JCBM (2021) 5(1).17-27. Awareness and Usage of Environmental Waste Management Practices (EWMP) of Contractors on construction sites O. J. Oladiran 1 , A. A. Bayewun 2 and A. M. Aderogba 3 1, 2 & 3 Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Received 18 June 2020; received in revised form 4 October 2020, 27 Feburary 2021 and 10 May 2021; accepted 15 May 2021. https://doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.5.1.924 Abstract Construction wastes pose challenges to contractors and clients of construction projects globally, with significant negative consequences on the environment. This study, therefore, investigates the environmental waste management practices (EWMPs) of contractors on construction sites. The objectives are to determine the level of awareness and adoption of MPs. The population of the study was construction professionals on sites in Lagos State, Nigeria. The random sampling technique was used to select 63 companies out of the 126 construction companies in categories C, D and E of firms registered with Lagos State Public Procurement Agency. The targeted respondents were construction professionals in the selected companies. The questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive statistics tools, including mean, percentage and frequency, were used for analysis. The study's findings reveal that contractors are aware of about 28 out of the 47 EWMPs identified from the literature. These include good site materials storage, ordering an exact amount of materials and checking deliveries properly. It also reveals the strategies that are not used as belonging to material exchange/recyclers' association; polluter pays principle, usage of self-contained mini or mobile concrete crusher. It is concluded that although contractors are aware of 28 EWMPs, 26 EWMPs are used on construction sites which are 60% and 55%, respectively. It implies that awareness determines the usage of the MPs. The implications are that if the awareness of EWMPs is increased, the implementation among construction contractors will be improved. It is therefore recommended that professionals should increase their awareness and usage of the neglected EWMPs. This can be achieved through construction firms, governments and institutions sponsoring the training of professionals on MPs. Also, polluter pays principle and recyclers’ association should be enforced in project implementations. This can be achieved through government legislation and government regulatory policies for project procurements. Keywords: Awareness; Best practices; Construction sites; Nigeria; Waste management. 1. Introduction Advancement in the use of machinery has depleted certain natural resources. Additionally, air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and deforestation are few severe industrialisation threats to humanity (Grimms, 2014). The continual growth of inhabitants and industrialisation in developing countries necessitates more homes and offices (Ishola, Ojo & Olaoluwa, 2015). As a result, waste generation has increased in developing countries due to a wide range of construction projects to provide additional infrastructure 2 Corresponding Author. Email address: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng ©2021 The Author(s). Published by UCT Library. This is an open access article under the CC 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (Kareem, Asa & Lawal, 2014; Kolawole, 2002 cited in Jimoh, 2012). Waste generation has serious negative environmental impacts making its management necessary to have a healthy environment (Kofoworola, 2006; Chandrakanthi, Hettiaratchi, Prado & Ruwanpura, 2002 cited in Oladiran, 2008; Kareem et al., 2014; Musa, Ashiru & Jibrin, 2015). Construction wastes (CW) are useless materials from construction activities and sites. Environmental wastes (EW) are unfit substances that are discarded or disposed to the environment. Environmental waste management practices (EWMP) in construction projects are methods and strategies engaged by University of Cape Town Journal of Construction Business and Management http://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/jcbm https://doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.5.1. mailto:ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 18 O. J. Oladiran et al. /Journal of Construction Business and Management (2021) 5(1).17-27 construction organisations to minimise the generation and disposal of waste from projects to the environment. Waste Management (WM) engages processes to reduce construction waste volume at landfill through potential waste streams identification, setting goals for materials recovery and ensuring that a range of benefits is met (Kareem et al., 2014). However, environmental waste management practices (MPs) are not uniform; different waste management concepts vary between countries or regions, urban to rural (Tam & Lu, 2016; Demirbas, 2010). Construction waste minimisation (CWM) is a part of sustainable growth and stimulation from the rising concern for the effect of man’s actions on the environment (Dania, Kehinde & Bala, 2007). However, in developing countries such as Nigeria, site practices are loose and environmental control is weak, which results in negative environmental consequences (Ishola et al., 2015). Therefore, it is opined that the awareness of EWMPs among professionals is key to their implementation on a construction project. Previous studies focused on a different specific category of EWMP and not holistic (Oladiran, 2009; Kareem et al., 2014; Ishola et al., 2015). Thus, this study seeks to encompass more EWMPs categories for a comprehensive investigation. The problem this study seeks to solve is the environmental hazard of the waste generated from construction