Journal of ASEAN Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015), pp. 53-67

ISSN 2338-1361 print / ISSN 2338-1353 electronic

Media Dissemination

“The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the

Eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau”

Through Documentary Movie

M. Yudhi Rezaldi Information and Technology Unit, LIPI, Indonesia

Wahjoe Soeprihantoro Center for Geo-technology, LIPI, Indonesia

Abstract

The Eastern side of the Sunda Strait coastal line is an area which faces directly towards the

source of the disaster. Mount Krakatau’s explosion causes major eruptions and destructive

tsunami waves back in 1883, causing severe damages to the area and a death-count

reaching 30,000 people. Learning from past, it is important to convey the understanding of

natural hazards to the public. Spreading knowledge of the threat needs to be done by using

methods that can easily be accepted, understood and implemented by any kind of

communities. This preliminary research compels that the general population does not have

sufficient understanding on this natural disaster. They are also oblivious to what procedure

should be taken when such a tragedy occur. The research also illustrates that the audio-

visual media is the most appropriate and favored method of gaining knowledge by the

community. The media is constituted of multiple segments of 3D animations, digital

computer animations, and short field-filmed clips, which are then assembled into one single

documentary presenting both a virtual-reconstruction of the event whilst giving a variety

of information concerning the subject. The content of the documentary will provide

information about the Krakatau tsunami, the current condition of Mount Anak Krakatau,

the signs leading to a volcanic eruption and a tsunami, and the necessary steps that they

will have to follow in response to such threat. This documentary movie will hopefully

become an educational tool to expand people's knowledge and awareness at the event of an

eruption and a tsunami.

Keywords: Anak Krakatau Mount, tsunami, media dissemination, documentary,

animation

Introduction

Being localized inside the

geological phenomenon known as “the

ring of fire”, Indonesian islands are

formed and molded by years of volcanic

activities that are partially still active

(figure: 1, Map of Indonesia with dots

symbolizing volcanos). The recurring and

abundance of volcanic activities in the

region has created a history of various

kinds of eruptions, all with their

respective level of destruction and death.

The Sunda Strait has witnessed

many of Mount Krakatau’s eruptions, the

largest one being the eruption of 1883

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

which had caused a huge amount of

destruction in the area (Hantoro, 2006,

Simkin and Fiske, 1983) not only due to

tidal waves the eruption produced, but

also by the ejection of volcanic debris into

the atmosphere and the earthquakes

following the explosion. The intensity of

the tsunami is shown by the presence of

large chunks of limestone coral reefs in

places far from the place of origin

(Hantoro 1992, Latief et al. 2002). Also, the

presence of a ship which was anchored at

Telukbetung had been pushed away 2.5

km into the upstream of Kuripan River

(Simkin & Fiske, 1983). Some markings of

the tsunami are also in form of sediment

crusts of coral reefs which were found far

away from the shoreline of Anyer (Latief

et al., 2002) and in the bay area of

Lampung (Hantoro, 1992). The tsunami

has taken 36,000 casualties, a very large

number when taking into consideration

the year of occurence.

The Sunda Strait region has been

an important location even so today, it

serves as a gate for sailing activities and a

passage way to cross from the island of

Sumatra to Java (Hantoro, 2006). Its status

and its role has become even more

important following the huge

development leap in the end of 20th

century, with an improvement of the

quality of access to the surrounding area

and the emergence of many economic

activities such as industrial activities

(chemical, metallurgy, energy, etc),

transportation (Merak, Bakauheni,

Panjang, Tarahan, etc), fishery (Padang

Cermin, etc) and a military base (Teluk

Ratai). The geographical location of the

area is very strategic as it stands as the

gate of sailing from the Indian Ocean and

its close proximity to the center of

government of the country (Jakarta) and

province (Tanjung Karang) (Figure 2).

Surrounding this body of water, there are

also conservation sites and a national

park, which also is vital but threatened by

natural disasters. Aside from the

importance of its status and its role,

potential disaster also resides in the area

in the form of a volcanic eruption and

tsunamis caused by the eruption of Mount

Anak Krakatau. Possibly, Mount

Krakatau's eruption had also previously

occured far in the past which is suspected

as being the reason for the migration of

archaic humans (Hantoro 2003a).

