J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  32 
 

Assessment of Calcium Carbonate Coating on 

Osseointegration of Commercially Pure Titanium Implant 

by Torque Removal Test and Histomorphometric Analysis 
 

Mustafa S. Mahmood, B.D.S. (1) 

Shatha S. Al-Ameer, B.D.S., M.Sc. (2) 

Abstract 
Background: One of the most important methods to replace lost teeth is dental implants. In order to increase the 

strength of connection of the implant with the jaw bone to provide early loading after placement, implant is coated by 

different coating materials that achieved that purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of coating 
CP Ti implant with calcium carbonate on the strength of bone-implant interface after two and six weeks of implantation 

in rabbit femur bone by torque removal test, histological and histomorphometric analysis. 

Materials and methods: Coating the surface of commercially pure titanium screws with extra pure synthetic calcium 

carbonate via electrophoretic deposition method (EPD) was done. The surface of disc samples after coating was 

checked by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction examination and measurement of coating thickness. Ten male white 

French rabbits were prepared for implantation. Forty screws were implanted in the femur bone, two implant screws in 

each femur bone. The first screw is coated with calcium carbonate and compared with the second uncoated screw. 

Rabbits are divided into two groups according to the healing periods 2 and 6 weeks. By torque removal, the 

osseointegration is measured. Single screw from each group was used for histological and Histomorphometric analysis. 

Results: There was significant increased mean torque removal for screws coated with calcium carbonate compared with 

uncoated screws. Histological examination showed an increase in the growth of bone cells for coated screws, and the 

histomorphometric analysis showed an increase in new bone formation percent (NBFP). 

Conclusion: Coating the surface of the CP Ti implant with calcium carbonate via electrophoretic deposition method 

had great effect in increasing the osseointegration than uncoated surface. 

Keywords: Calcium carbonate, commercially pure titanium, electrophoretic deposition method, Histomorphometric. (J 

Bagh Coll Dentistry 2017; 29(1):32-38) 

 

INTRODUCTION 
Nowadays and due to high rate of success, 

dental implant treatment becomes a well 

acceptable way for replacement missing teeth. The 

major factor for this success is the fact of 

osseointegration. (1) 

Branemark in 1985 proposed that the 

osseointegration is “a direct structural and 

functional connection between ordered, living 

bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant”.(2) 

Osseointegration is influenced by the type of 

biomaterial used as implant, surface texture, type 

of  machining, surgical procedure, bone quality 

and quantity and prosthesis design.(3)  

Titanium as a biomaterial is used for 

construction the implants. Titanium is 

characterized by lightness and tolerance and has 

good chemical and mechanical properties makes it 

suitable for implant application. (4) 

      
(1) M.Sc. Student. Department of Prosthodontics, College of 

Dentistry, University of Baghdad. 

(2) Professor. Department of Prosthodontics, College of     

Dentistry, University of Baghdad. 

There is an interest in decreasing healing period 

following the implantation and the implant can be 

loaded safely by oral forces. Modification was 

done to the implant surface such as coating by 

different materials and by different techniques, 

and/ or modifying the technique of surgery in order 

to reduce the time of healing.(3) 

One of the coating techniques is EPD. It is 

cheap method due to the simplicity of the 

equipment and the capability of depositioning 

many micro or nano materials and their 

combinations. (5) 

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a restorable 

ceramic biomaterial that is gradually resorbed by 

the body.(6) Because of structural similarity with 

bone, corals as a source of CaCO3 can be used for 

bone implants.(7)  

Calcium carbonate has many medical uses, 

such as gastric anti-acid and nutritional calcium 

supplement. Also it works as a phosphate binder 

and used to treat the hyperphosphatemia. In 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  33 
 

pharmaceutical manufacturing, CaCO3 can be 

utilized as inert filler for tablets.(8)  

In this study, an extra pure synthetic CaCO3 is 

deposited on CP Ti screws by electrophoretic 

deposition method (EPD) and implanted in rabbit 

femur and its effect on osseointegration is 

evaluated by torque removal test, histological and 

histomorphometric analysis after 2 and 6 weeks. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Sample preparation  

Grade 2 commercially pure titanium was used 

as a substrate for coating. By lathe machine, the 

titanium was cut into discs (2 mm thickness and 20 

mm diameter). To have a uniform smooth surface, 

the discs were grinded using silicone carbide paper 

of 500 grit using a rotative grinding motion and 

polishing machine at 200 rpm for one minute.  

