64 ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects Information Communications Technology has on the sustainability of Digital Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Furthermore, this paper seeks to uncover if the utilization of ICT can forecast the rate of new enter- prises in the Digital Entrepreneurship sector and interrogate the attributes and interconnections inherent in Digital Entrepreneurship. Literature review using the Systematic Quantitative Assessment Technique (SQAT) was the methodology used to review 45 DE articles published in the last ten years (2012 – 2021). For a thorough, impartial amalgam of the reviewed articles, this paper analysed the types, period, location, and data collection methods of the 45 Digital Entrepre- neurship papers. The review showed that existing research has been both empiri- cal and conceptual in equal measure with only one instance in mixed mode. The parity suggests that future researchers should endeavour to conduct more concep- tual research to underpin the envisaged accelerated growth of DE. Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Digitalisation, Systematic Assessment Tech- nique, Technology Received: 28 April 2021 ; Accepted: 16 August 2021 ; Publish: December 2021 How to Cite: Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A System- atic Review. Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE LAST DECADE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Amadi Chimezie Paulinus Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Studies Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria chimezieamada@gmail.com Umaru Mustapha Zubairu Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Studies Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria uzubairu@gmail.com Olalekan Busra Sakariyan Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Studies Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria kanzak@futminna.edu.ng Isah Imam Paiko Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Studies Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria paikolupa@yahoo.com https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 mailto:chimezieamada@gmail.com mailto:uzubairu@gmail.com mailto:kanzak@futminna.edu.ng mailto:paikolupa@yahoo.com 65 INTRODUCTION Digital Entrepreneurship features “changes in entrepreneurial practice, theory and education therefore, it is of high topicality as technological developments and ad- vances in infrastructure create various opportunities for entrepreneurs” (Zanheer et al., 2019). This opens up new possibilities for anyone considering becoming an entrepre- neur; albeit some opportunities are more technical, but numerous others are within reach for anyone who learns the fundamental competences of Digital Entrepreneur- ship. These fundamental skills include finding new customers online, prototyping new business ideas and improving business ideas based on data. The Digital Entrepreneur- ship fosters growth and productivity and also supports inclusive development (Askerov et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2019). Entrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or organisation, taking on financial risks in the expectation of value creation and profit making. Furthermore, “entrepreneurship will change as business and society continue to be transformed by advanced innovation via digital technology” (Richter et al., 2017). “The rapid devel- opments in information and communication technologies and their increased utiliza- tion motivate the vision of an evolving digital economy” (Quinton et al., 2018). The quick diffusion of ICTs has produced significant “changes in how goods and services are produced, the nature of the goods and services produced, and the means by which goods and services are brought to the market and distributed to customers” (Quinton et al., 2018). During the last decade, this evolving Digital Entrepreneurship has been the “preeminent driver of structural change and economic growth at both the national and the regional levels in the developed and developing economies” (Barefoot et al., 2018). However, “there are substantial differences among countries and regions as re- gards their role in the development of Digital Entrepreneurship and their propensity to adopt and apply ICT applications in various sectors and activities. Hence, countries and regions differ markedly in how far they have come on the road to the Digital En- trepreneurship” (Zaheeer et al., 2019). Founders of new ventures seem to focus on their immediate stakeholders, includ- ing customers, employees, suppliers and investors but not on the broader impact of ICT on the long-term sustainability of their enterprise. Capital, Product or Service and Marketing are “the three key pillars through which a startup can become a sustain- able enterprise in the long run” (Hamid & Khalid, 2016). Many new enterprises end up focusing on one or two of these pillars, which negatively affects them. For in- stance, many companies tend to focus only on raising funds and marketing, while ig- noring product or service development via the use of ICT (Johansson et al., 2006). The properties of Digital Entrepreneurship and information communications technology and how they interrelate is complicated. In this digital age, it is essential to understand this interrelationship which is a central plank for innovation that underpins economic growth. There are several issues regarding Digital Entrepreneurship and ICT inhibiting digital entrepreneurs from optimising the advantages that Digital Entrepreneurship adds to business. This paper examines these issues and their impact on businesses. Furthermore, this study also seeks to determine whether the utilization of ICT can conjecture the rate of start-ups in the Digital Entrepreneurship sector. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 66 RESEARCH METHODS In conducting a methodical review of scholarship on Digital Entrepreneurship (DE) in the last decade, the methodology adopted by this study is the Systematic Quantitative Assessment Technique (SQAT). Australian researchers, Pickering and Byrne developed SQAT in 2014. The method “allows researchers to systematically analyse existing academic literature to produce a structured quantitative summary of the subject to determine their inclusion or exclusion in the review process and focuses on peer-reviewed original journal publications so as to maintain a high quality of arti- cles” (Pickering and Byrne, 2014). SQAT “enables the researcher to identify im- portant geographic, scalar, theoretical and methodological gaps in the litera- ture” (Pickering and Byrne, 2014). SQAT also lends itself to being straightforward, logical and simple to use which are all essential elements of a systematic review. SQAT endorses five significant rungs in achieving a sound methodical review as described in Table 1. Table 1: The Five Steps of SQAT Source: Author’s review (2021) A total of 45 published DE articles from six prominent academic journal publish- ers were chosen. Table 2 presents the DE article breakdown by publisher. S/N Step Application in Current Study 1. Outline the topic Digital Entrepreneurship (DE) articles published be- tween 2012 and 2021 2. Articulate the research questions Five research questions: When were the DE articles published? Where were the DE articles written? Were the published DE articles Conceptual vs. Em- pirical? What method was used to collect data? What themes did these DE articles explore, and what were the major findings? 3. Name the key words “Digital Entrepreneurship” 4. Search and Find databases Six databases utilized: Emerald, Elsevier, Sage, Springer, Wiley and Taylors & Francis “All in title search” with the phrase “Digital Entre- preneurship” 5. Scrutinize publications The found publications were perused to ensure they were dealing only with Digital Entrepreneur- ship. Only peer-reviewed conceptual and empirical DE articles were included. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 67 Table 2: DE ar ticles r eviewed by publisher (2012–2021) Source: Author’s review (2021 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Time of the Publication of DE articles Figure 1 outlines the time of the publication of the 45 DE articles examined for this study over the last decade, 2012–2021. Figure 1: Time distribution of DE articles Source: Author ’s review (2021) The study revealed that Digital Entrepreneurship articles made their debut in ac- ademic journals in 2013 with just one instance and a similar number in 2014. By 2015 it seemed that interest in the subject had waned as there was no publication on the top- ic that year. Interest rose again in 2016 with two publications and surged to six in- stances in both 2017 and 2018. The numbers spiked to 17 in 2019, but took a dip to 10 in 2020 and tapered off to just two in 2021. It can be observed that DE articles were S/N Publisher Number of DE articles 1. Elsevier 16 2. Springer 11 3. Sage 9 4. Emerald 5 5. Wiley 4 6. Taylors & Francis 0 Total 45 Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 68 published successively from 2013 to 2021 except in 2015. Geographic distribution of DE articles A review of the 45 DE journal articles revealed that 23 countries were represent- ed, and Figure 2 presents the top four countries from which these articles originated from over the last decade, 2012–2021. Figure 2: Time distr ibution of DE ar ticles Source: Author ’s review (2021) Italy had by far the most number of DE articles with 10, followed by the UK and USA with 7 articles respectively, and then Germany with five. The remaining 19 countries and the number of DE articles associated with them are presented in Table 3. In order to provide an additional perspective of the geographic distribution of DE articles published in the last decade, Figure 3 provides a breakdown of the 45 articles based on the continent they originated from. Europe had the largest number of pub- lished DE articles (42), North America (8), Asia (7), and then Africa (3). On the other hand, Australasia and South America only had one DE article apiece. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 69 Table 3: 19 r emaining countr ies and the DE ar ticles associated with them Source: Author ’s review (2021) Digital Entrepreneurship is the smart application of the powerful “digital tech- nologies to business; it is about creating added value for your customers using infor- mation and communication technology with the aim of making business gains and in- cludes redefining the value chain, disrupting existing value propositions and creating new ones leveraging the power of digital technologies.” (G. Nedumaran et al., 2020). From geographic gap analysis, African, Australasian and South American countries are perhaps most in need of Digital Entrepreneurship, as these countries trail their counterparts in the global north and Asia. The 2020 World Digital Competitive- ness Ranking which measures the capacity and readiness of economies to adopt and explore digital technologies for economic and social transformation ranked countries in the global north and Asia in the top 10 which correlates with the high DE research activities in that territory. S/N Country Number of Articles 1 France 4 2 Ireland 3 3 China 3 4 Spain 3 5 Netherlands 3 6 Liechtenstein 2 7 Sweden 2 8 South Korea 2 9 Australia 1 10 Brazil 1 11 Canada 1 12 Denmark 1 13 Finland 1 14 India 1 15 Morocco 1 16 Nigeria 1 17 Sudan 1 