Microsoft Word - 1 Alaa Falih Ortho J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 1 The impact of various staining substances and immersion time on the stainability of bonded sapphire brackets with three kinds of light cure orthodontic adhesives (An in-vitro study) Alaa Faleh Albo Hassan (1), Nidhal H. Ghaib (2) Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v32i3.2893 ABSTRACT Background: The need of the patient for a more reasonable esthetic orthodontic intervention has risen nowadays. Thus, orthodontists make use of esthetic orthodontic materials like brackets, ligature elastics, and arch wires. The esthetic brackets come as different forms of materials, such as ceramic brackets, which have their stainability remaining as the most important consideration for the patients and the orthodontists. This study aimed to compare the staining effects of various staining materials, including black tea, cigarette smoke and Pepsi, as well as the time effect on the color stability of sapphire ceramic brackets bonded with three kinds of light cure orthodontic adhesives: Transbond, Resilience and Enlight. Materials and Methods: Three hundred sixty sapphire brackets were utilized and divided into three different groups (120 brackets per group) based on the type of bonding material. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (30 brackets each) based on the media in which the brackets were fully immersed, including distilled water, black tea, cigarette smoke and Pepsi. Moreover, each of these subgroups were further subdivided, based on the time of immersion relative to each media, into 3 different smaller subgroups (10 brackets each): one day, 7 days and 14 days with incubation at 37°C. A UV-visible type of spectrophotometer was utilized in order to perform a light absorption test. ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used for comparison. Results: The smoke of cigarette appeared to be the highest potent staining type among the tested materials followed by Pepsi and tea. The staining effects of all kinds of staining materials in relation to the bonded brackets color with all adhesive types were raised with increased time of immersion. Conclusion: The patient’s cooperation and habits should be taken into consideration when using sapphire orthodontic brackets. In addition, the patients should be instructed to decrease the consumption of staining beverages. Keywords: Stainability, staining materials, sapphire brackets. (Received: 2/7/2019; Accepted: 25/8/2019). INTRODUCTION The kind of esthetic part relative to orthodontic therapy is turning out to be more crucial; thus to enhance esthetics along the treatment, ceramic brackets have been widely used (1,2). Generally, ceramic brackets are made of aluminum oxide. There are two different kinds of these brackets: the monocrystalline alumina (sapphire) brackets and polycrystalline alumina (ceramic) brackets. Sapphire brackets are basically milled directly from one crystal of sapphire by the use of the tools of diamond. The polycrystalline alumina tends to bind thermally to ensure that the particles are fused together (3-6). The most vital factor in a successful esthetic treatment is regarded as the stability of the color of the esthetic materials utilized. The stainability of the ceramic brackets is of a multifactorial origin (intrinsic and extrinsic factors) (7). (1) Assistant Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad. (2) Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad. Corresponding author:dr.alaafalehm.85@gmail.com The intrinsic discoloration may be the result of inadequate polymerization of adhesives or resins, water absorption, the type of the material's matrix, the size and content of the material particles (7,9), brand, (10) and tone (11). The extrinsic discoloration may be the result of subject's saliva (12), consumption of food containing caffeine (coffee, tea, Pepsi), use of mouth rinse, nicotine (13), heat (14) and lipsticks (15). The most frequently consumed materials by Iraqi people are tea, Pepsi, and cigarette. Thus, it is vital to know the impact of these materials in relation to color stability of sapphire brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred sixty Roth type maxillary right central incisors sapphire brackets (PERFECT CLEAR, Hubit Company, Korea) were utilized in this study. Three kinds of light cure orthodontic adhesives namely: Transbond XTTM (3M Unitek/USA), the Enlight (Ormco/Italy) and Resilience ® (Orthotechnlogy, USA) were used to bond the brackets. Black tea (Ahmad Tea, England), Pepsi cola (Baghdad Company, Iraq) and cigarette (Gauloises Blonde, the European Union) as well as distilled J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 2 water as control media were used as the major staining materials. Sample Organization The brackets were divided based on the kind of bonding materials into three equal groups; 120 brackets in each: bonded with Enlight, Transbond XTTM and Resilience ® orthodontic adhesives. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups based on the staining media (30 brackets for each); the distilled water that served as control group, the black tea, Pepsi and the cigarette smoke. In each subgroup, the brackets were subdivided again based on the immersion durations into 1 day, 7 days and 14 days with 10 brackets for each period. Bonding Process A thin coat of the primer was put in one direction on each bracket base surface using small type of brush. A particular small quantity of the adhesive paste was placed onto the base of the bracket and placed lightly onto a slide of the glass with the use of the bracket holder. The glass slide was mounted directly on the surveyor table (Dentaurum, Germany), then covered with a celluloid strip, which enables easy separation of the entire bracket adhesive complex. After that, each bracket was subjected to a constant load using 200 gm load fixed on the upper part of the surveyor’s for about 10 seconds just to make sure that the brackets were seated directly under an equivalent force as well as to make sure an equal adhesive thickness is obtained. At that point, the adhesive material excess was taken away from the bracket base area with the use of an explorer without any movement for the seated bracket, then a particular light curing unit (the Blue LEX LD-109 from Taiwan) was used for the photopolymerization of the adhesives for about 5, 10, 20 seconds for the Transbond XTTM, Enlight and the Resilience ® adhesives pastes, respectively according to manufacturer instructions. Smoke Chamber A plastic container was used as a smoke chamber with the use of a rubber tube that is suitable for the cigarette to ensure an equal smoke distribution and exit directly with the use of a portable suction device, known as saliva ejector (HOO3-C, China). The saliva ejector was suitable for creating a negative pressure in order for the smoke to aspirate from the cigarettes, consequently resulting into the impregnation of all of the brackets relative to the materials, which is then contained directly in the smoke, so as to further reproduce in vitro to the oral cavity of the smoker. Meanwhile, for matching coverage with respect to the entire brackets to the smoke of the cigarette, the brackets were carefully fixed directly alongside the ligature wires of the stainless steel and placed inside of a chamber, ensuring they are tightened to a stainless steel holder acting as a support that would permit the brackets to remain in similar vertical level, in order for most of the surface part to be exposed to the smoke of the cigarette. Staining Procedure Making the staining solutions ● The Tea: By dipping 5 tea bags directly in 500 ml of distilled water that is boiling for about 10 minutes. ● Pepsi: For each day, Pepsi new cans were utilized. Soaking through staining solutions All of the brackets were positioned in a solution inside of a static plastic container and then labeled using sticky labels, and stored in the incubator at 37°C. All the staining solutions were changed daily. The entire storage duration was 14 days. ● The Cigarette: Twenty sticks of cigarettes were made use of on a daily basis and each of the cigarettes was burned off in a regular time of about 10 minutes in an entire duration of about 14 days. After every 20 sticks of cigarettes are burned, the brackets were then washed with the use of ultrasonic cleaner (VGT-1740QT, China) made for the removal of the remaining smoke substances present in the surfaces of the brackets, then placed back to the container containing the distilled water and further kept in the incubator (Memmert from Germany) at the temperature of 37°C, until another time of smoke exposure. Spectrophotometric Analysis The spectrophotometer, known as the UV- Visible Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-1800, Japan), was utilized to perform the readings of color changes, with the range of wavelength