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Figure 1.1. : Landsat 7 Image of Banten, Sunda Strait and Mount Krakatau

Note: Presenting zones ranging from ports and industries in Banten-Merak and

Cilegon, residential and touristic areas from Anyer to Carita, cultivation sites from

Labuan to Tanjung Lesung, wells and conservation areas in Ujung Kulon and

Panaitan.

When looking back at the danger

of the Krakatau eruption and the

environmental development in Sunda

Strait, the inhabitants residing in the

strait-coastal area has to be aware of the

tragedy that had occured in the past and

have to be taught knowledge on how they,

along with the government, should react

in facing future catastrophies. One of the

most important tasks that needs to be

done is to give explanations, based on

research results and analysis, concerning

the Krakatau Volcano eruptions and the

possible catastrophic threats that might

happen in the future. Other than that,

people need to understand the signs

leading to a possible disaster as well as

what to do during such a life-threatening

situation, such as, what kind of warning

signal has to be implemented, how to

manage the people in saving their lives

and belongings, what kind of equipment

and shelter must be provided and

prepared during the rescue mission. As a

mitigation, in the situation when an

eruption have resulted in another threat

such as the emergence of a tsunami wave,

the community has to know what form of

protection is needed to minimize the

threat of the wave.

This research is aimed at

observing the information dissemination

model with the goal of preparing the

people for future threats of Anak

Krakatau Mountain and how it enables

the people, along with the government,

building facilities that is qualified to

reduce the hazardous impact of volcanic

eruptions and tsunamis. The socialization

and dissemination of this knowledge are

delivered in the form of a documentary

movie which explains the natural

phenomenon of eruptions and the steps

that must be followed when such a

catastrophy occurs. Besides, the use of

social media is also explored.

One of the problems found during

this research is finding the right method

for calculating and evaluating the level of

understanding of the population living

around the location of Anak Krakatau

Mountain concerning how well they are

prepared to face a tsunami. This research

will be limited on determining the most

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

appropriate dissemination media to

deliver education and knowledge about

tsunamis in the Carita coastal area in

Banten Province. The information consists

of records on the past tsunami tragedy,

the current condition of the source of

disaster, the signs leading to the disaster

and the required steps to be followed

during the catastrophy.

Methodology

This research began with a

descriptive search that was conducted on

March 2014 in the Carita coastal area by

spreading questionnaires and

interviewing some sources. With random

sampling technique, 100 questionnaires

were circulated which was divided into

three groups: students, workers and the

general public. The results were analyzed

using the anova analytic method

permitting us to calculate the difference of

opinions between the respondents.

Interviews were also conducted to

sources who were directly affiliated to the

subject, such as researchers in the field of

disasters from the Research Center for

Geotechnology-LIPI, the guarding officer

of Anak Krakatau volcano observation

from Geological Agency of the Ministry of

Energy and Mineral Resources, the village

head of Pasauran Carita and Head of the

Regional Disaster Management Agency of

Pandeglang area.

During the shooting process in the

field, there were few difficulties when

taking the image of Anak Krakatau

mountain, mainly the difficulty in

obtaining an authorization from the

guards at the location. Anak Krakatau

mountain is located in high seas so a

speedboat was needed to get to the

location, and it was hard filming on a

speedboat concidering the shakiness

making the shot unsteady.

During another part of the

shooting, there were also good moments,

such as: the company of a Geotechnology

LIPI researcher who previously had done

research on tsunamis, easing and helping

find the location that shows traces of the

past tsunami. The audience were very

cooperative in facilitating the shooting

process of their interview and also

provided accurate information.

During other production

processes, namely during animation

production, there were difficulties due to

limited capabilities of the computers, thus

making the process of rendering the

animation longer.

Discussion

This section consists of the

analysis taken from the result of the

questionnaire and the interviews, it

presents a parameter of the level of

understanding of the population

concerning the disasters, which

dissemination medium is more favored,

and which kind of dissemination method

has been used in the region.

The result of the interviews varies

considerably. Because the interviewees

were given a variety of questions and had

the freedom to choose any answer that

they would like, it is without saying that

the interviewees had different opinions

from one another regarding the subject

which affected the results of the

questionnaire. Age, the level of education

and the environment also have to be

noted as factors that affects people's

decisions.