The titanium discs were cleaned by solution of 

(3ml nitric acid, 1ml hydrofluoric acid and 6ml 

distal water). Then cleaning with ethanol alcohol 

using ultrasonic cleaner was done to eliminate any 

contamination and debris from the polished 

samples.(9) 

 

Pilot study 

A. Suspension preparation: the suspension was 
prepared by adding of CaCO3 powder to the 

ethanol as a solvent (100 g/1 liter) in a glass beaker 

and adding iodine as a charging agent (2 g/L). By 
using a stirrer, the stirring was continued until a 

colloidal suspension was obtained. The suspension 

was maintained at room temperature for 48 hrs.  

B. Electrophoretic deposition process: cathode 

electrode from power supply was connected to the 

CP Ti and anode electrode to a stainless steel plate. 

The distance between the electrodes was 1 cm. In 

order to select a proper voltage for the coating 

procedure, the power supply was used with 

different applied voltage (40, 50 and 60 V) for 

different time durations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 

minutes. 

C. Heat treatment: the coated specimens were 

densificated by sintering via tube furnace. 

Sintering is performed under argon gas (inert gas) 

in order to avoid oxidation of the specimen. 

CaCO3 coated specimens were sintered to (400, 

500 and 600) °C to select the proper heat 

temperature. Best results were obtained at 400°C 

for 1 hr. without loss of parts of coating and 

without cracks. 

 

 

Examination of surfaces 

A. Microscopical examination: the samples 

coating was examined by using optical microscope 

(MTI Corporation, USA) to examine the 

appearance of the coated surface of the sample. 

The micrographs were examined by a software in a 

computer. 

B. X-Ray phase analysis: phase analysis was 

utilized on the coated disc samples using 

Shimadzu 6000- X-ray diffractometer using a Cu 

as target radiation at wave of 1.5406 A. 

Continuous scan with axis of 2 ø angles were swept 

from 10- 70° in step of 0.05 degree. 

Implant preparation: 

Forty screws shaped implant were machined 

from the titanium bar using Lathe machine. The 

screw length was 8mm (3mm flat part and 5mm 

threaded part) and 3 mm in diameter. The height 

and width of the pitch is 1mm to fit the 

screwdriver during insertion and removal.(10) The 

screws were cleaned as mentioned in sample 

preparation. 

The screws were divided into two groups, each 

group consisted of twenty screws. The first group 

of screws was the control, and the second group 

was coated with calcium carbonate for 0.5 min at 

60 V as the same procedure of EPD that was 

performed on disc samples. The CaCO3 coated 

screws were densificated by sintering to 400oC for 

1 hr. under argon gas. The screws were then 

sterilized with a physical mean of sterilization by 

gamma radiation (Figure 1). 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1: (A) Uncoated implant screws. 
(B) Coated implant screws with CaCO3. 

Animal and surgical procedures 

A 

B 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  34 
 

Ten healthy adult male French rabbits weighing 

1.5 - 1.75 kg (10-12 months of age) were used. 

Three days before operation, subcutaneous 

Ivermectin injection (0.2 ml) was given to 

eradicate the internal and external parasite. 

Intramuscular injection of an antibiotic 

(ceftriaxone) was given once daily (0.5ml) for 3 

days to avoid any infection. 

The rabbits were divided into two groups for 2 

and 6 weeks healing periods, each group contained 

of five rabbits, one of them was killed for 

histological investigation using one leg and other 

leg for mechanical test, while the other four rabbits 

were used for mechanical test (torque removal 

test). Two screws were implanted in each femur of 

each rabbit (1 uncoated screw and 1 CaCO3 coated 

screw for each femur bone).  