of about 380 and 780 ηm with two analytical beam handles. Also, a black type of rectangular cardboard piece with a specification of 40×15×0.2 mm alongside a hole located around 1.7 mm directly from the base, was utilized to permit the brackets’ standard arrangement during the color readings. Prior to the readings, each bracket was removed from the staining solutions as well as cleaned for one minute by the ultrasonic cleaner and dried on paper towels (16-18). The spectrophotometer was calibrated before the color readings when the chamber was opened and the two black cardboards were fixed (without any hole) to the two analytical J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 3 beam handles. At this point, the chamber was further shut and the spectrophotometer gave an auto zero order. The impact of the black type of cardboard was excluded, then the spectrophotometer’s chamber was further opened and at this point, the bracket was positioned in a similar particular upright position alongside the black type of cardboard as indicated in figure 1. The chamber was then closed, then the spectrophotometer started to perform the process of scanning, starting from about 800ηm measure of wavelength present in the infrared region to 200ηm measure of wavelength present in the UV region moving across the entire spectrum relating to visible light. Meanwhile, the light absorption readings were gotten in the form of a graph from which the quantity of absorbed light relative to a particular measure of the wavelength of about 345ηm can be obtained and used directly within the statistical analysis. Figure 1: The bracket was positioned on the analytical beam handle of the spectrophotometer and the blank on the other analytical beam handle. Statistical Analyses The results were analyzed with the use of the “Statistical Package of Social Science” represented by SPSS version 15 application software alongside Windows XP operating system Chicago, USA. The statistics used within this study included: 1. Descriptive statistic: means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values. 2. Inferential statistics: One way analysis of variance was used to assess any significant difference among groups followed by LSD test to test any statistical critical difference between each two groups. In the statistical evaluation, significance was considered at p<0.05 RESULTS The brackets’ quantity of light absorption immersed in different staining materials is shown in tables 1 and 2. In all types of adhesives, cigarette smoke was the most potent staining agent followed by tea and Pepsi with a significant difference. The quantity of light absorption of the brackets immersed in different staining materials at different time intervals is shown in tables 3 and 4. The staining effect of all agents, except distilled water, increased with increasing time of immersion. Table 1: Descriptive statistics of light absorption and media difference in each duration for the brackets bonded with Enlight, Resilience and Transbond adhesives. Adhesives Duration Media Descriptive statistics Media Difference (d.f.=39) Mean S.D. Min. Max. F-test p-value Resilience 1 day D.W. 0.35 0.0007 0.349 0.351 1337.071 0.000 Pepsi 0.349 0.0011 0.348 0.351 Tea 0.365 0.0009 0.364 0.367 Cigarette smoke 0.371 0.0010 0.369 0.372 7 days D.W. 0.351 0.0014 0.35 0.353 1691.500 0.000 Pepsi 0.356 0.0014 0.355 0.359 Tea 0.372 0.0015 0.37 0.374 Cigarette smoke 0.391 0.0011 0.39 0.393 14 days D.W. 0.351 0.0014 0.35 0.353 3771.330 0.000 Pepsi 0.360 0.0008 0.359 0.362 Tea 0.379 0.0012 0.378 0.381 Cigarette smoke 0.401 0.0010 0.399 0.402 Enlight 1 day D.W. 0.354 0.0008 0.353 0.355 354.234 0.000 Pepsi 0.354 0.0010 0.352 0.355 Tea 0.358 0.0007 0.357 0.359 Cigarette smoke 0.365 0.0008 0.364 0.366 7 days D.W. 0.355 0.0006 0.354 0.356 1415.478 0.000 Pepsi 0.356 0.0007 0.355 0.357 Tea 0.363 0.0010 0.361 0.364 Cigarette smoke 0.376 0.0008 0.375 0.377 J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 4 14 days D.W. 0.355 0.0006 0.354 0.356 1968.508 0.000 Pepsi 0.357 0.0008 0.356 0.358 Tea 0.370 0.0012 0.369 0.372 Cigarette smoke 0.381 0.0007 0.38 0.382 Transbond 1 day D.W. 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 519.821 0.000 Pepsi 0.334 0.0016 0.332 0.336 Tea 0.340 0.0006 0.339 0.341 Cigarette smoke 0.351 0.0011 0.349 0.352 7 days D.W. 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 2248.279 0.000 Pepsi 0.338 0.0013 0.335 0.339 Tea 0.346 0.0007 0.345 0.347 Cigarette smoke 0.363 0.0006 0.362 0.364 14 days D.W. 