Journal of ASEAN Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2019), pp. 161-175

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/jas.v7i2.6163

ISSN 2338-1361 print / ISSN 2338-1353 electronic

The Predatory State and Radical Politics: The Case of

the Philippines

Christopher Ryan Baquero Maboloc Ateneo de Davao University, Manila

Abstract

This paper examines why the radical approach to politics of President Rodrigo Duterte,

halfway into his term, has not overcome the predatory nature of the Philippine state. The

predatory nature of the state implies that politics in the country is still defined by vested

interests. The struggle of the Filipino is largely due to the structural nature of the

injustices suffered by the country. Duterte’s brand of politics is antagonistic. The

president is a polarizing figure. Despite the declaration that he will punish corrupt

officials, traditional politicians and elite clans continue to rule the land with impunity.

The country’s political ills are actually systemic. Elitism is rooted in colonial history that

is perpetuated by an inept bureaucracy. It will be argued that the strong resolve and

charisma of a leader is inadequate to remedy the troubles in fledgling democracies such as

the Philippines.

Key words: predatory state, elite democracy, radical politics, President Duterte

Introduction

What is the fundamental task of

every Filipino president? There can only

be one answer – to change the political

landscape in Philippine society. In order

to do so, Filipinos have to become mature

in terms of their choices. Yet, it is wrong

to blame them for their situation. The

problems of the Philippine state are

structural in character. Political overlords

control the lives of the people and

manipulate political exercises to

perpetuate themselves into power. As a

result, millions have not escaped the

poverty trap and continue to suffer from

the discomfort of an inept bureaucracy. In

2016, Rodrigo Duterte was elected by an

overwhelming majority of the electorate

hoping that the radical approach of the

tough-talking politician will alter the

fortunes of the Filipino people. In this new

study, the author uses the interpretive

method in textual analysis, using texts

and materials culled from various sources,

including books, recent newspaper

articles, and scholarly works on the

subject matter at hand.

Democratic Paralysis in the Predatory

State

John Sidel’s Capital, Coercion, and

Crime: Bossism in the Philippines explains

162 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

that bossism is the “interlocking and

multitier directorate of bosses who use

their control over the state apparatus to

exploit the archipelago’s human and

natural resources.” (Sidel, 1999) The roots

of bossism in the Philippines can be traced

to the American period. The Western

colonizers put the coercive and extractive

power of the state into the hands of the

traditional ruling class. Elected officials,

untrained in the sophistication of

democratic governance, found at their

absolute disposal the opportunity to

manipulate the affairs of the state. The

systemic exploitation of the Filipino was

entrenched in the politics practiced in the

country. The landed class enforced the

monopolization of enterprises.

Bureaucrats became tools of corrupt rule.

This is apparent in provinces and cities

that are dominated by political dynasties.

The Philippine state even after the People

Power Revolt of 1986 is a paralyzed form

of democracy that has been subordinated

to the vested interests of traditional

politicians and corporate masters.

Since the time of President Manuel

L. Quezon, the traditional politician

remains to be the boss in Philippine

society. Bosses, Sidel (1999) argues, “are

predatory power brokers who achieve

monopolistic control over both human

and economic resources within given

territorial jurisdictions or bailiwicks.”

Business interests and the politics of

money mix up in the Philippines. The

businessman, who often monopolizes the

trading of goods of a locality controlled by

a few, finances the politician because the

former expects the latter to protect his

profit-making ventures. This scheme is

mutually beneficial for both but is

dangerous to the basic welfare of the

people. Nathan Quimpo (2005) thinks that

“bossism reflects a common conjuncture

in state formation and capitalist

development: the superimposition of the

trappings of formal electoral democracy

upon a state apparatus at an early stage of

capital accumulation.” State formation in

the Philippines is the conspiracy between

two evil masterminds: the traditional

politician and the oligarchs who continue

to subjugate, abuse and ultimately exploit

the Filipino to the hilt.