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Table 1. Questionnaire results concerning the level of understanding of people living

in Carita Beach

Parameter Student Worker/

Employer

Public Total

Knowledge of pas tevents 35 35 25 95 %

Knowledge of tsunamis. 35 35 30 100 %

Knowledge of the signs leading

to a tsunami.

23 19 14 56 %

Knowledge of the steps that must

be performed during a tsunami

23 21 11 55 %

Have seen/heard/read media

disseminations about tsunamis

24 26 18 68 %

From the above table, it can be

observed that:

 Most respondents already know

that a tsunami had happened in

the area in the past: 95% of the

population.

 The amoint of people whom have

knowledge of what a tsunami is:

100% of the population

 The amount of people whom

understood the signs marking an

impending tsunami was not

sufficent and unsatisfying:

 56% of the population.

 Only 55% of the interviewed

people knew which steps has to be

followed during a tsunami.

 68% of the interviewees knew

about the dissemination medium,

which can be concluded as being

satisfying but still not being the

most appropriate.

Table 2. Dissemination mediums that are most preferred by the Carita beach

community

Dissemination medium Students Workers Public Total

• Radio 17 10 4 21 %

• Film (DVD) 15 13 17 57 %

• Poster 3 3 5 11 %

• Television 3 4 2 7 %

• Simulation 1 3 0 4 %

From the research, the results have shown

that:

 The most prefered method of

dissemination is through movies

(DVD) with a percentage of 57%.

 The second most prefered method

is through the radio with a

percentage of 21%.

 The least liked mediums are

posters at 11%, television at 7%

and simulations at 4%.

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

Table 3. Result from the interviews concerning dissemination medium

Sources Declarations Conclusions

Head of the

village

The overwhelimg amount of information

concerning the hazard of a tsunami hitting Carita

beach had caused a decline in touristic activities,

which by itself affected the inhabitants' economy.

The dissemination was

used inappropriately, it

had affected the

psychology of tourists.

Teacher

from SMK 3

Pandeglang

Some simulations have been organized in the

research location, which required the people to

go towards the hill in hope for shelter, but one

person had been bitten by a venomous snake

and died a few hours later.

Inappropriately used,

unsafe, there are many

wild animals and steep

sleeks which might cause

death when people are

not careful.

Two important information can be taken

from result of the interview:

 The dissemination of information

on a large scale outside the

research site (national scope)

brings a negative impact to the

economy, by knowing that such a

threat exists, potential tourists are

pushed away from visiting the

region.

 Dissemination through simulation

is unsafe, this can be proven by the

death of an inhabitant who was

bitten by a venomous snake whilst

running towards the shelter.

 Based on those two informations,

it can be concluded that

information should only be given

to the people who live in

hazardeous areas and simulations

should not be performed without

the proper planning and

equipments because of safety

concerns.

Besides the three methods above, a

comparison between other dissemination

mediums having a potential to be used

had been done and the results can be seen

in the table below:

Tabel 4. Comparison of some dissemination mediums

Media type Written media

(Journal, poster, leaflet, booklet, company profile and policy briefing)

Advantage Not durable, easily get wet/ripped, people will get bored when receiving

too many information

Disadvantage Not durable, easily get wet/ripped, people will get bored when receiving

too many information

Analysis Not recommended, because it will easily get damaged and is the contrary

of our needs

Media type Electronic media

(documentary, radio, television, website, interactive cd )

Advantage Very informative because it can show images and sounds at once, making

it visually appealing so that people will get pleased when watching it.

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Disadvantage Needs specific tools such as: radio, television, computer, dvd player,

network, and electricity.

Analysis Television and radio are not recommended because during a test in

another research, the overwhelming amount of information had made the

hazardous area unattractive to tourists

CD is not a recommended medium, not all houses on the research site

have the required tool to read it.

Documentaries are highly recommended, because it can be distributed

directly to the audience who lived in the disaster area so that the audience

can be monitored, and almost all houses have televisions and dvd players.

Media type Scientific Meetings

(seminar, workshop, technology exhibitions and discussion group,

counseling, technical training )

Advantage A direct two-way communication can occur directly between the

communicator and the receiver, other methods of dissemination can also

used during the meeting.