18 Taiwan 1 19 Turkey 1 Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 70 Figure 3: SL ar ticles by continent Digital Entrepreneurship researchers thus have a role to play in these three conti- nents by conducting studies that will provide empirical evidences of the gains of Digi- tal Entrepreneurship. Their research studies will help to spur an increase in the com- petitiveness of both the local and national economies in the three continents. Transfor- mation of existing economies into digital economies heralds many opportunities for the accelerated growth of the small and medium-sized enterprises which are the drivers of local and national economies. Article type Figure 4 presents a categorization of the 45 DE articles reviewed based on whether they were empirical or conceptual in nature. It can be observed that equal numbers of the articles reviewed were empirical (22) and conceptual (22) in type while only one was mixed mode. Empirical and conceptual researches are both important to validate or disprove existing DE theories or models. Figure 4 shows that DE researchers of the last decade have purposefully devoted energy on both forms of research. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 71 Figure 4: DE Ar ticle Types Conceptual research forms the building blocks of DE research and will establish the research agenda for the next decade of DE research. As the concept of DE ma- tures, future DE researchers may begin to shift to empirical DE research to try to vali- date the concept of Digital Entrepreneurship. Data collection methods Figure 5 presents the nine different data collection methods utilized by the 23 empirical and mixed mode DE articles examined for this study. It can be seen that about 74% of the articles (17 out of 23) utilized interviews to collect data; this was by far the most utilized method (e.g., Dong, 2019; McAdam et al., 2019; Ngoasong, 2017). Observation was the next most common data collection method used by 6 out of the 23 studies (e.g., Toniolo et al., 2020; Leung, 2019; Arfi, 2019). Five studies utilized secondary data (e.g., Secundo, 2020; David-West, 2018; Li et al., 2017; Toni- olo et al., 2020); in joint position with surveys (5 out of 23) (e.g., Yin et al., 2019; Bouncken et al., 2020; Balocco et al., 2019). One study (Obschonka et al., 2017) col- lected data from questionnaires while another (McAdam et al., 2019) used focus groups. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 72 Figure 5: DE Data Collection Methods Figure 5 revealed an obvious bias towards interviews in the way empirical data was collected by DE studies in the last decade. Although interviews allow researchers to collect data from large samples which make the findings more representative of the target population. However, the almost exclusive use of interviews means that rich and in-depth perspectives of DE that would be obtained via qualitative methods have not been fully explored. It is thus incumbent on future DE researchers to adopt more qualitative data collection methods to provide different insights into the DE phenome- non. SL Themes An analysis of the 45 DE articles reviewed for this study revealed that they ex- plored eight distinct themes which are presented in Figure 6. Figure 6: DE Themes Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 73 It can be observed that many of the DE articles examined (11 from 45) explored Digital Entrepreneurship startup approaches. The startup approaches x-rayed included lean and agile methods referred to as the Lean Startup Approaches (LSA) (Ghezia A., 2018 and Balocco et al., 2019); Crowdfunding platforms and “how angel groups and Venture Capital (VC) funds affect growth of digital new ventures in their startup and scaleup phases” (Cavallo et al., 2019 and Finkle, 2019); Entrepreneurial startups and innovation (Hsieh, 2019 and Block et al., 2020); “Innovative business models for the sharing economy” (Richter et al., 2017) the network perspective to successful startups on digital platforms (Srinivasan, 2017). The next most common theme explored was Institutional and Corporate Digital Entrepreneurship with 9 out of the 45 DE articles pursuing this task. Characteristics identified included the role of institutional entrepreneurship in building DE ecosystems (Hu et al., 2016); “Digital Entrepreneurship and field conditions for institutional change” (Geissinger et al., 2018); Implications for “Digital Entrepreneurship in the regulatory environment” (Dong, 2019); institutional patterns in co-working spaces (Bouncken et al., 2020); innovation and institutional entrepreneurship (Tumbas et al., 2018); and, Challenges and opportunities facing institutional entrepreneurship (de los Reyes, 2019). Joshi et al., (2019) pondered the “spread of the Internet technology as a surrogate for growth of the digital era and examined its impact on organisations.” The third most explored theme (8 out of 45 articles) was trying to understand to what extent the DE Ecosystems had diffused across economies, and to investigate whether the meaning of DE remained consistent across the different economies. Li et al., (2017) opined that “studies on Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystems (DEEs) are limited and the concept is largely undertheorized.” The next set of theme in the studies investigated the Digital Competences Under- pinning DE. Ngoasong (2017) critically explored “how context as an antecedent to en- trepreneurial digital competencies (EDCs) influences Digital Entrepreneurship in a re- source-scarce environment.” According to Scuotto (2013) “the ability to efficiently use the latest technology are also relevant in developing entrepreneurship attitude.” Four DE studies investigated whether the saying “what