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15 % and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colo- nized P. papatasi populations in Iran. Materials and Methods Study area This study was performed during the sum- mer of 2016, 2017 and sand flies were caught from the rural district (Matin Abad) of Badrood (33˚ 44́ N, 52˚ 2 ́ E), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, central of Iran. The area is located in the desert with hot and dry weather in summer and quite cold in winter. This zone is a Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) focus in Iran. In this area were exsistence many farm lands. Crops such as wheat, sunflower, alfalfa, clover and other are planted in the area. Due to inten- sive use of insecticides for agriculture pests, the leishmania vectors are exposed to insecti- cide selection pressures. Collected sand flies from field Sand flies were collected outdoor near their breeding places using hand aspirator device from sunset to midnight during the period of June to August 2016, 2017. Collected alive sand flies were released into a clean cage with a hang- ing piece of wet cloth for supplying suitable humidity and feeding on a 20% sucrose solu- tion soaked cotton. Sand flies cage were placed in a plastic bag to remain wet and to keep sta- ble temperature situation. The cages were trans- ported to sand fly insectary in Esfahan Health Research Station, Tehran University of Medi- cal Sciences. Appropriate condition for rearing and inbreeding of sand flies in laboratory were 25±2 ˚C and 72±9.6% relative humidity in in- sectary and 90±7% RH in rearing box (15). Tem- peratures were maintained by automated elec- tric heaters and photoperiod of 14/10 D/L was maintained in the insectary. Sand fly rearing method After resting sand flies in insectary, fed and gravid wild-caught female adults were separat- ed by aspirator and were released into individ- ual pots according to Volf and volfa method (16) and were fed with honey solution (50 %) and saturated sucrose. Engorged female were fed on Blab/C that anesthetized with 0.2 cc Ket- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 118 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 amine and Xylazine for 30 minutes per mice. After feeding, blood-engorged sand flies were individually put in oviposition vials lined at the bottom with plaster of Paris and covered with mesh. The vials containing females were then maintained at 26–28 ˚C and 72±10% RH. Af- ter oviposition females died, then females were removed from oviposition vials and were pre- served individually in 70% alchohol for mounting and identification up to the species level by using proper identification ento- mology keys (17). Females and males at least one week after mounting, were identified using valid key and if there were any other species, all of them were excluded from the tests. Males and Females of P. papatasi females were sep- arated from other species for rearing. The pots were checked daily for hatching the eggs. The larvae (L1) were fed with larval food, complex of rabbit food (palette) and rabbit feces with liver powder (18). For mass rearing of sand flies used larger pots that linned with plaster of Par- is, then we transferred 20–30 blood feeding fe- males with 5–10 males. Emerged adults were released in a new cage with wet cloth and su- crose solution (20%). All of them were placed in a plastic bag to remain wet and to maintain stable temperature situation. Then the 3–10 days old adults were tested in a standard WHO sus- ceptibility test method as described for mos- quitoes (19). Problems with Sand fly breeding We have many problems in mass rearing of sand flies in insectarium including: collection of sand flies from field because of wind in night and decrease temperature in midnight, decrease of density of sand flies due to interventions control of Esfahan Deputy of Health and Pro- vincial Health Center in study areas in recent year, preparation of proper humidity and tem- perature in insectary for sand fly rearing, fun- gal contamination in all of stage, mites, canni- balism (especially in first larval stage) diapause of fourth larval stage. In caused occasional con- tamination of food with fungi belonging to ge- nus Aspergillus, Mucor and Cladosporium, mites (Super Cohort: Monogynaspida), insects from the order Psocoptera and Ants were ob- served during any stage of rearing process (18). Our serious problems have been fungi such as Mucor sp., Cladosporium sp. and Aspergillus sp., bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Salmo- nella sp., Diphteroide sp. and mites (Order Meso- stigmata). Susceptibility bioassays of reared sand flies