General anesthesia was given to the animal by 

intramuscular injection of xylazine (0.7 ml/kg 

Body weight) and ketamine 10% (0.5 ml/kg Body 

weight). If the animal wake up during the 

operation, Isoflurane anesthetic inhalation was 

used (Isoflurane 1 bar with oxygen 1.5 bar). 

The surgical instruments, gauze and towels 

were sterilized by autoclave at temperature of 134 

C˚ at 2 bar for 3.5 minutes.  

Both femurs were shaved using spray hair 

removal from outer side. Before placing the 

sterilized towel around the operation site, the skin 

was sterilized with alcohol and iodine. The 

incision was made on the lateral side, the skin and 

fascia was reflected, and blind dissection was 

made to the muscle to expose the distal side of the 

femur bone. 

A round bur of 1.3 mm in diameter was used 

for bone penetration. Two holes with 1cm distance 

between them was made. The penetration was 

done by intermittent pressure at a rotary speed of 

1500 rpm and reduction ratio of 16:1, and 

continuous irrigation with normal saline for 

cooling. Then the holes were enlarged gradually 

with fissure burs to 2.31 mm. CaCO3 coated screw 

was implanted in the first upper hole via 

screwdriver until the screw was introduced 

completely into the bone. The uncoated screw was 

placed in the second hole. 

Suturing of muscle’s fascia was done with 

absorbable polydioxanone suture and the skin was 

sutured with silk suture. Rabbits then were 

followed for 2 and 6 weeks. 

 

 

 

Mechanical testing (Torque test) 

The same anesthetic solutions, instruments and 

materials were utilized as in the implantation 

procedure. The rabbits were anesthetized and 

incision was made on the lateral side and the skin, 

fascia and muscle were reflected to expose the 

implant. Torque measurement was performed by 

digital torque meter (TQ-8800, Taiwan) after 

supporting the femur bone to prevent any 

movement that may affect the test accuracy. After 

the screwdriver of the torque meter was engaged in 

the slit of the implant head, a torsional force was 

exerted for unscrewing the implant and the value 

was measured in Newton centimeters (N.cm). 

 

Histological testing 

One leg of one animal from each group of 

healing intervals was used for histological test. The 

animal was anesthetized with overdose of 

isoflurane general anesthesia. 

The bone around the implant was cut by a disc 

cutter via prosthetic engine with straight hand 

piece (strong 90, Korea) with slow speed of 

rotation and normal saline irrigation. Bone-implant 

block was obtained by cutting about ½ cm away 

from the implant screw. The blocks were stored in 

10% formalin for at least  three days for fixation. 

After preparation the slides, a light microscope 

(Pro.Way, China) was used and photographs of the 

sections were taken at 4, 10, 20 and 40 power 

magnification. 

 

Histomorphometric analysis 
New bone formation percent (NBFP) 

measurement was performed using Fiji ImageJ 

program (version 1.50b). First, the section 

diameter was measured and the mean value was 

inserted in the set scale box with the diameter of 

the screw. These values will be saved in the 

program as a data used to measure the area. Then 

the new bone areas were outlined and measured. 

The new bone formation percent (NBFP) was 

calculated according to the following formula: (11) 

(12) 

 

NBFP% =  
Area of newly formed bone 

Total tissue area
 ×100 

 

RESULTS 
X-ray diffraction of coated samples 

The 2 ø angles were swept from 10- 70° in step 

of 0.05 degree. According to the (JCPDS), the 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  35 
 

peak index was determined. International card for 

Diffraction Data (ICDD) PDF file # 44-1294 for 

titanium, # 11-0218 for Ti2O and # 29-0305 for 

CaCO3.  

After EPD (within 0.5 min. at 60V), as in 

figure 2 the sample surface is seen completely 

coated with CaCO3, because the diffraction peak 

was indexed to CaCO3 phase matching the JCPDS 

file # 29-0305 for CaCO3. 
 