a man can do, a woman can do better” holds true in the case of DE by exploring the gender perspective in DE. MartinezDy et al., (2018) interrogated the notion of Digital Entrepreneurship as an emancipatory phenomenon for women. Ughetto et al., (2019) outlined contributions that intended to enlarge and thicken the comprehension of “whether and how women entrepreneurs leverage new digital technologies in the creation and conduct of new ventures in order to overcome the hurdles they face and concluded with a promising new line of research to the understanding of whether and to what extent new digital technologies provide an opportunity space in the creation and conduct of new ventures for women.” McAdam (2020) described Digital Entrepreneurship as a “great leveller in terms of equalizing the entrepreneurial playing field for women.” Four articles making up the sixth theme focused on Academic DE. Rippa, P., Technological Forecasting & Social Change (2018), offered an “interpretative frame- work for Digital Academic Entrepreneurship” composed of four components:  Why - The rationale for the adoption of digital technologies for academic entre- preneurship;  What - The emerging forms of digital academic entrepreneurship;  Who - The stakeholders involved through the digital technologies to achieve the academic entrepreneurship goal: and,  How - The processes of academic entrepreneurship supported by digital technol- ogies. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 74 Secundo et al., (2020) highlighted the emergence of four major research streams:  Digital Technologies for Entrepreneurship Education;  The “maker space movement” for Academic Entrepreneurship;  Digital technologies for discovering entrepreneurial opportunities; and,  Creating entrepreneurial competences in the Digital “University-based” Entre- preneurial ecosystems. In the context of DE in emerging economies, three articles explored the theme from different perspectives. Bowen (2019) investigated the “impact of digital connec- tivity challenges on rural businesses.” Brand Positioning in DE, the eighth and final theme, contributed two articles to the review. Bahcecik et al., (2019) considered Brand Positioning as central to success in DE. Table 4: Summar y of findings of r eview of 45 DE ar ticles Source: Author ’s review (2021) S/N Heading Key Findings Implications 1 Time distribution (2012–2021) – DE articles were published every year from 2013 to 2021 except 2015. – 2019 and 2020 were the most productive years with 17 and 10 articles published respectively. – Interest in DE has in- creased over the last dec- ade. 2 Geographic distribu- tion – 23 countries had at least one DE article. – Italy had the largest number of SL articles (10) among contributing countries. – Europe had the largest number of DE articles (42) among contrib- uting continents, while South America and Australasia had the least with one apiece. – There is need for more DE research in Africa, South America and Austral- asia as they were the least represented by articles re- viewed. 3. Article type – Equal numbers of the articles reviewed were empirical (22) and conceptual (22) in type while only one was mixed mode. – There is a need for more conceptual DE research to form the research agenda for the next decade of DE scholarship. 4. Data collection methods – Eight different data collection methods were identified. – Interview was the most common method used (17). – Future DE researchers to adopt more qualitative data collection methods to pro- vide different insights into the DE phenomenon. 5. DE Themes – Eight distinct DE themes identi- fied. – DE Startup was the dominant theme (11 out of 45). – DE is maturing as a con- cept and is set to dominate the world of entrepreneur- ship in the years ahead. Paulinus, A.C., et.al. (2021). Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 64-78 Digital Entrepreneurship in The Last Decade: A Systematic Review. https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.005.2.09 https://doi.org/10.21009/JOBBE.004.2.01 75 CONCLUSION Digital Entrepreneurship comprises everything that is new and innovative about entrepreneurship in a digital world. This incorporates novel methods of sourcing cus- tomers for businesses; fresh methods of delivering products and services; modern ways of generating value while minimising costs; finding new possibilities to cooperate with other partners; sniffing out new opportunities and competitive advantages. As Digital Entrepreneurship evolves, businesses will transform with time. Not too far into the future, enterprises will be born digital. Then Digital Entrepreneurship as a topic will become conventional. For now, there is a need to prepare entrepreneurs for the digital world and to give people an altogether new pathway to entrepreneurship. It was against this backdrop that this paper conducted a sys-tematic review of Digital Entrepreneurship scholarship over the last decade (2012–2021). Forty five DE arti- cles were reviewed across five headings: time distribution, geographic distribution, article type, data collection methods and DE themes, with key findings and their impli- cations for knowledge and practice analysed for each heading. Perhaps the most important finding of this review was that significant empirical evidence exists regarding the efficacy of Digital Entrepreneurship. The major impli- cation of this finding for leaders today, whether public or private, is that servant lead- ership is indeed a philosophy worth learning about and adopting to ensure that organi- zations and countries alike can achieve their stated objectives. This review had certain limitations which future researchers can address. 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