Susceptibility test against specimens reared in laboratory condition, were carried out in sum- mer of 2016, 2017. The susceptibility tests were carried out on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papa- tasi (1746 females and 1788 males). WHO test- kit tubes and impregnated papers were procured from collaborating Center of WHO in Malay- sia. All the susceptibility tests were done accord- ing to standard WHO testing protocols on un- fed female sand flies using at least 8–15 speci- mens in per test. Emerged sand flies transferred to cages, after resting and feeding by sucrose solution (20%), sand flies were tested according to the standard method of WHO (19). The sand flies were transferred into the exposure tubes by aspirator and were gently transferred to the holding tube at different time intervals and then the mortality was counted after 24h recovery period. After exposure period sand flies fed with 20% sugar solution placed in the top of the holding tube. Control test tubes carrying control papers were also held parallel to each set of tests. All the tests were ignored if the mortality was higher than 20% in the control group. The test was done in four to six repli- cates for each insecticide. During these bioas- says tests, laboratory condition was stabilized at (25±2 ˚C and 73±10% RH) in insectary. The resistance status of sand fly specimens was de- termined according to the latest WHO criteria (19) as follows, (a) mortality rates between 98– 100% indicate full susceptibility, (b) mortality rates between 90–97% require further investi- gation, (c) mortality rates < 90 %, the population is considered resistant to the tested insecticides (19). After each test, all the dead and alive sand flies were transferred to 70% alcohol separate- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 119 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 ly for subsequent study. The exposure time in- terval was between 7, 14, 28, 56, 113, 225, 450, 900, 1800 and 3600 seconds. At least 8– 10 interval times were used to gain the mortali- ty between 5 and 95%. In each exposure time at least 4–6 replicates were used comprising 50– 100 sand flies depending on the availability and the same age of the adults. Abbott’s formula was not used to correct experimental mortali- ties if the control group mortality was <5%. If control group mortalities exceeded 20%, the entire testing replicate was not used (20). Insecticides papers used in bioassay test Impregnated papers with different diagnos- tic dosages of DDT 4% (Batch number: DD 214), Permethrin 0.75% (Batch number: PE 340), Deltamethrin 0.05% (Batch number: DE 432), Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% (Batch num- ber: LA215) and Cyfluthrin 0.15% (Batch num- ber: CY098) were taken from collaborating center of WHO in Malaysia. Obtaining data and analyses The exposure time versus probit mortality were used according to Finney 1971. The Ex- cel 2013 was used for data entering. Data anal- ysis was done with statistic software spss ver- sion 22. Excel software version 2013 was used for drawing the regression line. Results Identification of sand flies All females and males specimens (2942 Number) used for the establishment of the col- onies of sand flies from the Badrood popula- tion were identified by avalaible key morpho- logically as P. papatasi. Bioassay test of laboratory sand flies In this study 2942 sand fly specimens col- lected from study area were reared in insec- tary. The results of susceptibility test against laboratory -reared P. papatasi female revealed LT50 values to DDT (4%), permethrin (0.75%), deltamethrin (0.05%), cyfluthrin (0.15%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%); 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71, 72.69 seconds, respectively (Ta- ble 1). This data for males to DDT (4%), per- methrin (0.75%), deltamethrin (0.05%), cyfluth- rin (0.15%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00, 57.84 seconds respectively (Table 2). Figures 1, 2 show the probit regression lines. The results showed that males were more susceptible than females to all the insecticides tested at LT50 level (Fig. 3). The results showed that males were more susceptible than females to all the insecticides tested at LT50 level (Fig. 3). Table 1. Parameters of probit regression lines of different insecticides against female Phlebotomus papatasi, labora- tory strain, Esfahan, Iran, 2016–2017 Insecticide A a B±SE b LT50 c 95%CL (seconds) LT90 d 95%CL (seconds) Χ 2 (df) Heterogeneity P-value Y=a+bx DDT 4% -4.3272 1.5414 ±0.514 350.23 641.62 1283.51 1822.01 4352.28 196819.15 3.281 (2) P> 0.05 Y= -4.3272+ 1.5414 X Permethrin 0.75% -2.8509 1.9533 ±0.499 87.63 136.15 189.47 778.65 1239.85 2667.51 25.164 (4) P< 0.05 Y= -2.8509+ 1.3359 X Deltamethrin 0.1% -2.1764 1.0049 ±0.259 13.82 146.44 604.09 651.23 2760.47 2254569.23 13.600 (4) P< 0.05 Y= -2.1764+ 1.0049 X http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 120 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 Cyfluthrin 0.15% -0.5400 0.5743 ±0.114 2.50 8.71 18.69 434.62 1485.06 19486.52 9.183 (5) P> 0.05 Y= -0.5400+ 0.5743 X Lambda- cyhalothrin 0.05% -4.0834 2.6391 ±0.410 52.59 72.69 101.65 176.75 279.09 675.84 0.091 (2) P> 0.05 Y= -4.0834+ 2.1936 X a A= Intercept b B±SE= Slope and its Standard Error c LT50, 95% C.L.