Disadvantage Requiring a special place / room for the meeting, need to manage the

schedule to gather the sources and the audiences.

Analysis Not recommended, because this media can only be done once, meanwhile

we could never know when the tsunami might occur. The audience, the

inhabitants, might not remember correctly if they are reminded only once.

Media type Exhibition

Advantage Very informative to display original products that needs to be presented.

Disadvantage There are difficulties when a large product needs to be displayed, for

example if the location of the exhibition is far away, or if additional tools

such as tables, cases etc are also needed to display the product.

Analysis Not recommended, because there is no need to exhibit a product in for our

research

Media type Plot demonstration media / Simulation

Advantage The audience can directly practice and understand the necessary steps

when facing the disaster.

Disadvantage Must be done by experts in the field whom knows the area very well. If

not, there could be a high risk of injury.

Analysis Not recommended, because this type of medium had been done in the

research location and someone died in the shelter because of a venomous

snake.

The comparison of various dissemination

media commonly used in conveying

information results that documentary

movie is the most preferred media.

The table below shows the status and

information concerning past studies done

by researches who treats the subject of

information dissemination:

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

Table 5. Assessment of previous studies

Title Study on the Effectiveness of the Information Dissemination

Concerning the Mitigation of the Risk of Disaster in a Disaster-

prone Region (Studi Efektifitas Diseminasi Informasi Pengurangan

Resiko Bencana Didaerah Rawan Bencana)

Researcher Arifianto.S. et al.

Media used Sugged television as the most dominant medium

The positive

impact/excess

The spread range of the information is much wider and can be

delivered rapidly to reach many audiences in multiple areas, locally

or abroad.

The negative

impact/shortage

The delivered message can not be sent solely to a specific target

population, therefore risking to cause panic amongst the people

Title Disaster Literacy among Society in a Disaster-origin Region: Case

Study of the Marketing of Social Readiness towards Disaster in

Padang, West Sumatera (Literasi Bencana Pada Masyarakat Rawan

Bencana: Studi Kasus Pemasaran Sosial Siaga Bencana di Padang,

Sumatera Barat)

Researcher Dewi Sad Tanti, D.S.

Media used Direct meeting in the form of an evacuation simulation.

The positive

impact/excess

People's knowledge regarding the disaster have been enriched with

important information and have become more aware.

The negative

impact/shortage

During a real disastrous event, it will not be a surprise if the

evacuation will not be as fast as when it was simulated.

Based on past experiences, when a tsunami occurs, many people will

be in the situation where they are driving their private vehicles

therefore causing a longer evacuation process. Traffic jams and the

presence of narrow streets will cause a bottleneck and make it harder

for people to travel fastly.

Title Disaster Information and Local Culture: Case Study Post-Disaster

Reconstruction, Bukit Duri District Flood, South Jakarta (Informasi

Bencana dan Budaya Lokal: Kasus Penanggulangan Banjir di

Kelurahan Bukit Duri Jakarta Selatan)

Researcher Arifianto, S. and Mohan Rifqo Virhani.

Media used Television

The positive

impact/excess

Wider spread on delivering information

The negative

impact/shortage

Mostly during the flood, people in disaster area will not be able to

watch any television, due to the lack of power during the flood.

Title Independent Evacuation for the Coastal Inhabitants from Tsunami

Threat: Pre-Tsunami (Evakuasi Mandiri Bagi Masyarakat Pantai

Terhadap Bahaya Tsunami: Pra-tsunami)

Researcher Dyah Rachmawati, et al.

Media used Teaching Module

Journal of ASEAN Studies

The positive

impact/excess

The thaught material can be more vast, more clear, more detaild and

can be read multiple times, so that the chance to remember is bigger.

The negative

impact/shortage

When the source module consists of many pages, the effort needed to

completely understand the subject can make people go lazy and not

read it.

Title Dissemination of A Tsunami Threat Through a Sign System in the

Carita Coastal Area (Diseminasi Ancaman Tsunami Melalui Sign

System Untuk Kawasan Pantai Carita)

Researcher Muhammad Yudhi Rezaldi

Media used Sign System

The positive

impact/excess

People can know towards which direction they need to go when the

disaster occurs.

