J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 250 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 Original Article Investigating on the Residue of Organophosphate Pesticides in the Water of the Hablehrood River, Garmsar, Iran Mohammad Safari1,2; Ali Ahmadfazeli2; Hassan Vatandoost3,4; Mostafa Karimaee5; Davood Panahi1; Mohammadali Shokri1; Mehdi Moradian1; *Zahra Soleimani1,2 1Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 2Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran *Corresponding author: Dr Zahra Soleimani, E-mail: ronak_soleimani@yahoo.com (Received 27 Sep 2018; accepted 17 Aug 2020) Abstract Background: Organophosphate pesticides are of concern to the drinking water supply and high risks on human health. Methods: An occurrence survey was performed in the spring and summer of 2016 for 6 months to assess the preva - lence of organophosphate pesticides in the Hablehrood River that is located in Semnan Province. Besides, 10 kinds of organophosphate pesticides were sampled in 5 stations. Moreover, were measured by Gas Chromatography (GC) was supported by an electron capture detector (ECD) and Turbochrom software. In all stations, Diazinon was detect- ed in the spring and summer, but Malathion only in the spring. Results: The highest concentration of Diazinon was observed at the Mahmoud Abad station in spring (0.94ppb) and the Bonekooh station in the summer (0.93ppb). The highest and lowest concentrations of Malathion were detected in Mahmoud Abad (0.35ppb), and Gache station, respectively. Conclusion: The concentration of pesticides in BoneKooh and Mahmood Abad was higher than the standard. Keywords: Organic pollutant; Agriculture; Water; River Introduction In a society, healthy drinking water has the most significant impact on human health (1, 2). Pesticides are widely used to control pests in agriculture to increase their produc- tivity (3-6). These compounds are one of the sources of water pollution with serious health risks for humans and animals. Furthermore, this makes changes in ecosystems with dan- gerous consequences for the environment and agriculture, as they cause the emergence and spread of new pests and diseases, thereby in- creasing the need for them to be used (7). As in previous decades, concerns about water pol- lution have increased due to the identifica- tion of a large number of pesticides (8). De- spite global efforts to eliminate or reduce the release of these compounds, there is still evi- dence of their presence in various matrices of living and non-living organisms (4). The presence of organic pollutants in surface wa- ters may indicate acute exposure of humans and wildlife, and consequently requires con- tinuous monitoring of these pollutants in wa- ter resources (1). Pesticides used in agricul- ture enter water resources through direct wash- ing, irrigation, and rainfall in contaminated Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited. http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 251 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 areas (4-7, 9-12). The resistant nature of or- ganochlorine pesticides in the environment leads to problems like chronic toxicity in hu- mans and animals through water, food, and air (3, 5, 10-11). These compounds are less commonly used due to their effect on the nerv- ous system because they quickly pass through cell membranes due to their hydrophobic prop- erties (11). On the other hand, it is estimated that around 200,000 people die annually from pes- ticide poisoning. The effects of these com- pounds on humans and the environment de- pend on the concentration of input toxin, chemical quality, duration of use, exposure time, and toxicity (9). In Iran, these com- pounds are widely used in agriculture and hor- ticulture (13). The first step to manage pesti- cide residues in water resources is measuring them and compare with existing standards (9). For drinking and environmental waters, the EU has 0.1μg/l; the maximum permitted con- centration for a compound’s 0.51μg/l for all pesticides (7-9). Because of the high resistance of these compounds in the environment, there is a high tendency to examine their contam- ination (10). Because the river is the most valuable source of drinking water, it is vital to know the presence of these compounds in water before using it (14). Studies by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show that conventional water treatment processes (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, soften- ing, and chlorination) cannot effectively elim- inate pesticides. It was demonstrated that, throughout the chlorination process, the sul- fur atom double-bonded to the central phos- phorus atom in organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) is replaced by an oxygen atom, which considerably increases the toxicity of these compounds (15). Recent studies have revealed that Chlorpyrifos and Malathion derivatives