= Leathal time cause 50% mortality and its 95% Confidence Limits d LT90, 95% C.L.= Leathal time cause 90% mortality and its 95% Confidence Limits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 10 100 1000 10000 TIME(second) P R O B IT DDT Lambdac yhalothrin Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin Permethrin Fig. 1. Probit regression lines of different insecticides against female of Phlebotomus papatasi laboratory population, Esfahan, Iran, 2016–2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 10 100 1000 10000 TIME(second) P R O B IT DDT permethrin Deltamethrin Lambdac yhalothrin Cyfluthrin Fig. 2. Probit regression lines of different insecticides against male of Phlebotomus papatasi laboratory population, Esfahan, Iran, 2016–2017 Table 1. Continued … http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 121 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 Table 2. Parameters of probit regression lines of different insecticides against male Phlebotomus papatasi laboratory population, Esfahan, Iran, 2016–2017 Insecticide A a B±SE b LT50 c 95% C.L (seconds) LT90 d 95% C.L (seconds) X 2 (df) P-value Y= a+bx DDT 4% -3.2516 1.2304±0.412 - - 4.700 (3) P< 0.05 Y= -3.2516+ 1.2304X 439.28 4834.64 - - Permethrin 0.75% -2.5612 1.2573±0.182 76.00 667.98 5.524 (4) P> 0.05 Y= -2.5612+ 1.2573X 108.90 1138.58 148.41 2787.51 Deltamethrin 0.1% -1.7559 0.8823±0.297 0.02 444.34 18.26 (4) P< 0.05 Y= -1.7559 +0.8823X 97.75 2771.37 1022.94 - Cyfluthrin 0.15% -0.3278 0.4686±0.105 0.50 608.75 1.73 (5) P> 0.05 Y= -0.3278+ 0.4686 X 5.00 2720.51 16.08 80988.38 Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% -1.7522 0.9943±0.198 30.78 422.65 0.213 (2) P> 0.05 Y= -1.7522+ 0.9943 X 57.84 1125.10 109.68 8755.23 a A= Intercept b B±SE= Slope and its Standard Error c LT50, 95% C.L= Leathal time cause 50% mortality and its 95% Confidence Limits d LT90, 95% C.I= Leathal time cause 90% mortality and its 95% Confidence Limits Fig. 3. LT50 values of different insecticides against male and female of Phlebotomus papatasi laboratory populations, Esfahan, Iran, 2016–2017 Discussion Due to the lack of a suitable guide line for sand flies, we had to use protocols of WHO for mosquito (19) in this study, the WHO expo- sure kit bioassay is widely accepted because it can measure insecticide susceptibility in many species of insect vectors worldwide (21). The http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 122 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 assays can be run with live insects collected in the field or with their progeny reared in the laboratory. To control sand flies, populations around the world have been exposed to the four main classes of insecticides; 1) organochlorines, 2) organophosphates, 3) carbamates, and 4) py- rethroids,via residual spraying, ultra-low vol- ume spraying, insecticide-treated clothing, and insecticide-treated nets. These exposures are ei- ther intentional in directed vector control efforts or are inadvertent as part of vector control ef- forts targeted against other insect vectors (22). Some sand fly populations have been found to be tolerant or resistant to the insecticides used in the Middle East, Southern Asia, and South America. In Montes Claros, Brazil, 29 of 80 (36.3%) Lu. longipalpis (Lutz and Nieva) sur- vived a 0.05% deltamethrin exposure (23). Has- san et al. (2012) in the Surogia village of Khar- toum State, Sudan, Reared sand flies in labora- tory and they tested with malathion and propoxur. Results showed that 51 P. papatasi (79.7%) had insensitive acetylcholinesterase, which is associated with malathion and propoxur resistance. Both of these insecticides have been extensively used in this region as part of the an- ti-malaria mosquito control program (11). Denlinger et al. (2015) results showed that both laboratory sand flies L. longipalpis and P. pa- patasi are susceptible to DDT (24). Similar re- sults with our study have been found in insec- ticide-susceptible Italian sand flies reared in laboratory (P. perniciosus and P. papatasi), where