Predation in the Philippine state is

about the use of machinations to control

the population. Understanding the

political consciousness of the poor matters

in this regard. But one cannot blame the

masses. The poor have been forced into

circumstances that influence the way they

think about and choose a candidate. This

explains why the masses still elect corrupt

politicians. The traditional politician has

successfully portrayed that for the masa

(people), it does not really matter who

rules them. This fatalistic attitude is a

consequence of latent as well as obvious

forms of maneuvering from the barangay

up to the provincial level. Party bosses

hire starlets and celebrities, transforming

election campaigns into entertainment

shows and public spectacles. At the root

cause of it all is the politics of money.

In Sidel’s theory, the state is a

Mafia-like enterprise that exploits with

impunity the natural and human resource

of a political jurisdiction. The predatory

Journal of ASEAN Studies 163

state feeds on the weaknesses of the poor,

many of whom lack formal education.

Having no decent means of living, the

poor succumbs to dependency. Political

leaders organize the poor in urban centers

as well as in rural areas into groups.

Leaders sell their votes wholesale. Folks

are made to attend fake seminars and

mass rallies. Even senior citizens are paid

to distribute election materials. The poor

see this as means to make money during

elections. The electorate will ignore

candidates who do not provide them with

food packs or cash. In the end, the damage

that a predatory state makes is

irreparable. The people are used as means

to perpetrate a systemic exploitation that

is seemingly legitimized by dirty electoral

exercises. The politics of money paralyzes

democracy by influencing the outcomes of

elections.

Quimpo (2009) explains that in a

predatory regime, “clientelism and

patronage give way to pervasive

corruption, a systematic plunder of

government resources and the rapid

corrosion of public institutions into tools

for predation.” Public officials only

approve business applications after they

are bribed with shares of stocks. Corrupt

politicians also have a say on who must

get the licenses in legal gambling like the

Small-Town Lottery. Developers of

subdivisions are forced to give padanlug

(grease money) to have their land

conversion requests approved. In

addition, there are politicians who are

engaged in smuggling and drug

trafficking. The individuals who conspire

in these evil schemes – businessmen, local

police, and public officials – divide the

loot. They do not only paralyze the

bureaucracy; their wicked ways also

destroy the future of the nation.

Culture and context will always

matter. (Paredes, 2002) For example, the

value of “utang na loob” (debt of

gratitude) is negative when applied in the

political arena. According to Oona

Thommes Paredes (2002), “in the case of

the Philippines, it is clear that certain

cultural factors configure social and

political relations between bosses and

their supporters, as well as within a given

network of bosses.” People see their

political overlords as their first resort

when they need money during town

celebrations, weddings, or baptism. In

return, their sense of gratitude will

translate into votes. Paredes (2002) says

that for Sidel, “electoral democracy and

bossism go hand-in-hand.” For this

reason, the reality of bossism is inevitable

in impoverished societies like the

Philippines. Since the electorate is

conditioned to think that they owe

something to the traditional politician, the

latter thinks that the people are no longer

entitled to anything. The boss dictates not

only the rules of the game but also the

outcomes of the lives of the people.

Sidel’s analysis is important in

understanding the type of leadership that

usurps the state. The failure of any

government to protect the welfare of its

citizens may be due to the incompetence

of technocrats but the root of the problem

is dynastic rule. In the Philippines, 169 or

84% of the 200 elected members of

164 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

Congress belong to pre-1972 ruling

families. (Tadem & Tadem, 2016) Senator

Manny Pacquiao, a Filipino boxing hero,

thinks that “too much democracy is bad

for the Philippines” (Elemia, 2019).

Pacquiao, who is also building his own

dynastic rule in Sarangani Province, has

the highest number of recorded absences

in the Senate (Talabong, 2019). The effect

of dynasties is apparent – persistent

poverty. The monopoly of power means

that people do not have the means to

voice out concerns. As a result, the interest

of the public is not attended to by their

government officials. By limiting the field

of candidates to a few, dominant family,

national progress stagnates. But the bosses

– mayors, governors, including the

president – become richer.