are at least 100 times, and Diazinon deriva- tives are ten times more toxic than their orig- inal forms. This can be posed as a serious problem because the most common method for disinfecting is chlorination (15). Due to the serious problem of low water amounts in the country, it is important to manage and monitor the quality and quantity of available water resources. Awareness of the residuals of these pesticides in this river is critical for the supply of safe and healthy drinking water so that, if necessary, measures will take to control and prevent any environmental and health crisis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the residual amounts of organo- phosphate pesticides in the Hablehrood Riv- er, which is the main source of drinking wa- ter in Garmsar City. Materials and Methods Study area Hablehrood Basin is located in the north- west of Semnan and northeast of Tehran Province. The region with an area of about 37570 hectares is placed between the eastern longitudes 52 o14´, 52 o35´, and the northern latitudes 35 °07´, 35 °16´. The average tem- perature and rainfall are 7.8 °C, 318mm, re- spectively, which ultimately enter Garmsar Plain. The basin includes the agricultural land of Garmsar and its suburbs that located in the western part of Semnan province. About the use of pesticides for agriculture activity, the amount of pesticides used in the southern and northern parts of the Hablehrood Basin in 2014 was 26667kg and 2251kg, respec- tively (16). Sampling In this study, sampling was done month- ly in the spring and summer of 2016 (6 months). Hence, five sampling stations select according to the active water basin and agri- cultures activity including; Simin Dasht, BoneKooh, Mahmoud Abad, Zarrin Dasht, and Gache were identified along the river (Fig. 1). We chose these stations for two rea- sons: First, there was no easy access to the river from different places along the river; http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 252 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 second, these stations were downstream of agricultural activities. Each month, two sam- ples were taken from each station (60 sam- ples in the whole study). Samples collected in 1-liter dark-colored bottles, which com- pletely covered with aluminum foil, were filled in 0.5m depth from the surface of the water. The preparation of bottles comprised washing with detergent without phosphorus compounds and distilled water. Then, by add- ing the preserving agent (0.5g ascorbic acid to the samples with free chlorine), samples were collected according to the standard method and transferred to the laboratory, they were stored in a refrigerator at 2 °C for analysis (17). Extraction and analysis of samples Chromatography techniques are perceived as the best way to detect pesticides (1, 18). The samples were filtered by fiberglass filter (0.45 microns) to separate suspended solids. All samples transport to the laboratory in Cold Box (between 1 °C and 4 °C); water samples were extracted using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) system according to the established Pro- cedures; samples were analyzed over three days (19). The extraction EPA methods 8141B was chosen for determination pesticide (19). The gas chromatography used to measure resid- ual pesticides was supported by Electron Cap- ture Detector (ECD) and Turbochrom soft- ware. This detector can detect contaminants at low concentrations (ppb range). The Col- umn Capillary Silica PE-17 was used for chromatographic separation of pesticides. Ni- trogen was used as a carrier and make-up gas, and the injection method was in the division state (Table 1) (20). Statistical analysis SPSS 21.0 and Microsoft Excel software was used for data analysis. Data on pesticide concentration in different stations and sea- sons were analyzed by independent t-test and one-test was used to compare two stations or compare each season and compare with level standard concentration pesticide respective- ly. Besides, in various stations and seasons were analyzed by ANOVA, the Tukey test was used to compare the two seasons and station in duration sampling. Results The results of the analysis of water sam- ples of the Hablehrood river during the spring and summer revealed that only the Diazinon and Malathion were present in water, and the rest were absent in any of the samples. The results of the analysis of samples are summa- rized in Table 2. According to Table 2, the only pesticide detected in the spring was Diazinon, and in the summer, Diazinon and Malathion were detected. Generally, the results of this part of the research indicate that the average con- centration of Diazinon in different stations is significantly higher in the summer (P< 0.05). Diazinon in the Hablehrood River was sig- nificantly the highest concentration of relat- ed to the Mahmoud Abad station in spring (0.94ppb) (P< 0.05), and the Bonekooh sta- tion in the summer (0.93ppb) Figures 2 and 3 show the concentrations of Diazinon residu- als in different stations in spring and summer (P< 0.05). Malathion was observed only in summer samples. The highest concentration of Mala- thion in the Hablehrood River was detected in Mahmoud Abad (0.35ppb) and the lowest at Gache (0ppb). The concentrations of Mal- athion in different stations in summer are pre- sented in Fig. 4. Other organophosphorus pesticides that were measured in this study comprise Di- chlorvos, Trifluoralin, Methyl-parathion, Feni- trothion, Profenofos, Ethion, and TEPP. But did not detect in any of our samples. From sampling stations, Diazinon was observed in spring at all stations. The largest and lowest http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 253 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 amount of its concentration was in Mahmoud Abad, Gache, respectively. In summer, Dia- zinon and Malathion have detected at all sta- tions. Which the highest concentration of Dia- zinon was in Bonekooh and lowest in Gache. The highest and lowest amount of Malathion was observed in Mahmoud Abad and Ghache respectively. Total pesticides in water sam- ples of BoneKooh and Mahmoud Abad in summer were significantly over the permi- tted of EC (1μg/l total allowable pesticide in surface waters) (P< 0.05) (21). Table 1. Gas Chromatography condition for pesticide measurement Amount Modes 1microliter Injection volume 7 psi Inlet pressure 300 °C Injector temperature 300 °C Detector temperature 40 ml/min Gas flow ECD make up 220–240 °C at 2 °C/min 240–260 °C at 1 °C/min 260–280 °C at 5 °C/min Oven programming Table 2. Results from analysis of water samples of Hablehrood River during spring and summer Detected amount of pesticides (ppb) Station Compound Name Season of sampling Zarrin dasht Ghache Simin Dasht Mahmoud Abad Bonekooh Dichlorvos spring Nd Nd Nd N.d N.d summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Trifluralin spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Diazinon spring 0.74 0.2 0.6 0.94 0.5 summer 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.89 0.93 Methyl Parathion spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Fenitrothion spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Malathion spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer 0.2 Nd 0.15 0.35 0.2 Profenophos spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Ethion spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Azinphos methyl spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd TEPP(IS) spring Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd summer Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd= Non detectable http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 254 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 Fig. 1. Hablehrood basin and sampling stations http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 255 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 Fig. 2. Diazinon concentration (ppb) at different stations in the spring Fig. 3. Diazinon concentration (ppb) at different stations in the summer http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 256 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 Fig. 4. Malathion concentration (ppb) at different stations in the summer Discussion Most farmers use more organophosphate pesticides than others because of their low cost and a wide range of uses. Malathion and Diazinon have been used in all over Iran (22). As it is discussed, these organophos- phate pesticides were detected in all stations of Hablehrood River consequently, it is sug- gested to survey these pesticides in other wa- ter supplies. Furthermore, due to the lack of education and awareness, farmers do not take caution when using pesticides, which increas- es pesticide-related diseases in agricultural areas. Organophosphate pesticides have ad- verse effects on the body by inhibiting the activity of Acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The effects of carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and teratogenicity of this group of pesticides have been proven. Moreover, these disrupt sexual hormones, reproductive problems, and stop human growth (23). It is well-known that many of pesticides that are used do not re- main in their target area and are transferred through penetration into the soil and runoff, and also become new compounds, and many of them enter surface and underground wa- ters, and their metabolites may remain for many years (24-25). The amount of pesticide residues in the water resources depends on different factors, such as the application of each pesticide, proximity of agricultural land to the river, metabolism of pesticides to other compounds, absorption of pesticides into or- ganic matter in water and soil, water temper- ature and pH (26). For this reason, the resid- ual concentrations of diverse types of organ- ophosphate pesticides are various