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 4244.751 0.000 Pepsi 0.341 0.0008 0.34 0.342 Tea 0.355 0.0010 0.353 0.356 Cigarette smoke 0.373 0.0007 0.372 0.374 Table 2: Difference in the amounts of light absorption according to the staining materials of brackets bonded with Enlight, Resilience and Transbond adhesives. Adhesive Media 1 day 7 days 14 days Mean Difference p-value Mean Difference p-value Mean Difference p-value Resilience D.W. Pepsi 0.0005 0.236 -0.005 0.000 -0.0091 0.000 Tea -0.0153 0.000 -0.0208 0.000 -0.0281 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0206 0.000 -0.0394 0.000 -0.0492 0.000 Pepsi Tea -0.0158 0.000 -0.0158 0.000 -0.019 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0211 0.000 -0.0344 0.000 -0.0401 0.000 Tea Cigarette smoke -0.0053 0.000 -0.0186 0.000 -0.0211 0.000 Enlight D.W. Pepsi 0.0006 0.129 -0.0009 0.016 -0.002 0.000 Tea -0.0035 0.000 -0.0077 0.000 -0.0152 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0106 0.000 -0.0206 0.000 -0.0254 0.000 Pepsi Tea -0.0041 0.000 -0.0068 0.000 -0.0132 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0112 0.000 -0.0197 0.000 -0.0234 0.000 Tea Cigarette smoke -0.0071 0.000 -0.0129 0.000 -0.0102 0.000 Transbond D.W. Pepsi 0.0007 0.147 -0.0023 0.000 -0.0058 0.000 Tea -0.0049 0.000 -0.0105 0.000 -0.0196 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0158 0.000 -0.028 0.000 -0.0379 0.000 Pepsi Tea -0.0056 0.000 -0.0082 0.000 -0.0138 0.000 Cigarette smoke -0.0165 0.000 -0.0257 0.000 -0.0321 0.000 Tea Cigarette smoke -0.0109 0.000 -0.0175 0.000 -0.0183 0.000 J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 5 Table 3: Descriptive statistics of light absorption and duration difference in each media for the brackets bonded with Resilience, Enlight and Transbond adhesives. Adhesives Media Duration Descriptive statistics Duration difference d.f.=29 Mean S.D. Min. Max. F-test p-value R es il ie n ce D.W. 1 day 0.35 0.0007 0.349 0.351 3.784 0.360 7 days 0.351 0.0014 0.35 0.353 14 days 0.351 0.0014 0.35 0.353 Pepsi 1 day 0.350 0.0011 0.348 0.351 233.820 0.000 7 days 0.356 0.0014 0.355 0.359 14 days 0.360 0.0008 0.359 0.362 Tea 1 day 0.365 0.0009 0.364 0.367 324.283 0.000 7 days 0.372 0.0015 0.37 0.374 14 days 0.379 0.0012 0.378 0.381 Cigarette smoke 1 day 0.371 0.0010 0.369 0.372 2323.433 0.000 7 days 0.391 0.0011 0.39 0.393 14 days 0.401 0.0010 0.399 0.402 E n li g h t D.W. 1 day 0.354 0.0008 0.353 0.355 4.235 0.250 7 days 0.355 0.0006 0.354 0.356 14 days 0.355 0.0006 0.354 0.356 Pepsi 1 day 0.354 0.0010 0.352 0.355 40.433 0.048 7 days 0.356 0.0007 0.355 0.357 14 days 0.357 0.0008 0.356 0.358 Tea 1 day 0.358 0.0007 0.357 0.359 407.920 0.000 7 days 0.363 0.0010 0.361 0.364 14 days 0.370 0.0012 0.369 0.372 Cigarette smoke 1 day 0.365 0.0008 0.364 0.366 1077.300 0.000 7 days 0.376 0.0008 0.375 0.377 14 days 0.381 0.0007 0.38 0.382 T ra n sb o n d D.W. 1 day 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 0.802 0.459 7 days 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 14 days 0.335 0.0006 0.334 0.336 Pepsi 1 day 0.334 0.0016 0.332 0.336 70.796 0.000 7 days 0.338 0.0013 0.335 0.339 14 days 0.341 0.0008 0.34 0.342 Tea 1 day 0.340 0.0006 0.339 0.341 891.208 0.000 7 days 0.346 0.0007 0.345 0.347 14 days 0.355 0.0010 0.353 0.356 Cigarette smoke 1 day 0.351 0.0011 0.349 0.352 1829.081 0.000 7 days 0.363 0.0006 0.362 0.364 14 days 0.373 0.0007 0.372 0.374 Table 4: Difference in the amounts of light absorption according to the immersion days of sapphire bracket in the staining media. Adhesives Duration Pepsi Tea Cigarette smoke Mean difference p-value Mean difference p-value Mean difference p-value Resilience 1 day 7 days -0.0068 0.000 -0.0068 0.000 -0.0201 0.000 14 days -0.0109 0.000 -0.0141 0.000 -0.0299 0.000 7 days 14 days -0.0041 0.000 -0.0073 0.000 -0.0098 0.000 Enlight 1 day 7 days -0.0023 0.040 -0.005 0.041 -0.0108 0.000 14 days -0.0034 0.011 -0.0125 0.000 -0.0156 0.000 7 days 14 days -0.0011 0.042 -0.0075 0.035 -0.0048 0.000 Transbond 1 day 7 days -0.0033 0.000 -0.0059 0.000 -0.0125 0.000 14 days -0.0068 0.000 -0.015 0.000 -0.0224 0.000 7 days 14 days -0.0035 0.000 -0.0091 0.000 -0.0099 0.000 J Bagh College Dentistry Vol. 32(3), September 2020 The impact of various 6 DISCUSSION The spread and strength of staining are dependent on the type, amount and duration of exposure to a staining agent (19). The discoloration effect of cigarette might be correlated with its