President Duterte is a polarizing

figure. His brand of politics is disruptive.

But to put things into context, it is

important to revisit the real reason why

Filipinos put Duterte in Malacañang. D. S.

Panarina presents a positive view on the

Philippine president. Panarina (2017)

observes that “Duterte made a strategic

decision to start his domestic policy with

reestablishment of law and order using

rather authoritarian and militaristic

methods, but at the same time rapidly

earned him the abovementioned trust of

ordinary people.” Duterte does not seem

to mind the opinion of the West against

him. A realist by heart, Duterte’s pivot to

China and Russia presumably is for the

sake of national interest, arguing that the

US is meddling over his domestic policies,

especially his war on drugs. Panarina

(2017) believes that despite the president’s

“lack of diplomacy, Duterte clearly

comprehends the biggest dangers for his

nation (potential or existing) and acts

accordingly.” In fact, Duterte’s timid yet

realist position on the West Philippine Sea

issue is simply misunderstood. While

some accuse him of selling the country off

to China, the president is clear in saying

that he only wants to protect national

interest by not instigating any potential

military conflict against China.

That Duterte is an autocrat is

debatable, but what seems clear is that he

has the tendency to ignore public morals.

To his critics, he sometimes speaks like a

thug (Wood, 2017). Indeed, in his three

years in office, critics and admirers alike

would remember his rape joke, his cursing

of Pope Francis and President Barack

Obama, and above all else, his decision to

allow the burial of the late strongman

Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga

Bayani. The burial happened at early

dawn. It was a strategy that caught his

critics by surprise. But as of the moment,

protests on Duterte’s decision has since

subsided. But while the president is

projected negatively, he has also achieved

unique accomplishments through his

maverick ways. Duterte solved the “laglag

bala” racket at the Ninoy Aquino

International Airport, he made Lucio

Tan’s Philippine Airlines pay its seven

billion-peso debt, and the Bangsamoro

Organic Law (BOL) was passed by both

houses of Congress and ratified in a

referendum.

Journal of ASEAN Studies 165

The Pejorative Term “Buang”

Senator Ronald dela Rosa, who led

Duterte’s “War on Drugs” then as head of

the Philippine National Police, was

criticized for describing the death of Kyla

Ulpina, a three-year old girl killed in a

drug operation as “collateral damage”

(Aurelio, 2019). Police operatives alleged

that the girl was used by his father as a

shield, although the report of Human

Rights Watch (HRW) indicates that the

latter was actually unarmed. The human

rights group said that the girl is a victim

of Duterte’s drug war (Conde, 2019). The

excessive use of force is the object of

criticism. When Duterte mentioned that

he will protect law enforcers from legal

suits emanating from anti-drug

operations, critics said it gave the police a

feeling of impunity. When the “right to

due process” was raised by the Catholic

Church and the country’s constitutionally

independent Human Rights Commission,

Duterte rebuffed his critics, saying that

“your concern is human rights, mine is

human lives” (Villamor, 2018). Critics

were alarmed that murder has become a

national policy. The problem of the

president’s statement is that human rights

and human life are not mutually

exclusive. To protect human lives, one

needs to value human rights.

But one needs to ask, what is the

reason for the huge support for Duterte’s

violent anti-drug war? Arguably, it lies in

the prejudice against drug pushers and

drug users. Drug addicts, in the mind of

the Philippine president, is “buang”

(crazy). Calling a person “buang” is

reflective of the kind of bias that is still

prevalent in Philippine society. Someone

who is “buang” is not only an irrational

man. The same is also considered as

undesirable in society. This prejudice

might have come from the fact that there

are insane persons roaming the streets, the

ones called “taong grasa”. They have been

abandoned by their families and are left to

scavenge for any leftover in garbage bins.