The negative

impact/shortage

Specific tools must be provided to re-paint the module, the medium

has to be repaired annually

From the analysis of the methods

presented above, we can conclude that

people's awareness of tsunamis is evident,

but most people in the tourist area around

Carita beach do not understand the signs

indicating the coming of a tsunami and

have no knowledge on what to do during

the disaster. Therefore a proper

dissemination media to provide such

information are highly necessary.

Based on the results of this

analysis, we produced a media that

combined documentary movie and an

animated movie, namely:

 The of documentary will provide the

viewers with a reconstruction

sequence along with scientific

explainations, which will provide an

overview of the events that had

occurred. It gives some information on

the current situation of the subject and

show predictions or more precisely

teach how to predict future threats

(Fauzan, 2013).

 The animation sequence used in the

documentary combines 3D animation

and 2D animation, with the type of

computer-made/digital three

dimensional animation done with a

simplistic style. (Djalle, Purwantoro,

Dasmana, 2007)

Theoretically, the audio-visual

medium, in our case in the form of a

documentary, is considered as the most

acceptable method for delivering the

message. According to the research

institute of computer technology research

and development (CTR), people only

remember 20% of what they see and 30%

of what they hear, but one can capture up

to 50% if they see and hear the

information simultaneously (Fred, 2001)

Movie Making Process

The process of making the movie

is divided into three stages that are

conducted as follow:

Pre-Production

In this phase, we collected data from

various sources concerning the subject

(Mount Anak Krakatau) as well as

information about past events, we

researched the current condition of Anak

Krakatau from a variety of published

sources, and seeked information from

experts in the field of natural disasters.

The retrieved data have then been

used to make a storyline and story board

which served as guidelines during film

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

production, it was then followed by

recording the narrations and sound

effects.

Figure 2. The storyline of the documentary reporting the possible tsunami threat

caused by the eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau

Figure 3. The storyboard of the documentary reporting the possible tsunami threat

caused by the eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Production

In the production phase, we

collected visual data by filming at the

research sites around Carita beach, in the

location of Anak Krakatau, and in some

areas in the province of Lampung. Then,

the process had to be done in a

multimedia laboratoy and we needed to

make two and three dimensional

animations using the software 3DS Max

and Adobe After Effects. Following that,

the footages needed to be combined

through editing, the dubbings needed to

be made and the sound effects were

inserted using the software Final Cut Pro.

Figure 4. The process of creating an animation in 3DS Max

Figure 5. The process of creating an animation in Adobe After Effects.

Post Production

The post-production process is

the final process in the making of the film.

In this process, the procedure was to first

edit, compose and combine all audio and

visual data, so that all of these elements

will be combined into one single video file

through the rendering process, using

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

Final Cut Pro, and then proceed using a

software to turn the final product into a

readable DVD file through a compressor

software. And the last is to make the

DVD's case design using Adobe

Photoshop.

Figure 6. The process of editing using final cut pro

Figure 7. The process of burning a DVD using a compressor software

Media Dissemination

The chosen method of

disseminating the documentary was to

distribute the DVDs/VCDs to the disaster

affected inhabitants or to various

stakeholders including structural and

functional officials in UPT. Center for

Information Technology - LIPI,

researchers in the field of natural

disasters. Geotechnology Research Center

- LIPI, the National Library and Archives

of Banten Province, Banten Tv, Pasauran

Village Offices, the Center of Volcanology

and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Post

observers of Mount Anak Krakatau, PT.

Krakatau Tour Indonesia, SMAN 3

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Pandeglang, Regional Disaster

Management Agency, the World Wildlife

Reading House Cilegon. The movie,

entitled "Tsunami Threat Due to the

Eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau" can

also be seen on website of BIT – LIPI.1

Conclusion

By looking at background of past

tsunami events, it is necessary to make an

effective dissemination medium in order

to inform similar threat of natural disaster

that can occur at any time, hoping that

people will have knowledge on the

devastating disastrous events of the past,

and it is considered necessary to know the

signs leading to a tsunami, what

procedure should be taken to save lives,

which in turn can minimize the loss of

life.

To know what type of

dissemination media is the most

appropriate to be used to inform this

problem, researchers distributed a

number of questionnaires and had done

many interviews. The result is that the

respondents has a good understanding

about tsunamis. However, there are many

people who do not understand the signs

of an impending tsunami and they also do

not know very well steps to do if one day

the tsunami occurs.

The tragic incident of a villager's

death caused from a snake bite, at the

time of the simulation, has become a very

strong reason for the need of a secure

media to convey information, in which

requiring a media that does not contain

the above risk and other risks such as

panic and falling when running.

http://multimedia.bit.lipi.go.id/index.php?opti

on=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Ite

mid=&video_id=161

Due to the spread of previous

information in a large scale outside the

research site (national scope) through

various medias, brought a negative

impact on the economy, since many

people were informed of how hazardeous

the location is to tsunamis, people will be

afraid to visit the location, therefore losing

potential tourists. The second reason is the

belief that the most appropriate media

will the audio-visual media.

The documentary will be

constitued of two sequences: a

reconstruction sequence and a scientific

explaination, where it will provide a

reconstruction of past events , the current

condition of mount Anak Krakatau, and

what kind of prediction will come. This

documentary will have an animated

sequence which combines 3D animation

and 2D animation, the animation type is

three dimensional computer-animation /

digital, with a simple style.

The documentary is targeted

towards the people who lives in coastal

tourism areas of Carita beach which

consists of of workers, students, and the

general public. This new dissemination

media is expected to broaden the

knowledge of the people in the coastal

areas in Carita beach, whilst raising public

understanding, caringness and awareness

to the tsunami disaster.

Suggestion

The dissemination of information

to the public regarding this disaster

should be done properly and carefully so

as to not cause panic and fear, because it

can affect the psychological state and the

safety of the community.

Since Carita beach is a tourism

http://multimedia.bit.lipi.go.id/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=&video_id=161
http://multimedia.bit.lipi.go.id/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=&video_id=161
http://multimedia.bit.lipi.go.id/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=&video_id=161

Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption

destination, organizing a massive

dissemination of information stating that

the area is hazardous and dengerous can

make tourists be unappealed to visit the

place, thus affecting the economic growth

the people living in Carita beach.

Acknowledgements

The authors profusely thank to all

parties and the cooperation of those who

have helped us complete this research,

including:

1. Indonesian Institute of Sciences,

which has financed this research.

2. Mr. Evandri M. Eng. Sc., as Head

of Technical Management Unit for

Technology Information - LIPI.

3. Gonang May Prime Nugraha, as

Head of Unit PSIT. in Technical

Management Unit for Technology

Information – LIPI.

4. All Staff in UPT. Technology

Information - LIPI, which has

supported the course of this study.

5. Rival, from Krakatau Tour

Indonesia, which have been

guiding our trips during field

study.

6. Marlino Deni, from the Center for

Volcanology and Geological

Hazard Mitigation.

7. Mr. Agus Japar, as the village chief

of Pasauran which was the

location where we had distributed

all of our questionnaires.

8. Mr. AIP Somahmud, as the head of

BPBDs Pandeglang on the

information provided at the time

of the interview.

9. Local Government of Pandeglang,

for all the permissions that have

been granted so that we can

perform data collection and

research location shooting.

10. Ranger, the Guard of Mount Anak

Krakatau natural reserve, for the

opportunity so that we were

authorized to take pictures at

Anak Krakatau mountain.

11. Other parties who have supported

the completion of this study,

whose names could not all be

enumerated.

References

Arifianto.S, et. al. 2009. Studi Efektifitas

Diseminasi Informasi Pengurangan

Resiko Bencana Didaerah Rawan

Bencana. Departermen

Komunikasi dan Informatika.

Puslitbang APTEL SKDI. Badan

Penelitian dan Pengembangan

SDM

Awaludin Soheh A, Kanti Wilujeng

Walujo KW. 2014. Efektifitas

Tabloid Komunika Sebagai Media

Diseminasi Informasi Bagi Pegawai

Puslitbang Postel dan Puslitbang

Aptel SKDI Badan Litbang SDM

DEPKOMINFO. Universitas Esa

Unggul.

http://www.esaunggul.ac.id

Djalle ZG, Purwantoro E, Dasmana D.

2007. “ The Making Of 3d

Animation Movie Using 3D Studio

Max”. Informatika. Bandung

Fauzan, A.AS. 2013. Penulisan Naskah

Non Berita Jenis Program

Dokumenter. Modul Perkuliahan.