in different sources. In the present study, Dichlorvos, Trifluoralin, Methyl-parathion, Fenitrothion, Profenofos, Ethion, and TEPP were not de- tected in any of the analyzed samples due to their low application and high hydrolysis rates. The study of Dehghani et al. (2012) on Kashan water resources, which is consistent with the results of the present study, showed that the rate of removal of Chlorpyrifos is higher than Diazinon and its amount was much lower than of it (27). In the study by Kent et al. (2005), who studied the pesticide residues http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 257 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 in California's surface waters, it has been ob- served that 92% of the samples contained at least one pesticide. Moreover, the concentra- tion of Diazinon in some samples was higher than the standard values (28). The results of this study were also consistent with Kent's study, and in summer, the total pesticide con- centrations at Mahmoud Abad station was higher than standard values, which could be due to low knowledge of farmers about the application of pesticides. Farmers to prevent the occurrence of diseases for their products and higher productivity, use various fertiliz- ers and pesticides. Due to many problems of pesticides on the environment and human health, increasing farmers' awareness about the correct way of cultivation, amount of pes- ticides, and the natural combating means for agricultural pests can be effective in decreas- ing the concentration of pesticides in aquatic resources and environment. The consump- tion of Diazinon for agricultural products is high in spring and summer. Additionally, the high residue of Diazinon in water samples can be due to the high solubility of Diazinon in water and also atmospheric falls in the early spring and the entry of this to surface waters (29). Besides, Diazinon is used more often than other pesticides. Among the stud- ies that are consistent with the results of the present study and the level of pesticides ex- ceeds the maximum permissible standard con- centration can be found in the study by Chow- dhury Maz et al. (30), Lari et al. (31), and Székács et al. (32). Because of its high sol- ubility rate relative to other pesticides, huge levels of its application, and frequency of use during the crop year, its residual amount was also higher than other pesticides studied in water samples, which is consistent with the results of Khazaei et al. (33). Malathion has a lower consumption than of Diazinon. Mal- athion was not observed in any of the spring samples but was observed in summer sam- ples at different stations except Gache sta- tion. Another reason for the high level of Di- azinon and Malathion at Mahmoud Abad and BoneKooh stations could be due to extensive agricultural and horticultural activities in this area. Therefore, as much as we move along- side the river from upstream to downstream, the concentration of pesticides used increas- es. This can be due to increased agricultural activity and the accumulation of pesticides used in the study area. In other words, a part of a pesticide is degraded and converted to its derivatives, but another part of it goes downstream. The pesticides used in each ar- ea are added to it. The residual pesticides in BoneKooh station were lower than other sta- tions, because this station had a large distance from the other station, and there is a consid- erable distance from the agricultural activity area to this station; so part of the pesticides will be decomposed into their derivatives be- fore reaching to this station. Conclusion Diazinon and Malathion were observed in Hablehrood River samples. Because there is no comprehensive national standard for the maximum residual concentration of pesticides in water resources, the European Union (EC) standard was used (34). The concentration of pesticides in BoneKooh and Mahmood Abad in summer was higher than the standard. The mobility of chemicals and their traits, as well as the proximity of agricultural land to Hableh Rood, affects the possibility of contamina- tion of the river by pesticides. The presence of pesticides in water resources can be due to reasons such as uncontrolled manual spray, poor management in the process of pesti- cides using, and unnecessary and inappropri- ate application of pesticides. However, the proper use of pesticides at the right time and preventing the entrance of pesticides into the water can reduce their concentration in water resources. Furthermore, continuous monitor- ing and measuring of pesticides should be a http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2020, 14(3): 250–260 M Safari et al.: Investigating on the Residue of … 258 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 30, 2020 priority for drinking water resources to pro- tect the health of the community and the environment. 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