components. There are different components which can cause this discoloration, such as coffee, sugars, cocoa, nicotine, and tar. Nicotine, present in a high concentration in the tobacco leaves, can produce salts with acids that are generally water soluble and can be absorbed by brackets and adhesive material. Tar is a greasy black liquid that might establish the adhesives and cause their discoloration and this comes in accordance with the findings reported by Khazil (20) Wasilewski et al. (21) and Alandia-Roman et al. (22). The discoloration effects of tea were due to the presence of Tannin or tannic acid and caffeine. Tannic acid can produce complexes not soluble in water with caffeine; these complexes may deposit at the surfaces of the bracket and cause the discoloration. This agrees with the results of Khazil (20) and Hersek et al.(23). The discoloration effects of Pepsi are associated with the presence of caramel artificial coloring. The synthetic colorants present in Pepsi have a slight discoloration effect on brackets than normal colorants present in cigar and tea and this comes in agreement with Khazil (20). The degree of discoloration of the materials is affected by many factors such as the type, the media, and the time of storage (24) because all types of adhesive used showed color change in all media with time. The time of storage was taken for the purpose of exposing the brackets to severe conditions to evaluate the degree of discoloration; after this time, there is a tendency towards saturation (25,26). Deposition of colorant molecules on the resin matrix with time causes the weakening of the resin matrix due to the effect of water, which is a softener of plastics with continuous deposition of the staining materials and chemical degradation of the material surface. CONCLUSION 1. Cigarette smoke was the tested medium that had the most influence on the color stability in relation to the light cure adhesive alongside the sapphire ceramic brackets, then tea and lastly Pepsi with non-significant effect of distilled water. 2. The time of immersion increasingly affected the color stability in relation to the adhesive materials alongside the sapphire ceramic brackets with the greatest activity noticed at an interval of fourteen days. Conflict of interest: None. REFERENCES 1. Ziuchkovski JP, Fields HW, Johnston WM, Lindsey DT. Assessment of perceived orthodontic appliance attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008; 133:68–78. 2. Rosvall MD, Fields HW, Ziuchkovski J, Rosenstiel SF, Johnston WM. Attractiveness, acceptability, and value of orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135:276.e1-12. 3. Kusy RP. Morphology of polycrystalline alumina brackets and its relationship to fracture toughness and strength. 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Dent Mater. 2001; 17: 87-94. مستخلص ال لقد ازدادت الحاجة لجمالية افضل اثناء عالج االسنان التقويمي مما دفع اطباء تقويم االسنان الستعمال مواد تقويم الهدف من البحث: انتجت الحاصرات التقويمية التجميلية من انواع مختلفة من ).الى االشرطة المطاطية باإلضافة(االسالك والحاصرات التجميليةاالسنان التقويمي ، المواد ( والحاصرات الخزفية الشغل )ceramicة هو لونها ثبات التجميلية ويبقى التقويمية الحاصرات انواع من نوع هي (البيبسي والشاي األسود ودخان مختلفةصممت الدراسة لمقارنة التأثيرات الصبغية لثالثة مواد الشاغل لكل من االطباء والمرضى. على استقرار لون حاصرات ا الضوئية التصلب السجائر) وتأثير الوقت المواد الالصقة ثالثة أنواع من الخزفية المرتبطة مع لتقويم )Resilience, Enlight and Transbond ( تكونت هذه الدراسة من ثالثمائة وستون حاصرة تقويمية ياقوتية , تم تقسيم هذه الحاصرات وفقا لمواد الربط الى ثالث :المواد والطرق مجموعة من مائة وعشرون حاصرة تقويمية وثم قسمت كل مجموعة الى اربع مجاميع فرعية وفقا لمواد مجموعات رئيسية تتكون كل الشاي االسود ,الببسي ودخان السجائر) بواقع ثالثون حاصرة لكل منهم ثم كل مجموعة الى عشرة حاصرات حسب ، الغمر(الماء المقطر تم استخدام االشعة الطيفية .باستعمال الحاضن م37 ر يوما) في درجة حرارةالفترة الزمنية للغمر (يوم واحد, سبعة ايام واربعة عش و(ANOVA) االحصائيةم العملية ااستخدتم .اختبار امتصاص الضوء إلجراء (Shimadzu, UV -1800) المرئية فوق البنفسجية (LSD) لتحديد تأثير المواد الملونة. ل الالنتائج: اقوى هو السجائر دخان ان وجد لون الملونةمواد قد على الملونة المواد لجميع الصبغي الببسي.التاثير وثم الشاي يليه . الحاصرات المرتبطة مع جميع انواع المواد الالصقة الضوئية التصلب يزداد مع زيادة وقت الغمر خزفية كذلك يجب توجيه المرضى ان تعاون المريض يجب ان يؤخذ بنظر االعتبار عند استخدام الحاصرات التقويمية ال :االستنتاجات .بتقليل استهالك المشروبات الملونة