Universitas Mercu Buana. Jakarta

Fatkhurrokhim N, Ramadhani N. 2012.

Perancangan Film Dokumenter

Wayang Topeng Malang. Jurnal

http://www.esaunggul.ac.id/

Journal of ASEAN Studies

Sains dan Seni Pomits Vol.1,

No.2, (2012) 2301-928X

Fred T, Hofstetter. 2001. Multimedia

Literacy. New York. McGraw-Hill

Irwin.

F Sani Asrul. 2007. Penulisan naskah Non

Berita Jenis Program Dokumenter.

Bandung. Fakultas Ilmu

Komunikasi Unikom.

Hapsari DA, Urbani YH. 2014.

Pembuatan Film Dokumenter

“Wanita Tangguh Dengan Kamera

DSLR Berbasis Multimedia”.

Indonesian Journal on

Networking and Security –

Volume 3 No 1. http://ijns.org

Hah Jee Eui, Schmutz P, at all. 2008.

Cinematographic Techniques in

Architectural Animations and Their

Effects On Viewers Judgment.

International Journal Of Design.

www.ijdesign.org.

Hantoro Wahyoe, S. 1992 : “Etude des

terrasses récifales quaternaires

soulevées entre le détroit de la

Sonde et l'le de Timor, Indonésie

Mouvements Verticaux de la

Croûte terrestre et variations du

niveau de la mer ” . Ph.D Thesis

Univ. d'Aix Marseille II. France.

Vol I 761p et Vol. II 225p.

Published.

Hantoro, Wahyoe, S, et al. (2006) :

Tsunami Volkanik Krakatau “Studi

Kronologi dan Upaya Mitigasi di

Selat Sunda”. Laporan Penelitian.

Bandung. Puslit Geoteknologi –

LIPI.

Jamal E, dkk. 2008. Proses Diseminasi

Pengelolaan Tanaman dan

Sumberdaya Terpadu (PTT) Padi.

Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian.

Volume 6 No : 3

Latief, H., Nanang T. Puspito, Imamura.

2002 : Tsunami Catalog and

Zoning in Indonesia, Journal of

Natural Disaster, Japan.

Lindstrom, dalam Tisna Kuswara. 2002.

di Multimedia. Jakarta.

Unv.Tarumanagara.

Nugroho Fajar.2007.. Yogyakarta.

Indonesia Cerdas.

Rachmawati Dyah, et. al. 2011. Evakuasi

mandiri Bagi Masyarakat Pantai

Terhadap Bahaya Tsunami (Pra

Tsunami). Pusat Penelitian

Oseanografi. LIPI Press.

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan

Indonesi.

Rezaldi M. Yudhi. 2013. Diseminasi

Ancaman Tsunami Melalui Sign

System Untuk Kawasan Pantai

Carita. Tesis. Institut Teknologi

Bandung.

Rogers, E.M. 1983. Diffusion of

Innovations. Third Edition, The

Free Press, New York

S. Arifianto, Virhani Mohan Rifqo. 2009.

Informasi Bencana dan Budaya

Lokal (Kasus Penanggulangan

Banjir di Kelurahan Bukit Duri

Jakarta Selatan). Hasil Penelitian

Puslitbang Aptel SKDI Balitbang

SDM, hal. 1-30. Jakarta.

Depkominfo.

Simkin, Tom and Fiske, Richard S. 1983,

Krakatau 1883 Eruption and its

effects, Smithsonian Institution

Press, Washington, D.C.

Tanti, Dewi, Sad,D.S. 2010. Literasi

Bencana Pada Masyarakat Rawan

Bencana (Studi Kasus Pemasaran

Sosial Siaga Bencana di Padang,

Sumatera Barat). Universitas

Mercu Buana. Program Pasca

Sarjana. Prodi Magister Ilmu

Komunikasi.

Yoganingrum A, Maryati I, Yudhi

Rezaldi M. 2012. Kebutuhan Dan

Media Informasi Pengelolaan Air

Tawar Masyarakat Di Kepulauan

Seribu. Jurnal IPTEK-KOM, Vol.

14, No. 2, Desember 2012 (151-

164)

http://ijns.org/
http://www.ijdesign.org/