J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 119 Original Article A Modified Trap for Adult Sampling of Medically Important Flies (Insecta: Diptera) Kamran Akbarzadeh 1, *Javad Rafinejad 1, 2, Jamasb Nozari 3, Yavar Rassi 1, Moham- mad Mehdi Sedaghat 1, Mostafa Hosseini 4 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Re- sources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Received 13 Dec 2011; accepted 7 May 2012) Abstract Background: Bait-trapping appears to be a generally useful method of studying fly populations. The aim of this study was to construct a new adult flytrap by some modifications in former versions and to evaluate its applicability in a subtropical zone in southern Iran. Methods: The traps were constructed with modification by adding some equipment to a polyethylene container (18× 20× 33 cm) with lid. The fresh sheep meat was used as bait. Totally 27 adult modified traps were made and tested for their efficacies to attract adult flies. The experiment was carried out in a range of different topographic areas of Fars Province during June 2010. Results: The traps were able to attract various groups of adult flies belonging to families of: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, and Faniidae. The species of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) include the majority of the flies collected by this sheep-meat baited trap. Conclusion: This adult flytrap can be recommended for routine field sampling to study diversity and population dy- namics of flies where conducting of daily collection is difficult. Keywords: Trap, Diptera, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Iran Introduction The insect order of Diptera (the true flies) is one of the most species-rich, anatomically var- ied and ecologically innovative groups of or- ganisms, contributing 10–15% of known ani- mal species. An estimated 150,000 species of Diptera have been described (Groombridge 1992, Thompson 2005). Diptera outrank other insect orders in terms of medical and vet- erinary significance, being responsible for the transmission of a wide variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan parasites in humans and animal (Banjo et al. 2005, Forster et al. 2007, Forster et al. 2009). The invasion of host tissues by fly larvae, called myiasis, is the most widespread form of host invasion by arthropods (Mullen and Durden 2002) and is commonly noted in vet- erinary medicine and can occur in humans even in the West’s sanitized society (Byrd and Castner 2001). Myiasis is the infestation of live human and *Corresponding author: Dr Javad Rafinejad, E-mail: jrafinejad@yahoo.com J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 120 vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period on the host’s dead or living tissue, liquid body sub- stances, or ingested food (Zumpt 1965). Hu- man myiasis is a rare condition in any part of the globe, but is more common in the re- gions with a warm and humid climate (Maturo et al. 2007). The first case was re- ported by Minar when he recovered Oestrus ovis larva from the eye of an Iranian woman in Tehran (Minar 1976). From that time, va- rieties of case reports and case series have been reported in Iran (Tirgari et al. 2003, Mohammadzadeh et al. 2008, Faramarzi et al. 2009, Soleimani Ahmadi et al. 2009, Salimi et al. 2010a,b). Some valuable surveys with topic of fauna of potentially myiasis pro- ducing flies has been done in Tehran (capital of Iran) which various species of blowflies, flesh flies (Khoobdel et al. 2008), Muscidae and Fanniidae (Khoobdel and Davari 2011) have reported. Despite of these scattered published data, status of human and animal myiasis in Iran is remained obscure. Study on various populations of medically important flies as causative agents of myiasis and vec- tors of various pathogens should be more emphasized. The first step for a comprehensive study of fly population is conducting appropriate de- sign using improved equipments. Bait trap- ping appears to be a generally useful method of studying fly populations (Suenaga and Kurahashi 1994, Hall 1995). Bait traps have no chemical reagents, do not harm the en- vironment, and can be used both for short- and long-term control (Suenaga and Kurahashi 1994). They can be used also for studying pop- ulation dynamics of flies. Systematically confirmation of identifi- cation process needs the presence of adult and larvae of the same sample. Therefore, adult flies collected by traps should be reared for acquiring the larvae (Zumpt 1965). Adult flytraps usually are using for trap- ping and studying of adults. This study has been conducted to design and to evaluate an adult flytrap to collect adult flies and to pre- pare a breeding place for egg laying, fixing, and storing larvae simultaneously. Materials and Methods Study area Fars is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, lo- cated in the southern part of the country. Due to topographic characters, there are three dis- tinct climatic regions in this province. The first part is hilly area in north and northwest of the province, with considerable vegetation covering. This part has a moderate temper- ature with 400–600 mm of precipitation an- nually. The second part is central part of the province with a relatively moderate temper- ature and hot and dry weather in summer. The average of annual precipitation in this part is around 200–400 mm. The third part is the lowland of south and southeast regions of the province with moderate temperature in winter and very hot wet weather in summer. The average rainfall of this part is below 200 mm annually. Three cities in each geograph- ical region were selected for evaluation of the trap including Abadeh, Arsanjan and Sepidan Cities located in north part, Shiraz, Kazerun and Neyriz Cities located in central part and Darab, Jahrum and Lar Cities from southern part. Some meteorological information of three geographical parts of Fars Province in June 2011 has been shown in Table 1. Observations on applicability of the trap were performed during June 2010. Three vil- lages were randomly selected around each city and one trap hanged in each village. One mod- ified trap was hanged in or around of sheep breeding place in each selected villages. Total- ly 27 adult modified traps were hanged in the selected cities of the province. The sampling sites have been pointed by GPS device (Gar- min 76CSx®). All points have been shown in Fig. 1 using Google Earth Software. Using of this kind of flytraps for fly mass J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 121 population control has been done in Abadeh City. One city was set one trap for hanging it in his yard, situated in the city. He brought back the trap with collected flies. Trap Construction The trap consists of a polyethylene con- tainer (18× 20× 33 cm) with lid (Fig. 2) with some modifications from Satl Arya Com- pany®. Round openings with 8 cm diameter was prepared in each of four sides of the con- tainer. Each opening should be placed in first half of the height of container. Each opening was equipped with wiry funnel prepared on each side of the container (Fig. 3). The open- ing at the end of funnel has 1 cm diameter to prevent escaping of attracted flies. A rectan- gular vegetable plastic netted dish used as bait chamber. The dish had large mesh to permit falling down of any larval instars. Bait chamber placed in the inner of the container in front of funnels and fixed by means of hard cupper wires on the lowest screw of 3–4 screws, which has used for fixing the wiry funnels (Fig. 3 and 4). All four funnels ended toward the middle of bait chamber. Bottom of the trap filled with 2% formaldehyde and 0.02% chlorhexidine mixed solution (Fig. 5). About 20–30 gr of sheep fresh meat were used as bait for the traps. The traps were hanged in suitable parts of the villages away from animal and children disturbing (Fig. 5). Flies attracted to odors of bait and entered the trap via one-way funnel. They laid egg after feeding on the bait. A few of the fully- grown larvae became pupa in the bait (meat) or around its chamber. Adults, which ap- peared from these pupae (as F1), were found alive in the trap or were fallen down in the solution in bottom of trap. Majority of fully- grown larvae fell down and fixed in the so- lution placed in bottom of the trap. Collect- ing of samples from the traps was carried out monthly. The collected samples transferred the laboratory of medical entomology. Adult flies in each batch of samples were washed with 70% ethanol and dried out on tissue pa- per for carful identification. Larvae were washed out with 70% ethanol and preserved in 70% ethanol. Morphological identification Identification of the collected adult and lar- val specimens was based on morphological identification keys (James 1947, Zumpt 1965, Ishijima 1967, Whitworth 2006, Amendt et al. 2010, Whitworth 2010). Results The traps collect various groups of adult flies and maintain their F1 larvae. Some species of Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, and Faniidae families were collected during the study period. Numbers of adult flies, which have been collected by these traps, have been shown in Table 2. Most of the trapped flies were female and majority of them laid their eggs or larvae on the meat bait. Due to condition of the inner condition of the trap, none of the eggs hatched. It was shown that all of the first in- star larvae of both from hatched eggs or from mother flies (in Sarcophagidae) were not able to complete their larval cycle. Therefore, va- rious larval instar of different families would be found in bottom of the traps. The iden- tification of first and second instar larvae of most of dipteral families is somehow dif- ficult. The identified samples of larvae, which were conserved in the liquid of trap bottom, have been shown in Table 3. From Table 2 and 3, it is concluded that Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Diptera: Sarco- phagidae) and Musca domestica (Diptera: Mu- scidae) were the highest number of collected adults or larvae. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 122 Table 1. Meteorological information of three geographical parts of Fars Province in June 2011 Part of province Min temp Max temp Mean temp Min humidity Max humidity Mean humidity precipitation Northern 20.74 35.13 27.94 10% 33% 18% 0 Central 22.58 39.42 31 10 33 21% 0 Southern 25.28 43.32 40.3 12 44 28% 0 Table 2. Number of adult flies, trapped by the modified adult fly trap, in each geographical regions of Fars Prov- ince, Iran, June 2010 Region Calliphoridae species n n per trap Sarcophagidae species n n per trap Muscidae species n n per trap Faniidae species n n per trap North- ern Part Calliphora vicina 90 3.3 Sarcophaga sp 25 0.9 Musca domestica 83 3 Lucilia sericata 16 0.6 Sarcophaga argyrostom 34 1.3 Muscina stabulans 39 1.4 Sarcophaga variegata 2 0.07 Hydrotea sp 70 2.6 Wohlfahrtia sp 1 0.04 subtotal 106 3.9 subtotal 64 2.37 subtotal 192 7.1 Central Part Calliphora vicina 10 0.37 Sarcophaga sp 104 Musca domestica 30 1.1 Fania canicula ris 3 0.11 Lucilia sericata 2 0.07 Sarcophaga argyrostom 39 Musca autumnali s 2 0.07 Sarcophaga aegyptica 5 Wohlfahrtia sp 2 subtotal 12 0.44 subtotal 150 5.5 subtotal 32 1.18 subtotal 3 0.11 South- ern Part Calliphora vicina 3 0.11 Sarcophaga sp 63 2.3 Musca domestica 48 1.8 Lucilia sericata 2 0.07 Sarcophaga argyrostom 11 0.41 Muscina stabulans 2 0.07 Chrysomyia albiceps 8 0.3 Sarcophaga aegyptica 7 0.26 Chrysomyia rufifacies 1 0.04 Wohlfahrtia sp 8 0.3 Wohlfahrtia nuba 2 0.07 Subtotal 14 0.52 subtotal 91 3.37 subtotal 50 1.85 Number of fly per trap was 4.86, 11.24, 10.13, and 0.11 for members of Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fanniidae re- spectively (Table 2). Regionally Muscidae has the greatest number of flies per trap in northern part of the province that was 7.1, however, in central and southern parts of the province the highest number of fly per trap was 5.5 and 3.37 respectively as for Sarcophagidae. Due to unknown medically importance of some of the collected samples such as An- thomyiidae and Hypoboscidae, specimen identification to genus and species were not performed. These flies might be entered the traps accidentally or wind oriented. For finding the applicability of this kind of traps for collecting synanthropic flies, only one trap was hanged in a house in city center of Abadeh City. This trap equipped with fresh sheep meat as well. Results of the iden- tification of the collected flies in this trap have shown in Table 4. J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 123 Table 3. Number of fly larvae, collected by modified adult fly trap, in any geographical regions of Fars Province, Iran, June 2010 Region Calliphoridae species n Sarcophagidae species n Muscidae species n Noerthern Part Calliphora vicina 235 Sarcophaga sp 96 Musca domestica 212 Lucilia sericata 85 Sarcophaga argyrostom 155 Unknown 21 Unknown 8 Unknown 32 Wohlfahrtia sp 5 Central Part Calliphora vicina 88 Sarcophaga sp 338 Musca domestica 178 Lucilia sericata 24 Sarcophaga argyrostom 198 Unknown 22 Unknown 5 Sarcophaga aegyptica 28 Unknown 12 Southern Part Calliphora vicina 30 Sarcophaga sp 112 Musca domestica 136 Lucilia sericata 10 Sarcophaga argyrostom 46 Unknown 11 Unknown 11 Sarcophaga aegyptica 34 Wohlfahrtia sp 28 Unknown 8 Total 496 1092 580 Table 4. Number of adult flies was trapped by a single modified trap in Abadeh City, Fars Province, Iran, June 2010 Region Calliphoridae n Sarcophagidae n Muscidae n Northern Part Calliphora vicina 68 Sarophaga sp 11 Musca domestica 471 Lucilia sericata 15 Sarcophaga argyrostoma 5 Muscina stabulans 103 Fig. 1. Study area showing distribution of sample sites for evaluating of the modified adult flytrap. Data imported from GPS Garmin 76CSx® to GIS Software 9, Fars Province, Iran, 2010 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 124 Fig. 2. A Modified adult fly trap, evaluated as an applicable trap for collecting various families of Diptera, Fars Province, Iran 2010 (original) Fig. 4. Bait chamber of the modified adult flytrap, placed in lower level in front of round openings, Teh- ran University of Medical Sciences, 2010 (original) Fig. 3. Round openings of the modified adult flytrap with 8cm in diameter, provided for one-way entering flies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2010 (original) Fig. 5. A hanged meat baited modified adult flytrap with collected adult flies in Kazerun Station of Re- search, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (original) Discussion Trapping systems can be used for research monitoring (Hwang and Turner 2005) and control of fly populations (Hall 1995, Baz et al. 2007, Gerry et al. 2007). Rearing of larvae is the way (Zumpt 1965, Amendt et al. 2010) to have adult and larvae of the same sample, J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 125 which is difficult, need more time and some- times not successful. Adult trapping process is the way to find medically important flies (Hall 1995) some- where the larval population reduced by chem- ical controls. It has been observed that the modified adult flytraps are useful for collect- ing adults and larvae of flies simultaneously. Systematic observation needed to connect the adults and larvae after collecting them in the traps. Due to difficulties in systematic of the flies, their identification and completing the systematic relationship between larvae and adults should be done with experts. Idea of the modified flytrap derived from the original trap introduced by Suenaga and Kurahashi (1994) which has bottom filled with soil in most of the volume. Presence of soil in their trap prepares suitable conditions for completing the F1 progeny from the en- tering flies. Their flytrap is suitable for study- ing of population dynamic of flies. The modi- fied flytrap which has been evaluated in this study has bottom filled with solution of 2% formaldehyde and 0.02% chlorhexidine which comprising about one third of all vol- ume. The surveyed modified flytrap is suita- ble for faunestic and diversities phenomenon. The first problem in working with flies is correct identification. Morphological identi- fication of some flies such as female and lar- vae of Sarcophagidae (Guo et al. 2010) and immature stage of Muscidae (Amendt et al. 2010) are very difficult. Therefore, in the case of female samples of family Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga sp and Whohlfahrtia sp) their ge- nus has reported merely. Due to the same rea- son some of larval samples have left as uni- dentified. In field studying and routinely use of the modified adult flytrap, comparing of the re- sults of adults and larval samples will lead to a precise identification. With any sampling pro- cess, there will be adults beside of their larvae, which very desired for systematically identi- fications. Presence of identified or semi-iden- tified adults beside unknown larval samples will help for identification by limiting the range of searching. For example, it can be pos- tulated that unknown larvae in central part of Fars province (Table 2), could be Calliphora vicina or Lucilia sericata with high prob- ability. New techniques such as molecular identifications can be employed for identi- fication of adults and larvae. The tabled data were the only one sam- pling process for presenting the applicability of this kind of traps for collecting adults and relevant larvae simultaneously. The Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) formed the majority of the flies collected by this sheep- meat baited trap. By changing the baits, some desired flies can be collected (Boonchu et al. 2003). It has been observed that by changing the place of traps the number of trapped flies as well as their species will be changed (Table 1 and 3). Temperature is probably the most influ- ential environmental factor in the life history of populations, particularly in organisms with short life cycles such as insects (Levine and Levine 1991, Oshaghi et al. 2009, Shiravi et al. 2011). The highest number of fly per trap was as for Sarcophagidae (11.24%). Regional analysis revealed that Sarcophagid flies also had the greatest number of fly per trap in cen- tral and southern parts. These relatively high- er rates may be due to of the higher tem- perature in these two regions in comparison with traps hanged in northern part. To find significant difference more sampling and comparing various temperatures in any sea- sons nis required. Wind direction and visual cues are also im- portant to attract more flies (Boonchu et al. 2003). By considering the bionomics of any species and its behavior, the trap can be focused for collecting specific species. Pheromones or J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 119–128 K Akbarzadeh et al.: A Modified Trap for … 126 pheromone based baits (Geden et al. 2009) can be used for collecting exactly the target species. The modified trap used for this study was enough big and able to collect high number of adult flies. This character can be used for control of fly population when large number of traps can be hanged up around the specific places. It can be recommended as an envi- ronmental friendly fly control. For this pur- pose, education, finding suitable baits as well as appropriate places for local use in various geographical conditions is needed. The highest number of M. domestica in sheep breeding places was 83, but this was 479 for the single trap. These results also showed the synan- thropic behavior of this fly as it confirmed by Figueroa-Roa and Linhaes (2004). 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