 

 

Figure 2: X-ray diffraction patterns of CaCO3 

coated CP Ti sample using EPD technique 

 
Clinical observation 

After healing period interval, at the time the 

animals are killed, the tissue surrounding the 

implant has negative clinical observation without 

any signs of severe infections. Stability of implants 

after each healing period was indicated by inability 

to remove the implant with manual force. 

 

Mechanical testing 
After 2 and 6 weeks of healing periods, CaCO3 

coated implants needed higher torque values to 

remove them, (mean value for 2 weeks: 4.6 N.cm 

& for 6 weeks: 12.7 N.cm), while uncoated 

implants needed less torque values (mean value for 

2 weeks: 2.7 N.cm & for 6 weeks: 10.4 N.cm) 

(Table 1). 

 

 

 

Table 1: Comparison of mean torque value of 

CaCO3 coated and uncoated implants between 

both healing periods (N.cm) 
 

Types Time N Mean + S.D. Range 

 

Control 

2 wks 9 2.711 + 0.853 1.5-4.0 

6 wks 9 10.477 + 0.580 8.8-13.2 

 

Coated 

2 wks 9 4.688 + 1.118 3.2-6.2 

6 wks 9 12.777 + 1.504 9.8-14.6 

 

t-test for equality of means of torque values 

between CaCO3 coated and uncoated implants 

after 2 weeks of healing periods showed a highly 

significant difference at p≤0.001 and after 6 weeks 

of healing periods showed a  significant difference 

at p≤0.05 (tables 2, 3). 

Table 2: t-test for equality of means of 

torque value for CaCO3 coated and uncoated 

implants after 2 weeks of healing period 
 

Types t df P-value Sig. 

Coated & 

uncoated 
4.217 16 0.001 HS 

HS: Highly significant at p≤0.001 

 

Table 3: t-test for equality of means of 

torque value for CaCO3 coated and uncoated 

implants after 6 weeks of healing period 
 

Types t df P-value Sig. 

Coated & 

uncoated 
3.162 16 0.006 S 

S: Significant at p≤0.05 
 

t-test was also done to test the equality of 

means showed a highly significant differences at    

p≤0.001 between uncoated and coated groups at 

two period intervals (table 4). 

Table 4: t-test for equality of means of torque 

removal value for uncoated and coated implants 

at 2 and 6 weeks intervals 
 

Types Time t df P-value Sig. 

Uncoated 2x6 wks 12.973 16 0.000 HS 

Coated 2x6 wks 12.942 16 0.000 HS 

HS: Highly significant at p≤0.001 

 

Histological features 

The histological feature of uncoated implants in 
the thread area after two weeks of implantation 

showed new bone trabeculae (BT) formation filled 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  36 
 

the thread area. In addition, the histological feature 

showed active osteoblasts (OB) surrounding the 

periphery of BT, some of these cells are trapped in 

bone matrix as pre-osteocytes (POS) and then 

converted to osteocytes (OS). Also osteoclast are 

present (Figure 3). While histological findings of 

implants coated with CaCO3 showed new bone 

formation surrounding the screw space. New bone 

trabeculae in the thread area are filled with new 

osteocytes (OS) and lined by osteoblast cells (OB). 

The reversal line separate between new and old 

bone. The new bone area shows woven bone 

(immature bone) filled with large number of 

osteocytes (Figure 4). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3: Microscopic view of uncoated 

implant after 2 weeks. Osteoblasts (OB),  

pre-osteocytes (POS), osteocytes (OS) & 

osteoclast (OCL). H & E ×40. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 4: Microscopic view of CaCO3 coated 

implant after 2 weeks shows new bone 

trabeculae in thread area filled with new 

osteocytes (OS) lined by osteoblast (OB). 

Reversal line (yellow arrow). Woven bone 

(green arrow) filled with osteocytes (OS).  

H & E ×40. 
 

The thread area of uncoated implant after six 

weeks of implantation showed dense bone 

trabeculae (BT) filled with osteocytes (OS) 

surrounded by osteoblasts (OB) and osteoclasts 

(OCL) (Figure 5). While microscopic views for the 

coated implants with CaCO3 shows active process 

of bone development, indicated by the active 

osteocytes arranged in circular pattern around 

Haversian canal (osteon formation) (Figure 6). 