activities. The study aims to investigate the EWMPs of contractors on construction sites in Lagos State, Nigeria, to minimise the negative effects of waste on the environment. The specific objectives are to determine the awareness of EWMPs by construction professionals and to ascertain the extent of usage on construction sites in Nigeria. The significance of this study is that it will bring to light the extent of awareness and usage of environmental waste practices by contractors to minimise the environmental impacts of waste from their site. 2. Environmental Waste Management Practices in Construction Projects Previous studies have investigated several EWMPs that construction contractors can use. Some of them include: Zero waste: Best waste management practice ensures 'no waste', but construction production is complex; hence designing out waste is affected by many variables and restraints (Andy et al., 2002 cited in Oladiran, 2008). Zero waste philosophy ensures that products are designed to be repaired, refurbished, remanufactured and reused (Zafar, 2018). In addition, zero-waste guides waste elimination (Snow and Dickinson, 2001 cited in Davidson, 2011). There are five zero-waste design principles, including efficient procurement, materials optimisation, offsite construction, reuse and recycling, and deconstruction and flexibility (Zero Waste Scotland, n.d.) ISO 14001: 1S014001 is a worldwide agreed standard that sets out the requirements for the environmental management system (EMS) (International Standard Organisation (ISO), 2015). The first 1S014001 standards were published in 1996 (Christini et al., 2004). An EMS that separates quality, environmental, health and safety management will lead to redundancy of tasks and information collection, but 1S014001 is an EMS that can possibly integrate policies, documentation, data collection, audit, environmental, and health and safety management system, which saves time with an improvement on risk assessment (Griffith, 2000 cited in Christini et al., 2004). ISO14001 makes firms advance their environmental performance voluntarily (Shen and Tam, 2001), and construction companies can mitigate the negative impacts associated with site activities (Christini et al., 2004; Ishola et al., 2015). Dania et al. (2007.) revealed no specific government legislation on wastes for construction sites in Nigeria and that respondents considered project goals of timely project delivery, quality and cost as more important than the impact of the project on the environment. Ishola et al. (2015) revealed that Nigerian contractors are not 1S014001 compliant. Similarly, Chen et al. (2004) found that construction firms in China do not use 1S014001. Christini et al. (2004), Kofoworola (2006), Ishola et al. (2015) recommend that construction companies in Nigeria should be mandated to develop environmental management policy and embrace implementing complete EMS. Similarly, Chen et al. (2004) recommend adopting IS014001-based EMSs for major construction firms in China and that waste minimisation is achievable using the ISO family's standards, policies, and regulations. 1S014001 implementation requires organisational objectives, greater commitment from the principals, stakeholders along the construction supply chain, designated waste management officer, staff training (ISO, 2015). The benefits of using 1S014001 are but not limited to improvement on firms' environmental performance voluntarily (Shen and Tam, 2001). 1S014001 can be integrated into existing the ISO family such as ISO9001 and ISO45001. Waste Management Plans (WMPs): Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) are legal and compulsory requirements in some parts of the UK for projects with a worth of £300,000 and above (NetRegs, n.d.; Waste and Resource Action Programme (WRAP), n.d.; Papargyropoulou et al., 2011). In Southern Wales and Northern Ireland, the employment of an SWMP specialist for effective management of materials is legally mandatory (NetRegs, n.d.); with this law in the UK, clients must produce Site Waste Management Plans before the commencement of the project. In Nigeria, the findings of Oladiran (2009); Wahab and Lawal (2011) revealed that Waste Management Plan is not a tender document; the studies recommend the inclusion of Waste Management Plan among tendering documents. Oladiran (2009) examined the rate of use of Waste Management Plans and the effects of WMP on construction projects in Nigeria. Oladiran (2009) revealed that WMPs are averagely applied on Nigerian construction projects and that the effects of WMP on materials, labour and time waste minimisation is average but high on equipment waste minimisation. Papargyropoulou et al. (2011) conducted a preliminary exploratory exercise to weigh the Malaysia Construction Industry’s level of awareness and commitment to sustainable waste management; the study found that the levels of awareness and adoption of SWMPs are low in Malaysia. A typical SWMP contains detailed information of the licensed waste carrier, the waste types, quantities and O. J. Oladiran et al. /Journal of Construction Business and Management (2021) 5(1).17-27 19 actions taken on the waste, completion of consignment and transfer papers and licensed disposal sites (NetRegs, n.d.). In the UK, the completion of transfer notes before waste leaves the site and the use of waste carriers with valid waste carrier registration certification is a way of staying on the right side of the law (NetRegs, n.d.; Papargyropoulou et al., 2011; Cox, 2016). Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) must be notified if waste is hazardous or if waste is dumped indiscriminately (NetRegs, n.d.). In Lagos, wastes, including construction wastes, are dumped around streetlight poles and roads embankments (Ajayi et al., 2008). Kofoworola (2006) concluded that inhabitants dump waste indiscriminately because there are no distinct waste collection points. Papargyropoulou et al. (2011) reported a lack of practical tools and relevant infrastructures as among the barriers to adopting SWMPs. Sapuay (2016) found that construction waste or materials finish up as dumps in the surrounding due to inadequate supervision. On the other hand, Gangolells and Macarulla (2014) revealed that in Catalonia, Spain, the designed waste infrastructure is five times more than waste generated. However, Gangolells and Macarulla (2014) found that one of the least widespread practices of the Catalonian construction companies was disseminating the SWMP contents to workers to help them meet the plan’s requirements. Papargyropoulou et al. (2011) recommend an investigation into practices for adoption and the development of National standard SWMPs for Malaysia. Waste sorting: Identification of waste composition is also essential for an efficient waste management process due to the amount of reusable waste (Oladiran, 2008). Waste is characterised as solid, liquid and air pollutants, each typically managed, regulated differently (Woodward and Curran Inc., 2006 cited in Davidson, 2011). Each group has different methods of disposal and management, hence the need for sorting (“waste management”, n.d.). For instance, site waste composition includes asphalt, concrete, metal, wood, claystone paper, cement, concrete and woodpile (Heltiaratchi et al., 1997 cited in Oladiran, 2008). The construction process of a 13 storey office building project in the UK emitted 651 tons of CO₂ with 73% from electricity and 27% from fuel usage (Skanska, 2010 cited Ishola et al., 2015). There is also construction dust from stone, cement, bricks, wood or concrete (Health & Safety Executive (HSE), n.d.). The five largest toxic air emissions from construction are Sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitric dioxide (NO₂), volatile organic compounds (VOC), toxic releases to air and hazardous waste generated (Hendrickson and Horvath, 2000). Chen et al. (2004) posit that sources of pollution and hazard from construction activities in China could be sorted into seven major types, dust, harmful gases, noises, solid and liquid wastes, falling objects and ground movement. Solid waste types from construction and demolition works are wood, steel, concrete, dirt, bricks and tiles (Hoornweg and Bhada- Tata, 2012). Kofoworola (2006), Wahab and Lawal (2011), Kareem et al. (2014) revealed that sorting is not done on construction sites in Nigeria. Scavengers sort waste on dumpsites (Kofoworola, 2006); sorting is not done as a result of non-availability of space on-site (Wahab and Lawal, 2011), operatives perceive waste management issues as an extra burden (Kareem et al., 2014). Waste recycling and recovery: Kofoworola (2006) and Ajayi et al. (2008) revealed that most construction waste in Lagos State is not recycled. Ajayi et al. (2008) confirm that little attention is given to recycling and that most construction waste from demolition and renovation works are disposed of aimlessly in dumpsites and landfills. Kareem et al. (2014) also revealed that contractors or operatives lack the practice of reuse or recycling materials on site. Sapuay (2016) concludes that most construction sites concentrate on sanitary maintenance within their sites with no EWMPs that consider reuse, recycling and resource recovery. Excess materials from the construction process or residual from demolition can still be useable should the contractor exert efforts in finding ways to use them rather than dispose of them. Though appearing the cheapest, landfills are practically expensive and can be impossible because areas with the largest solid waste generation are also the areas with serious land scarcity problem (Kofoworola, 2006). Waste landfills or dumps occupy valuable land; worse still, landfills are hideous and sources of environmental hazards (Ajayi et al., 2008). Ajayi et al. (2008) opine that reuse and recycling prevent pollution and environmental impacts of waste. Reducing, reusing and recycling waste are profitable alternatives that will increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce the exploitation of natural resources. Compact self-contained mini or mobile crusher for demolished concrete can be used on-site; the advent of crusher attachments allows the connection of concrete crushers to various construction equipment such as excavators. Kareem et al. (2014) found that metal was the only material worth recycling on-site; comparatively, little income is generated from recycling most other building materials. Reclaimed materials sold on landfills are metals, copper, aluminium, lead, blast iron paper, plastic, polyvinyl, plastic bottles, glass and so on (Kofoworola, 2006). Kofoworola (2006) reports were on landfills while Kareem et al. (2014) were on construction sites; this suggests that fewer materials are recovered or recycled on the construction sites. Revitalisation: Revitalisation is a waste management practice that assures that there are no leftover waste on- site. It involves neutralising chemically harmful materials on-site, then replanting trees and vegetation. For example, certain construction waste materials usually contain leads, asbestos and other hazardous substances. In addition, certain components of construction waste, such as plasterboard once landfilled, are hazardous because it increases hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas. Waste Material Recovery Facility (WMRF): WMRF is a specialised plant that accepts, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing for end-user manufacturers (Zafar, 2018). The two main