the LT50 and LT90 for DDT were longer compared with permethrin and lambdacyhalo- thrin (14). Also, Saeidi et al. (2012, 2013) found both insecticide-susceptible male and female P. papatasi field and laboratory population to have much longer LT50 and LT90 to DDT than to permethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (6, 12). Denlinger results suggested that laboratory colonies of insecti- cide- susceptible sand flies were not very sus- ceptible to DDT (24). Shirani-Bidabadi et al. (2017) found that male and female P. papatasi field population to exposure to insecticides had much longer LT50 and LT90 to DDT than to permethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, and lamb- da-cyhalothrin (20). Our results of the tests at different durations of exposure indicated that laboratory sand fly populations from Esfahan province were fully susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides used, whereas the early tolerance (Resistant Candidate) was detected to DDT 4% after 3600s (1h) contact in the population of Esfahan Province. For both males and females, the susceptibility levels to DDT4% were greater than to pyrethroids. The high LT50 level of this vector to DDT was attributed to the long term use of insecticides for malaria vector control in the region that was transmitted genetically to their progeny. According to the report of the branch of the Ministry of Jahad in Esfahan Province, several herbicides, fungicides and inesticides have been used for agriculture and veterinary pest control in the region, including Methalaxile, Carbaryl, Permethrin, Cyperme- thrin, Deltamethrin, Metasystox-R and Man- cozeb. The susceptibility test of a laboratory strain of P. papatasi to DDT4% and pyrethroids in Badrood shows that males were more sus- ceptible than females to all the insecticides test- ed at LT50 level. In comparing our results and the study by Saeidi et al. (2013), LT50 values of female and male to DDT 4% was greater than LT50 in this study, males were more sus- ceptible to pyrethroids and the sand flies were more tolerant compared to our results. LT50 val- ues in males and females in our study to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, and Cyfluthrin 0.15% were also smaller compared to their results, but LT50 values in males and females to Deltame- thrin 0.1% and Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% in our study were greater than theirs (12). This difference was due to the presence of Del- tamethrin and Lambda-cyhalothrin in agricul- ture fields in recent years in Matin-Abad. Conclusion We observed a clear difference between the http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2020, 14(1): 116–125 L Shirani-Bidabadi et al.: Monitoring of … 123 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: March 31, 2020 insecticide susceptibilities of the P. papatasi laboratory population that had been exposed to insecticides in varying times intervals, this difference in susceptibility varied with sex. The result presented in this study can serve as start- ing points for determining the susceptibility of laboratory-reared P. papatasi, for determining diagnostic times for other sand fly species of public health concern. Knowing if a popula- tion of sand fly is resistant or resistance can- didate to an insecticide or insecticide class is critical because it allows control strategies to be effectively implemented while not exacer- bating the prevalence of insecticide resistance or resistance candidate in distribution area of sand flies. According to presented results,the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to pyrethroids and re- sistance candidateto DDT 4%. Acknowledgements We are grateful to all staff of Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Scienc- es. This research was financially supported by School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran. Under code number 95-01-27-30104 and this study proto- col has been approved by local institutional re- view board including the approval no. IR. TUMS.REC.1394.11.15. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. References 1. Maroli M, Feliciangelli MD, Bichaud L, Char- rel RN, Gradoni L (2013) Phlebotomine sand flies and the spreading of leishmani- ases and other diseases of public health concern. Med Vet Entomol. 27(2): 123– 147. 2. Gaglio G, Brianti E, Napoli E, Falsone L, Dantas-Torres F, Tarallo VD, Otranto D, Giannetto S (2014) Effect of night time- intervals, height of traps and lunar phases on sand fly collection in a highly endemic area for canine leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 133: 73–77. 3. 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