This reminds us of the politics of

exclusion, in which the bad elements of

society are to be separated from the good

ones. Duterte characteristically portrayed

the drug addict and drug dealer as vicious

villains. For the president, both should be

punished. Steffen Jensen and Karl Hapal

(2018) in researching their paper,

interviewed a law enforcement officer

who put it this way: “The people we put

down are not people anymore. They are

demons that need to be removed from the

face of the earth. We the police are like

angels that battle those demons. We know

what is right and we know that what

those criminals do is not right.”

According to HRW, the Philippine

Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) has

recorded 4,948 deaths of suspected drug

users and pushers in police operations

since July 1, 2016 up to September 30,

2018. The same report indicates that

22,983 such deaths have been classified as

homicides under investigation (Human

Rights Watch, 2019). Some critics say that

Duterte only targets small drug dealers,

although during the Senatorial Debate,

then candidate Dela Rosa fired back at

critics in defense of the president saying

that police anti-drug operations have

166 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

neutralized ‘big fishes’ like the Parojinogs

of Ozamiz City and Albuera Mayor

Rolando Espinosa, the father of the

suspected drug lord Kerwin Espinosa.

However, in a survey conducted by the

Social Weather Stations in December 2018,

it was shown that 78% of the public are

worried about extra-judicial killings. In

the same survey, 50% of the victims of

summary executions in the country

belong to poor households. Only 3% come

from wealthy families (Rappler, 2019).

However, the Filipino public has not

shown any massive indignation against

the president’s war on drugs. Even the

members of the clergy are divided. Daniel

Franklin Pilario (2017) says that it is

because “the official political machine

officially extols the success of the anti-

drug project.” Beyond this observation,

however, is the feeling that the war on

drugs has made many communities safe

from criminal elements.

Duterte’s mystique was reinforced

when he met with the alleged drug

kingpin Peter Lim of Cebu City. The

president has warned that he would kill

the Chinese businessman. So far, that has

not happened. For some critics, Duterte’s

war on drugs is morally troubling. They

argue that it is an extermination program

(Esmaquel, 2017). Violence is at the heart

of this anti-drug campaign. For three

years, scores of drug suspects have been

killed and then marked with a cardboard,

“Wag Tularan” (Do not follow). The

context is clear. It warns the public to keep

themselves away from illegal drugs.

Critics contend that Duterte’s radical

approach revolves around a world of

crime and punishment. For historian

Vicente Rafael (2016), the president’s

violent ways are nothing but a

manifestation of a principle of vengeance.

He writes that “for Duterte and the rest

like him, justice means revenge.” Rafael

argues that the president is using his

campaign against criminality as an excuse

for his dictatorial infatuations.

Randy David (2016) says that such

phenomenon of blind obedience and

ultra-fanaticism is “pure theater – a

sensual experience rather than the rational

application of ideas to society’s

problems.” David says that Duterte is

using the coercive power of the state

against his dissenters. The sociologist

thinks that Duterte is the “incarnation of a

style of governance enabled by the public’s

faith in the capacity of a tough-talking,

willful, and unorthodox leader to carry out

drastic actions to solve the nation’s

persistent problems” (David, 2017). He

calls such phenomenon, “Dutertismo”.

Benjiemen Labastin (2018) explains that the

idea “could be read as a prophetic

warning to remind the people not to be

trapped again with the sweet promises of

authoritarianism as an easy path to solve

the country’s woes.” David believes that

Duterte’s type of governance is nothing

short of a demagoguery. Labastin says

that for David, the president is subverting

the sovereignty of the Filipino people

(West Philippine Sea issue) and

bastardizing its democratic processes

(right to due process of drug suspects),

suggesting that such an attitude is a

characteristic of leaders who pay no

respect to the rule of law.

Journal of ASEAN Studies 167

The paralysis of state and society

in the Philippines is manifest in the deaths

of thousands in the war on drugs. It is no

secret that the violent means employed by

the state through law enforcers have

resulted in the murder of innocent lives.