MRF types are the dirty type which accepts mixed waste, and the clean type, which does not. Hong Kong has a WMRF since 1998 (Ming-Zhi and Gao, 2006) cited in (Wahi et al., 2015). After launching the offsite construction waste sorting (CWS) program, the Hong Kong government built two waste sorting facilities in TuenMun and Tuseng Kwano areas in 2006 (Lu and Yuan, 2012 cited in Wahi et al., 2015). Wahi et al. (2015) reported that the practice of waste sorting has improved after the construction of the 20 O. J. Oladiran et al. /Journal of Construction Business and Management (2021) 5(1).17-27 recycling facilities and the enforcement of polluters pay policy; this implies that there is a need for structures to be brought nearer to the people and government initiatives to ensure the adoption of environmental friendly WMPs. Kofoworola (2006) reported that there was no single official waste WMRF in Nigeria; the study recommends the development of environmental policies for recovery and recycling promotion in Lagos state and the recovery of landfill gas (LFG) for energy generation. A former Lagos State Governor, Mr Babatunde Fashola SAN, commissioned a N1.3 billion Solid Waste MRF in Alimosho Local Government Area, in Lagos State on 12th of May 2015 ("Fashola commissions N1bn recycling plant in Igando", 2015). The facility is the first of its kind in Nigeria; in the 1st phase, the facility will require about130 trucks of waste on a daily basis to process different waste types into raw materials for plastic and rubber industries (“Fashola commissions N1bn recycling plant in Igando”, 2015). In the 2nd, electricity will be produced from heat energy of more tons of waste, and the 3rd will include the production of composts for fertilisers to maintain gardens (Lagos State Governor's Office, 2015). Ex. Governor Mr Babatunde Fashola said that the facility is a conservation strategy to tackle the climate change threats and demonstrate the State Government’s commitment to improving the environment and creating economic benefits (“Fashola commissions N1bn recycling plant in Igando”, 2015). Dubanowitz (2000) investigated the design and operation of a 150tons/day (876000tons/yr) facility for New York recyclables; the study posits that the facility would save $46million for the city waste management yearly. As the construction industry meets the growing human needs, the environment and the natural resource essential for development must be protected and conserved. WMRFs also process wastes into feedstock for biological conversion (Gheewala and Nielsen, 2003 cited in Kofoworola, 2006). 3. Research Method A survey research design was used for this study. It was used because it enables the gathering of data from the respondents at a time to provide answers to the research objectives. The area of study was Lagos State. Lagos State is the second most populous state in Nigeria; the population is estimated at 17,552,940 (2012 census conducted by LASG) and population density of 2,500/Km2. Lagos State is one of the most economically vibrant states, a major financial centre and fifth largest economy in Africa (“Lagos State”, 2019). The GDP per capita is $4,333 (“Lagos State”, 2019). The population of the study is the construction firms in Lagos State, while the sampling frame comprises of those registered with the Lagos State Public Procurement Agency, categories C, D and E. The targeted respondents are construction professionals in the firms. The population size of the frame is 126 construction firms were identified, out of which 63 were randomly chosen for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. The questionnaire had two sections, A and B. Section A focuses on the demographic information of the respondents. Section B investigates the awareness and usage of a set of EWMPs on sites coined from literature, using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaires were administered to the construction professionals in the 63 selected firms, out of which responses were received from 57 and used for the study. Validity is defined as the degree to which a measuring instrument measures what it is designed to measure. It is the ability of the instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure. Academic scholars revealed the errors in the questionnaires and were adjusted to ensure validity. Reliability is defined as the consistency between independent measurements of the same phenomenon. It is the stability, dependability and predictability of a measuring instrument. It connotes the accuracy or precision of a measuring instrument. The coefficient alpha, otherwise known as Cronbach's Alpha reliability, was calculated for the data used in the study. The average Cronbach's Alpha reliability value was 0.850. This is significantly more than the satisfactory 0.7, and 0.6 values recommended in Robson (2000) and Azika (2004), respectively. It implies that the data used are adequately reliable. Mean and frequency was used to analyse the data. 4. Findings and Discussion 4.1 Demographic information The organisations' and respondents' profiles are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Demographic Information R e sp o n d e n ts Desciption Frequency % Architects 15 27.3 Builders 9 16.3 Civil Engineers 20 36.4 Mechanical Engineers 1 1.8 Quantity Surveyors 10 18.2 Total 55 100 Educational Qualification HND 9 16.1 B.Sc. 27 48.2 PGD 2 3.6 M.Sc. 18 32.1 Total 56 100 Professional Membership NIA 11 20.4 NIOBE 8 14.8 NSE 21 38.9 NEWS 8 14.8 NONE 6 11.1 Total 54 100 Experience 0 – 5 9 15.8 6 – 10 18 31.6 11 – 15 15 26.3 16 – 20 6 10.5 Over 20years 9 15.8 Total 57 100 O r g a n is a ti o n s Category < N100M 2 3.6 N100Mdept>sustainability Demirbas, A. (2010). 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