 

 

Figure 5: Microscopic view of uncoated implant 

after 6 weeks. Dense bone trabeculae (BT). 

Osteoblasts (OB). Osteoclasts (OCL). Haversian 

canal (black arrow). H & E ×20. 

 

Figure 6: Microscopic view of coated implant 

after 6 weeks. Lamellae (Osteon formation) 

(yellow arrow). Haversian canal (black arrow). 

Osteoblasts (OB). Osteocytes (OS).  H & E ×20. 

 
Histomorphometric analysis 

The new bone formation percent (NBFP) of the 

CaCO3 coated implants in rabbit femur was greater 

than that of uncoated implants after 6 weeks of 

implantation. The mean of NBFP of CaCO3 coated 

implants was 4.71 and for uncoated was 3.65 

(Table 5). 
 

B
o

n
e
 

 t
ra

b
e
c
u

la
e
 

OB 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  37 
 

Table 5: Descriptive analysis of NBFP of 

CaCO3 coated and uncoated groups after 6 

weeks of healing period 
 

Types N Mean S.D. Range 

Control 30 3.652 + 0.557 2.5-4.9 

Coated 30 4.710 + 0.853 3.2-6.2 
 
 

t-test for equality of means of NBFP values 

between CaCO3 coated and uncoated implants 

after 6 weeks of healing period showed a highly 

significant difference (Table 6). 

Table 6: t-test for equality of means of NBFP 

for CaCO3 coated and uncoated implants after 

6 weeks of healing period 
 

Types t df P-value Sig. 

Coated & 

uncoated 
5.685 58 0.000 HS 

HS: Highly significant at p≤0.001 

 

DISCUSSION 
The purpose of surface implant treatment is to 

promote the osseointegration mechanism with 

stronger and faster bone formation, so better 

stability during the healing process is achieved 

permitting more rapid loading of the implant.(13)  

Calcium carbonate is a biocompatible material 

that affects positively on the bone regeneration, 

osteogenesis and strengthening of the bone. It has 

been used as bone substitutes for high-speed bone 

resorption and for osteoconductive quality.(14) 

Effect of calcium carbonate coating 

Mechanical testing: 
The CaCO3 coated CP Ti screws placed in 

rabbit femur bone recorded a higher mean of 

removal torque value than uncoated screws after 2 

and 6 weeks of implantation. This means CaCO3 

stimulated bone formation in which bond strength 

at the bone-implant interface was increased. 

The positive role of calcium carbonate coating 

is dependent on calcium ions. As the CaCO3 is a 

source of calcium, so increased amount of Ca may 

accelerate integrin-mediated attachment of bone-

forming cells through enhanced ligand binding of 

receptor.(15) Ca has a positive effect on 

osseointegration by accelerating osteoblast 

proliferation, differentiation and adhesion after 

implantation.(16) In addition, carbonate phase of 

CaCO3 is required for initiation of bone formation. 

Carbonate ions increase bioactivity and may be 

related directly to the process of dissolution-

precipitation cycles that takes place during 

regeneration of bone tissue.(17) Carbonate ion 

substitutions have two types that occur in two 

atomic positions in the apatite lattice (type A & B). 

Type (A) substitution occurs when CO3
2- 

substitutes for hydroxyl (OH–) ions, and type (B) 

substitution occurs when CO3
2- substitutes for 

phosphate (PO4
3-) ions. (18) 

Histological findings: 

Histological features of uncoated CP Ti implant 

in femur bone after 2 weeks of implantation 

showed formation of primitive new bone near the 

surface of the implant. The new bone trabeculae 

were filled with active osteoblast cells which 

indicated the starting of bone formation. While the 

histological feature of coated implant showed 

many trabeculae of woven bone which were lined 

by bone forming cell (osteoblast) indicating active 

bone trabeculae formation. The bone trabeculae 

filled the thread region in the coated implant were 

thicker than that in the uncoated implant which 

indicate early bone stimulation. 