The reason is simple. Police operatives are

human beings who make mistakes. They

can also be abusive and so by giving them

the absolute blanket of authority to kill

every drug suspect, such an approach will

have far reaching implications that can

destroy Filipino families. Duterte, in this

sense, is not only ruining Philippine

democracy, but is also obliterating the

future of children whose parents have not

been given the chance to reform. The

death of thousands is a disturbing reality.

In this regard, critics contend that the

president is a danger to Philippine society

(Panarina, 2017).

Politics as Usual: The Corrupt Ways of

Post-Colonial Philippines

According to Michael Cullinane

(2003), “bureaucrats who were appointed

to implement the new laws more often

than not abused them.” The ilustrados

aggrandized themselves. Moreover, the

same cabals impoverished the Filipino

people. The incompetent brand of service

rendered to the people would be carried

over decades thereafter. At the heart of the

ilustrado rule is centralized governance.

The Spanish authorities instituted a

system to administer the islands more

effectively, although the main motive of

the friars were land and the subjugation of

the local population. When Spain left the

country, the Americans maintained the

system and distributed the resources in

the country to the elites in Manila. Since

the provincial elites were beholden to the

national leadership and the oligarchs in

the capital, the American imperialists

knew that all they had to do was keep

close ties with the ruling class in Manila.

Paul Hutchcroft and Joel

Rocamora (2003) explains that “the logic

of Philippine politics became driven to a

considerable extent by the politics of

patronage and the division of the spoils

among the elite and the expansion of the

quantity of spoils available to the elite as a

whole.” The EDSA People Power failed to

emancipate the Filipino from oligarchic

rule. The elites used their status to

influence policy. Post-EDSA II

governments promised to serve the

Filipino under the pretext of moral

reform, but the predatory culture of

corruption continued to stifle progress

and governance. The elites in the

provinces too wielded great power and

influence. The Philippine state had no real

means to control them. Instead, national

leaders used local dynasts to perpetuate

their positions. In return, the bosses in the

poor provinces persisted in their greedy

and corrupt ways. While relative

economic growth was achieved during

past administrations after EDSA II, this

has not trickled down to poor households.

The ascent of Duterte to power can

be attributed to the discontent of the

Filipino. Duterte succeeded in projecting

himself as the right candidate for the job

by building that image of an alternative to

a lousy leadership. But Duterte is not

168 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

someone who can be exempted from the

predatory nature of the Philippine state.

While Davao City can be showcased as a

success story, this success is not about

good governance, but the kind of

discipline imposed on the people. It is the

personality of Duterte, more than his

principle of governance, which charmed

the Filipino electorate. This makes

manifest what Patricio Abinales and

Donna Amoroso (2005) calls “the slide of

Philippine society from institutionalism

into pure politics.”

Elite democracy only privileges the

few. Its rent-seeking ways only benefit

those at the top. In such kind of politics,

extraction and exclusion characterize the

system. The Filipino, as a result, finds

himself serving two overlords – Chinese-

Filipino tycoons and dynasts. Chinese

migrants effectively integrated themselves

into Philippine society. While they were

unable to do so in Malaysia or Indonesia,

it was a different case for the Philippines

(Kusaka, 2017). Filipinos of Chinese

descent control 60% of the non-land

capital in the Philippines. Chinese tycoons

own the biggest banks, manufacturing

firms, and malls. They have shares in

infrastructure, mining, and in utility firms.

A rising oligarch, Dennis Uy is of Chinese-

Filipino blood. Injap Sia, an emerging

tycoon who at a very young age became a

billionaire, is also of Chinese descent. This

is not to diminish the huge contribution of

Chinese Filipinos to the development of

the country. What we this claim intends to

show is that opportunities have been

scarce for the ordinary Filipino but not for

those who live in gated communities.

