Fahimeh Talebzadeh 1, Masoud Ghadipasha2, Jaber Gharedaghi2, Naser Yaksan2, Kamran Akbarzadeh1*, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi*1 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2017, 11(3): 363–370 F Talebzadeh et al.: Insect Fauna of … 363 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 08, 2017 Original Article Insect Fauna of Human Cadavers in Tehran District Fahimeh Talebzadeh 1, Masoud Ghadipasha 2, Jaber Gharedaghi 2, Naser Yeksan 2, *Kamran Akbarzadeh 1, *Mohammad Ali Oshaghi 1 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran (Received 15 July 2015; accepted 28 Aug 2017) Abstract Background: Entomological data can provide valuable information for crime scene investigations especially in post- mortem interval (PMI) estimation. This study performed to determine insect fauna of human corpses in Tehran dis- trict. Methods: Insect specimens were collected from 12 human cadavers during spring and summer 2014 and were identi- fied using morphological characteristics. Results: Four fly species including two blowflies Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia sericata (Calliphoridae), one flesh fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Sarcophagidae), and one phorid fly Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae) and a beetle Der- mestes maculatus (Dermestidae) was observed on the human cadavers. Chrysomya albiceps was the most dominant species on the corpses temporally and spatially. Conclusion: Chrysomya albiceps was the most dominant insect species on human cadavers in the area study spatio- temporally. The data make C. albiceps as a valuable entomological indicator for PMI estimation in Tehran and other parts of the country. However, further biological and ecological data such as its behavior, life tables, and consistent developmental time should be investigated when establishing a PMI in the region. Keywords: Forensic entomology, Blow fly, Post-mortem interval, Chrysomya albiceps, Iran Introduction Various insects and arthropods attract to the specific decomposition stage of human or animal carcass while majority of them colo- nize for only a limited time (1). Forensic en- tomology families of the order Diptera have the greatest importance because of their ex- clusive behavior in early arriving and making abundant larvae on human cadavers (2, 3). Members of the family Calliphoridae are the first group of insects that attack a corpse within minutes after death (3, 4). Additional- ly, members of the family Sarcophagidae of- ten colonize in corpse around the world es- pecially in tropical and subtropical countries (3). Thus, they are also very useful in crime scene investigations especially in post mor- tem interval (PMI) estimation (3). PMI cal- culations are used for various goals including criminal items, trace of transport of the corpse after death, correlation defiant with crimes by the DNA analysis of slain tissues in the mid- gut content of larvae, pharmacology, kid, and olds afflicting (5). Determination of corpse arthropod fauna is one of the basic and inevitable information for estimating of PMI (6). In addition to ar- thropod fauna, the replacement (succession) of arthropods on corpse can provide important data for PMI estimation in some cases (7, 8). For PMI calculation from less than one week to so many years after death, fundamental in- formation about insect succession plays an important role (9). Successional samples of arthropods on human cadavers are related to the geographic regions of the study areas (2, 10-12). Study on the particular arthropod fauna *Corresponding authors: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail: moshaghi@sina.tums.ac.ir, Dr Kamran Akbarzadeh, E-mail: kakbarzadeh@tums.ac.ir http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_mortem_interval mailto:moshaghi@sina.tums.ac.ir J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2017, 11(3): 363–370 F Talebzadeh et al.: Insect Fauna of … 364 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 08, 2017 and stage in various decomposition phases and the relationship between them can be used for estimating the PMI ranges (8). No recent information on arthropod and insect fauna and their spatio-temporal distri- bution was available for Tehran, Iran. The aim of the present study was to investigate the fau- na of insect species attracted to human cadaver in Tehran district and to acquire knowledge of their temporal and spatial distribution in the region. Materials and Methods Tehran with 18909km2 and altitude of 1200 m above sea level, allocates about 2.1% of total area of the country. Tehran has a hot summer, cold winter and brief spring and au- tumn. This province locates among Mazanda- ran, Qum, Alborz and Semnan provinces from north, south, west, and east, respectively. The sampling process was performed during seven months from the beginning of spring to mid autumn 2014. All procedures were performed in accord- ance with the terms of the Iran Human (Sci- entific Procedures) Act Project License and were approved by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ethical Review Committee. This process was done immediately after registering any human corpse in the Kahri- zak Autopsy Hall of Tehran Legal Medicine Organization (KAH-TLMO). Among the hu- man cadavers (25–50 per day) referred to the KAH-TLMO, the cases with any kind of ar- thropods on them were used for arthropod sam- pling. All of the collected specimens were put individually in labeled vials based on the collection time and sites of the body. The corpse characteristics were recorded includ- ing age, sex, location, cause of death, esti- mated PMI, latitude and longitude, and the arthropod developmental stage (Table 1). To estimate the PMI, medical or scientific evi- dence other than entomological data such as decomposing phase, body color, decaying of various organs were used to determine PMIs of the corpses. All the vials were transferred to the Medical Entomology Laboratory of School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (SPH-TUMS) in a usual cold chain. All the collected specimens were washed with normal detergents and counted. Some of the live immature stages of the arthropod were reared to achieve their adult stage while some of them were killed in boiling water be- fore preserving in 70% EtOH. The specimens were morphologically identified to species level using the known morphological keys (13-18). Main morphological characters used for identifications of the flies were setae on meron, general body color, hairs on greater am- pulla, anterior spiracle color, color and hairs on calypters. Whenever it was necessary, the shape and appendages of male genitalia of the specimens were checked to confirm species identification, particularly for Sarcophagidae family. Some of the mature stages of collected arthropods on the corpses were preserved ei- ther in 70% EtOH or pinned and deposited in Medical Entomology and Zoology Museum of SPH-TUMS. Results Totally 12 human corpses with arthropod specimens were referred to the Kahrizak Au- topsy Hall. Age distribution of the referred corpses was between 23 to 86 years old. De- tails of the collected human cadavers have been shown in Table 1. Medical or scientific evidence other than entomological data deter- mined PMIs ranged from 3 days to six months for the corpses that could increase arthropod diversities on the cadavers (Table 1). Various life stages of insects (egg, larvae, and adult) have been observed on the collect- ed cadavers (Table 1). Overall, 4129 arthro- pod specimens belong to four fly and one bee- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2017, 11(3): 363–370 F Talebzadeh et al.: Insect Fauna of … 365 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 08, 2017 tle species have been collected and identified during the study. The flies comprised two Cal- liphoridae species of C. albiceps (Wiedemann 1819) and L. sericata (Meigen 1826), one Sar- cophagidae species S. argyrostoma (Robineau- Desvoidy 1830), and one Phoridae species M. scalaris (Loew 1866). The beetle species was D. maculatus DeGeer 1774 (Coleoptera: Der- mestidae). Chrysomya albiceps was the dominant spe- cies sampled either in outdoor or in indoor ad- ventured human cadavers whereas L. sericata and D. maculatus was related only to the out- door places. Sarcophaga argyrostoma was related mostly to indoor places. Megaselia scalaris was the rarest species due to its merely one specimen in all of the study cases. In outdoor locations, the most representative species were C. albiceps (75%,) L. sericata (12%), S. argyrostoma (3%), and in indoor locations, C. albiceps (85%), and S. argyro- stoma (15%). Megaselia scalaris (0.39%) and D. maculatus (7%) were collected in smaller numbers in the study area. Table 1. Details of the human cadavers and the arthropods found on them in Tehran, Iran in 2014 Case no Gender Age (yr) Location Location Cause of death PMI estima- tion (d) Development stage Species 1 Male 50 Outdoor Modares high- way Unknown 21–28 Larvae C. albiceps L. sericata 2 Male 68 Indoor Africa st. Heart failure 7–10 Larvae S. argyrostoma 3 Male 53 Indoor Dinmohammadi St. Unknown 14–21 Larvae C. albiceps Adult M. scalaris 4 Male 60 Indoor Sattar-khan st. Unknown 14–21 Larvae C. albiceps 5 Male 60 - 70 Outdoor Saeedi highway Unknown 30–60 Larvae C.albiceps L. sericata 6 Male 86 Indoor Khorassan square Heart disease 4–7 Larvae C. albiceps 7 Male 42 Indoor Vali-asr st. Drug abuse 3–4 Larvae C. albiceps Egg S. argyrostoma 8 Male 65 Indoor Dastvareh st Asphyxiation with co 3–5 Larvae C. albiceps 9 Female 29 Indoor Sarbaz st. Unknown 3–4 Larvae S. argyrostoma 10 Male 24 Outdoor Fasham lacvasan Hanging on tree 21–28 Pupae S. argyrostoma 11 Male 59 Outdoor Damavand road Unknown 90–180 Larvae D. maculatus Adult 12* Male 35 Outdoor Not defined Drowned in the lake Not clear Larvae C. albiceps *: The dead body originated from Azerbaijan country. Discussion In this study, five insect species were ob- served on human cadavers in Tehran district. Except for C. albiceps and L. sericata, the other three species including S. argyrostoma, D. maculatus, and M. scalaris are new report for arthropod fauna on human cadavers in Iran. Previous reports have shown presence of var- ious species of blowflies and flesh flies (19- 21) on human cadavers. In addition to Calliphor- idae and Sarcophagidae, some species of Mus- cidae and Fanniidae were also