Microscopical observation after 6 weeks of 

implantation revealed that the woven bone started 

to be replaced by lamellar bone to provide 

sufficient strength for load bearing. (19) In 

microscopical observation for uncoated implant, 

the thread still show immature bone filling (bone 

remodeling), while for coated implant showed 

more osteon formation (Haversian system) and 

beginning for the concentric arrangement of bone 

lamellae with their contained osteocytes, which 

indicate mature bone formation. 

Histomorphometric analysis: 
Histomorphometric measurement is an invasive 

method used to test the nature of the implant-tissue 

surface. It is used for several studies to evaluate 

the bone implant interface.(20) 

Bone formation percent after 6 weeks of 

implantation was higher in CaCO3 coated implant 

than uncoated implants. High bone formation 

percent after 6 weeks may be attributed to the 
activation of the CaCO3 implant to the tissue at the 

interface at early stage and continuing of bone 

activation through the 6 weeks of implantation. 

The growth and quality of newly formed bone 

tissue is affected by the surface properties of 

biomaterials that are necessary to the cells 

response at biomaterial interface.(21) 

As conclusion; coating the surface of the CP Ti 

implant with calcium carbonate via electrophoretic 

deposition method had great effect in increasing 
the osseointegration than uncoated surface. 

 



J Bagh College Dentistry                Vol. 29(1), March  2017                 Assessment Of  
   

Restorative Dentistry  38 
 

REFERENCES 
1. Goutam M, Chandu GS, Mishra SK, Singh M, Tomar 

BS. Factors affecting Osseointegration: A Literature 

Review. J Orofac Res 2013; 3(3):197-201. 

2. Chaiy R, Qing L, Wei L, Appleyard R, Swain M. 
Effect of fully porouscoated (FPC) technique on 

osseointegration of dental implants. Adv Mater Res 

2008; 32:189-192.  

3. Elias C N. Factors Affecting the Success of Dental 
Implants. In Implant  Dentistry - A Rapidly Evolving 

Practice; Turkyilmaz I. InTech 2011: 319-364. 

4. Wong J Y & Bronzino J D. Biomaterials. New York, 
CRC Press 2007. 

5. De Riccardis M F. Ceramic Coatings Obtained by 
Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals, Models, 

Post-Deposition Processes and Applications. In 

Ceramic Coatings - Applications in Engineering; Shi 

F. InTech 2012: 43-68. 

6. Khavari F & Bajpai P K. Coralline-sulfate bone 
substitutes. Biomed Sci Instrum 1993; 29: 65-69. 

7. Damien E & Revell P A. Coralline hydroxyapatite 
bone graft substitute: A review of experimental studies 

and biomedical applications. J Appl Biomater 

Biomech 2004; 2(2):65-73. 

8. Lieberman H A, Lachman L, Schwartz J B. 
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets. 2nd ed. New 

York: Dekker 1990: 153. 

9. Lampman S R. Weld Integrity and Performance. USA, 
ASM International 1997. 

10. Hamad T I. Histological and Mechanical Evaluation of 
Electrophoretic Bioceramic Deposition on Ti-6Al-7Nb 

Dental Implants. A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, 

University of Baghdad 2007.  

11. Ott S M. Histomorphometric Measurements of Bone 
Turnover, Mineralization and Volume. Clin J Am Soc 

Nephrol 2008; 3(3):151-156. 

12. Baek S M, Kim S G, Lim S C. Histomorphometric 
Evaluation of New Bone Formation around a 

Magnetic Implant in Dogs. Implantology 2011; 15(1): 

22-30. 

13. Beutner R, Michael J, Schwenzer B, Scharnweber D. 
Biological nano-functionalization of titanium-based 

biomaterial surfaces: a flexible toolbox. J R Soc 

Interface 2010; 7: 93-105. 

14. Hamza S, Bouchemi M, Slimane N, Azari Z. Physical 
and chemical characterization of adsorbed protein onto 

gold electrode functionalized with Tunisian coral and 

nacre. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013; 33(1): 

537-42. 