The silencing of the voices from

the margins, including the media, the

perpetuation of a neo-colonial regime, and

the presence of a semi-feudal socio-

economic order, reveal the predatory

nature of the Philippine state. The real

problem of politics in the Philippines is

that it has been reduced into the pursuit of

personal interests. President Benigno

Aquino III campaigned on the promise

that he would reform Philippine society

by running after corrupt government

officials. Yet, as his administration started

its mission, it has become clear that he

was only interested in prosecuting

President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

Aquino’s government was also embroiled

in many controversies, the most

prominent of which was the Development

Acceleration Program (DAP) where then

Budget Secretary Florencio Abad was

accused of re-aligning surplus funds from

the national budget into discretionary

projects without the proper authorization

from Congress as mandated by the

Philippine Constitution.

Three years into the Duterte

presidency, it seems that it is “politics as

usual” for corrupt politicians. Duterte

understands what power means. For this

reason, he has to make alliances with

dynasts and the traditional politicians in

pursuit of all his agenda. The senatorial

elections of 2019 proved that the president

still has that charm, although some in the

political opposition would like to

insinuate that the exercise was rigged.

Clearly, the election of his Special

Assistant Christopher Lawrence “Bong”

Go is a testament of the high trust and

Journal of ASEAN Studies 169

confidence of the majority of the people

on President Duterte. The Liberal Party’s

slate of senatorial candidates known as

“Otso Diretso” that included the

incumbent Senator Bam Aquino and

former Department of the Interior and

Local Government Secretary Mar Roxas,

all lost in the election. The midterm

election was simply a vote of confidence

for Duterte.

The LP slate represented the elite.

But the defeat of “Otso Diretso” does not

also mean the defeat of the ilustrado class.

In fact, many of the candidates who won

in the 2019 midterm election are political

butterflies or turncoats. The majority of

the congressmen and senators who are

now allied with Duterte formerly

belonged to the Liberal Party. For obvious

reasons, politicians change loyalties for

political expediency. So, despite the strong

pronouncement of the president against

corruption, it still widespread. Indeed,

traditional politicians have positioned

themselves since time immemorial with

the ruling party to secure their place in the

hierarchy and the necessary funding for

pet their projects. Infrastructure projects

are a potential source of kickbacks that

range from 10 to 30 per cent. As a

consequence, it is the people who suffer.

In fact, it can be said that Duterte has not

dismantled elite rule in the country.

The reason why the predatory

nature of the Philippine state remains is

apparent. Corruption in the country is

systemic. Unless the people mature in

politics, there is no way to overhaul the

elitist nature of Philippine democracy. The

cycle continues because no single man can

reform this system. Duterte himself knows

that he has to play his cards well and

dance with the wolves if he wants his

agenda to push through. Change does not

happen overnight, not even after three

years. The political machine has

embedded itself and the traditional ways

of politics have penetrated the deepest

roots of Philippine society like a cancer.

While roads and bridges have been built

in the countryside, poor houses occupy

the landscape. Without jobs, there is no

way for the Filipino to overcome his

situation. Politicians give people a reason

to hope, but it is our choice of principles

that would matter in the end. The

traditional politician has none.

Moral Politics and the Radical President

Agonistic politics is grounded in

the idea of struggle. Society is not a

homogenous set of identities. Antonio

Gramsci’s constructivist view of the world

tells us that human society has no intrinsic

nature. What becomes of society is a

product of hegemonic relations. This is the

case for the Philippines. For instance, the

ownership of vast landholdings by the

ruling class during the colonial period

defined the economic as well as the social

landscape of the country. There remains to

be hierarchical differences that influence

how citizens relate to each other

politically. In fact, it is the case to this day.

As such, after Duterte won, big

businessmen from Manila came to see him

at his temporary office in Davao. They all

wanted a big part of the action. But more

than anything else, they simply needed

170 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

assurance and security for their

businesses.

The thing that people call

consensus is no more than an ordering of

power. Prior to Duterte, those in the

capital dictated what was to become of the

country. The idea of dialogue is nothing

but a disguise for the selfish motives of

the powerful. The anti-establishment

strategy that Duterte employs is a type of

antagonism. This type of conflict comes in

various forms – Manila versus Mindanao,

the educated versus the unschooled, the

rich versus the masa (people) (Kusaka,

2017). This is even clear in the reaction of

Mayor Sara Duterte, the president’s

daughter, when she reacted against the

use of the song “Manila” during the

Opening Ceremony of the 2019

SEAGAMES. Yet. It can be said that

Duterte’s rule is not defined by class

struggle. It is more of a disruptive type of

politics that uses to the fullest extent the

divisive situations of people in order to

control the state and its political

machinery.

The daily life of the people cannot

be separated from the dimension of their

communitarian soul. Nation-building as

the slow unfolding of history in political

movements is something that the atomism

of most liberals has never paid attention

to. Radical democracy maintains that the

political cannot be limited to rational

discourse because doing so is to tie

politics to the narrow limits of logic and

explanation (Mouffe, 1995). Indeed, the

notion of identity cannot be established

without the reality of difference. Any form

of rational consensus ignores the value of

passion in the political. Indeed, the

normal way of doing things will not work

in a society like the Philippines where the

situation is abnormal. The clamor for

someone who is strong, even this leader

will bypass legal processes, becomes

inevitable.

Thus, with his aggressive and

adversarial style of leadership, Duterte

may have inaugurated radical democracy

in the country. The moral vision of politics

in the Third World is that ideal of

establishing an egalitarian society. There

is a true concern for the equal rights of the

poor and the disadvantaged who have

been perpetually oppressed. The reason

for every desire for radical reform is that

social inequalities are unjustified. Duterte

has always considered himself a

progressive. He has endured having

embraced this principle, even with all the

political divergences, many breaking

points, and splits in the country after

EDSA I. But as a “contested democracy”,

to use Quimpo’s term, Duterte’s style is of

course subject to the judgment of history.

It must not be forgotten that the kind of

society Filipinos have is not a matter of

fate but a conscious act on the part of their

bosses to exploit the powerless.

In modern democracies, it is

unexpected for a provincial politician to

seize power from the ruling class of

traditional political families. Duterte is the

product of a society that has failed on its

democratic experiments, the latest of

which was grounded on Aquino’s moral

recovery model of reform. Even the

Journal of ASEAN Studies 171

development-oriented model of President

Arroyo did not work in the country.

Arroyo’s corruption plagued

administration gave legitimacy to

someone who represents change.

President Aquino became that person

when his mother, the former president,

died. The second Aquino administration

began with a great promise, only to suffer

from the same malady the Arroyo

administration had. While President

Aquino may not be corrupt, he was not

emulated by his fellow politicians as an

example. Aquino was a weak leader. But

this weakness, it can be presumed, is not

just a personality thing. It bespeaks of the

lack of concern of the ruling elite beyond

their own kind.

It appears that most Filipinos are

not against shortcuts if the same can bring

actual results and immediate benefits. The

only problem is that the masses look up to

their idols like some kind of a demi-god

who will solve their problems. Moral

development, in this respect, is farthest

from the mind of the electorate. What

brings a poor man to City Hall is not the

desire to live the good life. Rather, it is

about his daily survival, the problem that

he is embroiled in, and that hope that the

politician-patron will be able to give him

money to free him from his troubles. A

poor man is not in search of virtue when it

all comes to politics. He is looking for

attention from the politician who is also a

caring father figure, one who is expected

to provide solutions to impossible

problems. Technical expertise may be

crucial to the success of the state, but the

most immediate concern of the poor

Filipino is really the way out of his

desperate situation.

The above attitude is ingrained in

Filipino political culture. Politics has

become some form of ritual for people

wherein they worship their political idol.

Duterte is a political paradox. Many of his

critics say that he is no more than a

dictator who use his colorful language to

hide his true motives and ambitions of

power. It is possible, for instance, that his

daughter will run in the 2022 presidential

elections given the weakness and lack of

unity of his political opponents. But to his

supporters, Duterte’s maverick ways can

help a society find the means and

measures to achieve change. While the

antagonistic nature of his politics will

require people to go beyond the limits of

rational discourse, Duterte thinks that a

politician must distinguish his politics

from morality to realize the meaning of

the common good. Liberalism provides a

straight path in achieving the ideals of

democracy through discussion and

dialogue. But the dynamics in Philippine

society, given the hegemonic relations

rooted in an oppressive colonial past,

leads one to think that Duterte’s radical

kind of leadership is necessary.

Limiting politics to the binaries of

morality misses the important aspect of

decision making which is crucial in

realizing change. This should not mean

that people must reject morality. It only

means that citizens have to make the

distinction when it comes to the political.

For Carl Schmitt, politics refers to

institutions designed to govern society.

172 The Predatory States nd Radical Politics

The political, on the other hand, is about

relations of power. Indeed, it is argued

that the concept of a perfect consensus is

an illusion. The same is utopian and

unrealistic. Despite the criticisms, Duterte

is using well the card of hegemony to his

advantage. This is not to suggest that he

has the wrong motives in doing so. But

what is obvious is that he has been able to

consolidate his powers to protect himself

from any threat from those who may have

plans to challenge his position, including

the military.

Radical politics may characterize

the situation of the Filipino’s post-colonial

struggle. But the ordinary Filipino still

finds himself voiceless in the affairs of the

state. This colonial legacy appears to give

some semblance of legitimacy to Duterte’s

radical leadership. But the death of elitism

is temporary and the reason is often

obvious. Duterte has not implemented

principle-based reforms to change the

socio-political establishment. In fact, the

president is aware that the same cabals in

Congress are still there. He has to depend

on the normal state of things in order to

pursue his agenda. The president also

knows that he has to deal with the

oligarchy and the traditional elites in

Philippine society. There’s the rub.

Conclusion

The history of the Filipino people

is generally presented through the eyes of

Manila. Such shatters the voices in the

margins of Philippine society. The radical

approach of Duterte is no less than his

way of challenging the status quo. Duterte

as a father-figure knows how important it

is for him to bring out the agenda of the

masses. On the other hand, as the boss he

also realizes the pragmatic reality of

Philippine politics. The only way forward,

in this regard, is for the president to have

the radical resolve to face the problems

that bedevil the nation. The norm is for an

elected leader to conform to tradition and

protocol that befit the highest position of

the land. But Duterte shows that in his

case, it is the other way around. The

weakness of Philippine institutions

manifests the political and moral divide in

society. Institutional decisions are based

on the choices made by people in

authority in whom the electorate entrust

political power. As such, it matters how

people choose their leaders. People should

play a part in the formulation of policies

that are to affect their situation. It is

beyond question that the development of

modern nations draws from the principles

of democratic governance because

political maturity and economic progress

must go together. The political will of

Duterte is a good thing, but the Filipino

people must also embrace the virtues of

democratic governance and the rule of

law if the country must escape from the

ills of the past. The Filipino people cannot

just rely on outside help because in the

first place, it is foreign rule that has

bedeviled this society and cemented the

latent and obvious moral and hegemonic

divide among its people. Filipinos must

face their most pressing political problem

– the absolute dismantling of a predatory

state. The way forward is to overhaul a

corrupt system and empower a people

who have been deprived of their rights.

Nothing replaces institutional reforms

Journal of ASEAN Studies 173

that are truly grounded in democratic

principles.

About the Author

Dr. Christopher Ryan Maboloc,

associate professor of philosophy at

Ateneo de Davao University, finished his

doctorate in philosophy at the University

of San Carlos, maxima cum laude. He

graduated from the Erasmus Mundus

Master in Applied Ethics at Linkoping

University, Sweden and NTNU, Norway.

He also has a master's in philosophy from

Ateneo de Manila University.

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