involved in hu- man or animal corpse decomposition in Teh- ran (21). Chrysomya albiceps with 86.09% was the most common species on human cadaver in Tehran districts which is in agreement with the another result (19, 20) in Tehran. The abun- dance of this species on human corpses re- http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2017, 11(3): 363–370 F Talebzadeh et al.: Insect Fauna of … 366 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 08, 2017 ported 58% (19) and 64% (20) which are a little less than that of reported in this study. Usually, C. albiceps is one of the most dom- inant species during hot and dry seasons in other geographical areas (22, 23). This spe- cies has been also found dominantly in Schoen- ly trap equipped with rabbit carcasses in north of Iran (24) and pig carrion in European ur- ban habitats (25). This species has been re- ported repeatedly in other faunestic studies done with installed meet baited traps in Fars (26) and Tehran (27, 28) Province. In the present study, S. argyrostoma was found as the second foremost species in in- door places. This species is very important in forensic entomology (29) and has been re- ported repeatedly on animal carcasses (30). This species shows different behaviors on hu- man cadavers in various regions around the world. It has been mentioned mostly as in- door species in Switzerland (31) and Poland (29). Nevertheless, in Germany, this species has been considered as an exclusively out- door species (32). In this study, this species has been found in one outdoor and three in- door discovered cadavers. At least one of these three indoor cadavers has died certain- ly at home. This species has also reported in faunestic investigations in the installed meat baited traps in Tehran (28), Fars Province (26) and in Persian Gulf islands (33) and in modi- fied Schoenly trap with rabbit carcasses in north of Iran (24). We found an individual specimen of M. scalaris of Phoridae in indoor location. In in- door places, Phoridae flies can move in rooms with locked doors and windows due to their comparatively small size, and lay their eggs earlier than Calliphoridae (34-36). This makes Phoridae flies a better forensic entomologi- cal indicator for estimation of PMI than Cal- liphoridae larvae in enclosed places and con- cealed environments (36, 37-39). This spe- cies might be the merely criminal entomo- logical evidence accessible if the corpse is blocked or hidden in a habitation that is dif- ficult for other larger insects to gain access (34). Moreover, some species of Phoridae fam- ily as well as M. scalaris have been men- tioned as indicators for buried bodies named coffin fly (34, 40-42). Megaselia scalaris has small size and enables to find carrion buried within the ground being found in coffins. They can move through the smallest openings and are able to dig about six feet deep (half a meter in a four-day period) in order to reach buried carrion and lay eggs on carrion to pro- vide nutrition for the emerged larvae (43). How- ever, this species is classified as secondary forensic insect because they favor older rot- ting cadavers (34). Forensic entomological ev- idence comprising M. scalaris has been used in court as a tool to prove "time of neglect" or lack of care of elderly patients by care- taker (1). Moreover, phorid flies are active in cold season while most blowflies are inactive due to low temperature (42). In cases of myia- sis, some phorid species such M. scalaris may infest living humans or animals (44, 45). In the present study, the larvae of beetle D. maculatus have been observed on an ex- posed human cadaver in late decomposition stage. This species also has been reported on human cadavers in Germany (46, 47). Some adults of this species have been trapped in modified Schoenly traps equipped with rab- bit carcasses in north of Iran (24). Dermestes maculatus is a cosmopolitan species with com- mon name of leather beetle (3). Larvae of this species sometimes act as predator of fly larvae on dead bodies (48). Therefore, ob- serving of this species may not be limited in late stages of decomposition (3). However, this species along with other beetles can be used in forensic investigations especially in late stages of decomposition (49). Estimation of PMI is urgent and essential for solving the mysteries of death investiga- tions (50). The importance of entomological evidence can be mentioned as well as autop- sy (51). Majority of the PMI estimations in the 12 surveyed cadavers in Tehran were more http://jad.tums.ac.ir/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin J Arthropod-Borne Dis, September 2017, 11(3): 363–370 F Talebzadeh et al.: Insect Fauna of … 367 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: September 08, 2017 than 3 days. However, lack of accurate PMI estimation was due to lack of entomological investigations in those crime scenes. Conclusion Determination of insect fauna is the first fundamental step for PMI estimation of any specific region. As next step, calculating de- gree-day requirements and life tables of the species especially C. albiceps is highly rec- ommended for establishing forensic ento- mology. 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