15. Suh J Y, Jeung O C, Choi B J, Park J W. Effects of a 
novel calcium titanate coating on the osseointegration 

of blasted endosseous implants in rabbit tibiae. Clin 

Oral Implants Res 2007; 18(3): 362-369.  

16. Park J W, Suh J Y, Chung H J. Effects of calcium ion 
incorporation on osteoblast gene expression in 

MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on microstructured titanium 

surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86(1):117-26. 

17. Porter A, Patel N, Brooks R, Best S, Rushton N, 
Bonfield W. Effect of carbonate substitution on the 

ultrastructural characteristics of hydroxyapatite 

implants. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005; 16(10):899-

907. 

18. Kannan S, Vieira SI, Olhero SM, Torres PM, Pina S, 
Da Cruz OA, Ferreira JM. Synthesis, mechanical and 

biological characterization of ionic doped carbonated 

hydroxyapatite/ β-tricalcium phosphate mixtures. Acta 

Biomater 2011; 7(4):1835-1843. 

19. Robert WE, Smith PK, Zibermann Y, Mozary PG, 
Smith R. Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of 

rigid endosseous implant. Am J Orthod 1984; 86: 95-

111.  

20. Meredith N. On the clinical measurement of implant 
stability and osseointegration. A PhD thesis. Sweden: 

Department of Biomaterials, University of Goteborg 

1997:1-209.  

21. Von der Mark K, Park J, Bauer S, Schmuki P. 
Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues 

from the extracellular matrix. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 

339(1):131-153. 

 
 

 الخالصة

لفوري بعد وضع واحدة من أهم الطرق لتعويض األسنان المفقودة هي زراعة األسنان. وألجل زيادة قوة التصاق الزرعة مع عظم الفك من أجل توفير التحميل ا :الخلفية

تقييم تأثير طالء سطح زرعة التيتانيوم التجاري النقي بمادة كاربونات الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو  إن   الزرعات، تُطلى الزرعة بمختلف مواد الطالء لتحقيق ذلك الغرض.

التدوير والتحليل  الكالسيوم ومدى قدرتها على زيادة قوة التصاق الزرعة بالعظم بعد أسبوعين وستة أسابيع من زراعتها في عظم فخذ األرنب بواسطة قياس عزم

 النسيجي. 

ية والتأكد طالء سطح براغي التيتانيوم التجاري النقي بمادة كاربونات الكالسيوم النقي الصناعي بطريقة الهجرة الكهربائية. تم فحص العينات المطلالبحث: المواد وطرق 

يات بيضاء اللون تم تحضيرها من طالئها بشكل موح د عن طريق الفحص المجهري الضوئي وفحص حيود األشعة السينية وقياس سمك الطالء. عشرة أرانب ذكور فرنس

رانب إلى برغي في عظم الفخذ، برغيان في كل عظم. البرغي األول مطلي بكاربونات الكالسيوم ويقارن مع البرغي الثاني الخالي من الطالء. تقسم األ 04لزراعة 

ق البرغي بالعظم، ويُترك برغي واحد من كل مجموعة للفحص مجموعتين حسب مدة الشفاء )اسبوعان وستة أسابيع(. بواسطة فحص عزم التدوير تُقاس قوة التصا

 والتحليل النسيجي.

يادة زيادة معدل عزم التدوير للبراغي المطلية بكاربونات الكالسيوم النقي الصناعي مقارنة مع البراغي غير المطلية. وأظهر الفحص النسيجي زنتائج الالنتائج: اظهرت 

ا التحليل النسيجي فقد أظهر زيادة في نمو الخاليا العظمية في البراغ  معدل النمو العظمي.نسبة ي المطلية، أم 

 ير مطلية.طالء سطح الزرعة بكاربونات الكالسيوم بطريقة الهجرة الكهربائية كان له تأثير كبير في زيادة ارتباط الزرعة بالعظم مقارنة مع زرعة غاالستنتاج: 

 .جري الكهربائية، التحليل النسيجيالتيتانيوم التجاري النقي، طريقة الهكاربونات الكالسيوم، الكلمات الرئيسية: