Electrochemical detection of folic acid using a modified screen printed electrode: http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 1111 J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120; http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 Open Access : : ISSN 1847-9286 www.jESE-online.org Original scientific paper Electrochemical detection of folic acid using a modified screen printed electrode Sayed Zia Mohammadi1, Farideh Mousazadeh2,  and Maryam Mohammadhasani-Pour1 1Department of Chemistry, Payame Nour University, Tehran, Iran 2School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences , Bam, Iran Corresponding author: faridehmousazadeh1398@gmail.com Received: April 27, 2022; Accepted: June 4, 2022; Published: July 27, 2022 Abstract In this work, an electrochemical sensor was established for the detection of folic acid based on Ni-BTC (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) metal-organic framework (MOF) modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Electrochemical techniques: cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperemetry (CHA) were used for the detection of folic acid at Ni-BTC MOF modified SPE. The results indicate that the as- prepared sensor has a good electrocatalytic effect on the detection of folic acid. This electro- chemical sensor showed a dynamic linear response range from 0.08 to 635.0 µM and the detec- tion limit was estimated to be 0.03±0.001 µM. Moreover, the feasibility of Ni-BTC MOF/SPE sensor to detect folic acid in real samples was also evaluated by the standard addition method. Keywords Electrochemical sensor; Ni-BTC metal-organic framework, voltammetry Introduction Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, vitamin B9, found in vitamin tablets and fortified foods, which acts as a coenzyme in one-carbon transfer reactions in the various human metabolic pathways [1,2]. Perhaps the most important role of folic acid is purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, necessary for the synthesis and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and thus differrentiation of cells. It is also essential for the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine [3]. Promotion of the formation of red blood cells and thus prevention of anemia is another advantageous role of folic acid [4]. Folic acid has an important effect on the normal growth and development of the fetus, preventing congenital malformations, specifically spina bifida and anencephaly, referred to as neural tube defects (NTDs) [5]. Its deficiency may carry potential risks such as the development of cancer, megaloblastic anemia, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and psychiatric disorders [6-10]. In this sense, monitoring folic acid and its metabolites is highly desirable. Different analytical procedures are currently available for the determination of folic acid, as high-performance liquid http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 http://www.jese-online.org/ mailto:faridehmousazadeh1398@gmail.com J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 DETECTION OF FOLIC ACID USING A MODIFIED SPE 1112 chromatography (HPLC) [11], ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometric [12], flow injection luminescence [13] and capillary electrophoresis [14]. These methods are time-consuming, expensive and require complicated pre-treatment steps. On the other hand, the electrochemical methods are a very promising way for the determination of folic acid and other compounds due to easy fabrication, low cost and rapid analysis compared to other analytical methods [15-30]. Since the chemical analysis has recently focused on the design of portable, disposable, and low- cost instruments, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have become a quite widespread substitute for classic electrodes in electrochemical analytical measurements [31, 32]. SPE based on three- electrode systems is the best option to develop an electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity [33-35]. In recent years, modified electrodes have had many applications in various fields, including sensing, electrocatalysis, fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors [36-48]. Chemical modification of electrodes with various materials such as nanomaterials, single molecular, multi-molecular, ionic, and polymeric components provides electrocatalytic properties in terms of increasing active surface area and accelerating electron transfer kinetics, which is beneficial for electrochemical sensing applications [49-61]. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed by metal ions as nodes and organic ligands as linkers are a new class of nano-sized polymeric and crystalline material. Due to their high porosity, structural diversity and open metal sites, MOFs possess tunable functionalities, adsorption affinity, and high surface area [62-69]. MOFs were demonstrated as a novel material to modify the electrode for the electrochemical application because of the electrochemical activity of the metal ions and the well-ordered porous skeleton [70-72]. Nickel-based MOFs such as Ni (BTC) have been broadly used in different applications due to the low cost and natural abundance of nickel [73]. In the present work, an electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity for measuring folic acid was developed based on the Ni-BTC modified SPE. Compared with unmodified SPE, the Ni-BTC modified SPE exhibited excellent electrochemical activity for the determination of folic acid. This sensor has been employed to measure folic acid in various real samples. Experimental Apparatus and chemicals All electrochemical measurements were performed on a PGSTAT302N potentiostat/galvanostat Autolab and controlled with the general purpose electrochemical system (GPES) software. All experiments were carried out within a conventional three-electrode cell. The SPEs were purchased from DropSens (Spain) and consisted of a graphite working electrode, graphite counter electrode and Ag pseudo reference electrode. Solution pH values were determined using a 713 pH meter combined with a glass electrode (Metrohm, Switzerland). Folic acid and other chemicals used were analytical grade and were purchased from Merck. Synthesis of Ni-BTC MOF For the synthesis of Ni-BTC MOF, 1.10 g of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and 0.44 g of BTC were added to methanol. The prepared mixture was stirred for 90 min at room temperature and then transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated at 150 °C for 24 h. After the autoclave reached room temperature, the precipitate was separated by centrifuge and washed several times using methanol. Finally, the collected product (Ni-BTC MOF) was dried in an oven at 70 °C for 10h. The field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image of the Ni-BTC MOF is shown in Figure 1. S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 1113 Figure 1. FE-SEM image of Ni-BTC MOF Preparation of Ni-BTC MOF/SPE For modification of SPE by Ni-BTC MOF, 1 mg of Ni-BTC was dispersed in 1 mL of deionized water using an ultra-sonication bath for 20 min to get a homogeneous solution of 1 mg 1 mL-1 of Ni-BTC. Then, 3 µL of Ni-BTC MOF suspension was drop cast on the surface of unmodified SPE and dried at room temperature to achieve Ni-BTC MOF/SPE. The surface area of Ni-BTC MOF/SPE and the bare SPE were obtained by CV using 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 at different scan rates. Using the Randles-Sevcik formula for Ni-BTC MOF/SPE, the electrode surface was found to be 0.116 cm2 which was about 3.8 times greater than bare CPE. Results and discussion Electrochemical response of folic acid at different electrodes The effect pH value of electrolyte solution was investigated by DPV in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at the pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 containing 50.0 μM folic acid on the Ni-BTC MOF/SPE surface. The oxidation peak current of folic acid reached a maximum value at pH 7.0, and therefore PBS with pH 7.0 was chosen as the optimum pH to detect folic acid. Figure 2 displays the cyclic voltammograms of the folic acid at unmodified SPE (curve a) and Ni- BTC MOF/SPE (curve b), with the same concentration of 200.0 μM in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0). The anodic peak potential for the oxidation of folic acid at Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (curve b) is about 590 mV compared with 740 mV, for that on the unmodified SPGE (curve a). Similarly, when the oxidation of folic acid at the Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (curve b) and unmodified SPE (curve a) are compared, an extensive enhancement of the anodic peak current at Ni-BTC MOF/SPE, relative to the value obtained at the unmodified SPE (curve b), is observed. In other words, the results clearly indicate that the Ni-BTC MOF improves folic acid oxidation. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 DETECTION OF FOLIC ACID USING A MODIFIED SPE 1114 Figure 2. CV curves of unmodified SPE (curve a) and Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (curve b) in 0.1 M PBS containing 200.0 μM folic acid; scan rate: 50 mV s-1. Influence of the scan rate on the results The voltammograms obtained using LSV were recorded at various scan rates to see the differences in the peak potential and current in 0.1 M PBS at pH 7.0 (100.0 μM folic acid) (Figure 3A). The scan rates were changed in the interval  = 10-300 mV s-1. The voltammograms show that, with increasing scan rate, the peak current permanently increases, and the peak potential moves to more positive values. As can be seen in Figure 3B, the equation between the peak current and the square root of the scan rate for oxidation peak is given by equation (1): Ipa (Folic acid) = 1.2055  ½ - 1.9976 (R2 = 0.9996) (1) The linearity of Ipa vs.  ½ graphs specified that the reaction is diffusion-controlled process. Figure 3. A) LSV curves of 100.0 μM folic acid in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) at a scan rate of 10 to 300 mV s-1 at Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (1-6 refers to 10, 30, 70, 100, 200, and 300 mV s-1). B) Plot of the square root of the scan rate vs. the oxidation peak current of folic acid In order to obtain some information on the rate-determining step, we drew a Tafel plot (Figure 4B) using the data from the rising part of the current-voltage curve recorded at a low scan rate of 10 mV s-1 y = 1.2055x – 1.9976 R2 = 0.9996 S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 1115 (Figure 4A) for 100.0 μM folic acid. The linearity of the E versus log I plot implies the intervention of the kinetics of the electrode process. The slope of this plot can be used to estimate the number of electrons transferred in the rate-determining step. According to Figure 4B, the Tafel slope for the linear part of the plot was estimated to be equal to 0.1598 V. The value of the Tafel slope indicates that one-electron transfer process is the rate-limiting step, assuming a transfer coefficient () of about 0.63. Figure 4. A) LSV response for 100.0 μM folic acid with 10 mVs-1 scan rate; B) Tafel plot derived from the rising part or the corresponding voltammogram Chronoamperometric analysis Chronoamperometric measurements of folic acid at Ni-BTC MOF/SPE were carried out by setting the working electrode potential at 0.65 V for the various concentrations of folic acid in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) (Figure 5A). Figure 5. A) The chronoamperograms obtained at Ni-BTC MOF/SPE in 0.1 M PBS at pH of 7.0 for different concentrations of folic acid (1-5 refers to: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mM). B) The I plot versus t-1/2 observed by chronoamperograms 1-5. C) The slope plot of the straight line vs. concentration of folic acid y = 0.1598x + 0.4616 R2 = 0.9995 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 DETECTION OF FOLIC ACID USING A MODIFIED SPE 1116 For an electroactive material (folic acid in this case) with a diffusion coefficient D, the current observed for the electrochemical reaction at the mass transport limited condition is described by the Cottrell equation [74]. Experimental plots of I vs. t−1/2 were employed, with the best fits for different concentrations of folic acid (Figure 5B). The slopes of the resulting straight lines were then plotted vs. folic acid concentration (Figure 5C). From the resulting slope and Cottrell equation, the mean value of the D was found to be 1.85×10-5 cm2 s-1. Calibration curve, linear range and detection limit Figure 6A shows the electrochemical detection of folic acid by using DPV at various concentrations using Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (Step potential = 0.01 V and pulse amplitude = 0.025 V). As seen in Figure 6B, the oxidation peak current of folic acid linear with a folic acid concentration in the concentration range of 0.08 – 635.0 µM. The regression equation of the calibration graph is given by Eq. (2): Ipa (Folic acid) = 0.0529 CFolic acid + 1.4675 (R2 = 0.9996) (2) The limit of detection value was calculated to be 0.03±0.001 μM. It is better than some recent report in determination of folic acid using SPE [75]. Figure 6. DPV responses of folic acid on Ni-BTC MOF/SPE at different folic acid concentrations (1-13 refer to: 0.08, 1.0, 7.5, 15.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, and 635.0 μM) in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0). Inset: The relationship between the oxidation peak currents and folic acid concentration Analytical application The determination of folic acid in real samples such as folic acid tablets and urine was performed using Ni-BTC MOF/SPE sensor. The concentration values of folic acid were calculated by the standard addition method. The results are summarized in Table 1, the recovery is between 96.0 and 102.7 %, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) are all less than or equal to 3.3 %. The experimental results confirmed that the Ni-BTC MOF/SPE sensor has a great potential for analytical application. y = 0.0529x + 1.4675 R2 = 0.9996 S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 1117 Table 1. Determining folic acid in real samples by using Ni-BTC MOF/SPE (n=5) Sample Concentration, μM Recovery, % RSD, % Spiked Found Folic acid tablet 0 4.0 - 3.3 2.5 6.4 98.5 1.9 3.5 7.7 102.7 2.4 Urine 0 - - - 5.0 5.1 102.0 2.2 7.5 7.2 96.0 2.9 Conclusion In this work, we developed a Ni-BTC MOF modified SPE as an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of folic acid. According to voltammetric results, the prepared sensor showed an excellent performance toward folic acid oxidation. Under an optimized condition, the prepared electrochemical sensor displayed a low detection limit of 0.03±0.001 μM and a broad linear range of 0.08 to 635.0 μM for folic acid. Furthermore, the Ni-BTC MOF/SPE was also tested for its ability to detect folic acid in real samples giving excellent recoveries. References [1] P. J. Stover, Nutrition Reviews 62 (2004) 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb 00070.x [2] H. Sadeghi, S. Shahidi, S. Naghizadeh Raeisi, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, F. Karimi, Chemical Methodologies 4(6) (2020) 743-753. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.113657 [3] M. Lucock, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 71 (2000) 121-138. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/mgme.2000.3027 [4] S. Parchizadeh, M. Fazilati, H. Salavati, B. Salehi-Eskandari, H. Nazem, Chemical Methodologies 4(3) (2020) 359-368. https://doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM/2020.3.12 [5] R. M. Pitkin, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85 (2007) 285S-288S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.1.285S [6] V. Sharma, G. K. Jayaprakas, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 12(3) (2022) 421-430. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1313 [7] M. Zare, H. Sarhadi, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 11 (2021) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.878 [8] M. S. Donaldson, Nutrition Journal 3 (2004) 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-19 [9] F. Tahernejad-Javazmi, M. Shabani-Nooshabadi, H. Karimi-Maleh, Composites Part B: Engineering 172 (2019) 666-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.065 [10] P. V. Narayana, T. M. Reddy, P. Gopal, G. R. Naidu, Analytical Methods 6 (2014) 9459-9468. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY02068E [11] P. Jin, L. Xia, Z. Li, N. Che, D. Zou, X. Hu, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 70 (2012) 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.020 [12] R. Matias, P. R. S. Ribeiro, M. C. Sarraguça, J. A. Lopes, Analytical Methods 6 (2014) 3065- 3071. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41874J [13] Y. D. Liang, J. F. Song, X. F. Yang, Analytica Chimica Acta 510 (2004) 21-28. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.054 [14] R. H. F. Cheung, J. G. Hughes, P. J. Marriott, D. M. Small, Food Chemistry 112 (2009) 507- 514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.110 [15] A. Hojjati-Najafabadi, M. Mansoorianfar, T. Liang, K. Shahin, H. Karimi-Maleh, Science of The Total Environment 824 (2022) 153844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153844 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00070.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00070.x https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.113657 https://doi.org/10.1006/mgme.2000.3027 https://doi.org/10.1006/mgme.2000.3027 https://doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/CHEMM/2020.3.12 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.1.285S https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1313 https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.878 https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.065 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY02068E https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.020 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41874J https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.054 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153844 J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 DETECTION OF FOLIC ACID USING A MODIFIED SPE 1118 [16] F. Xiao, C. Ruan, L. Liu, R. Yan, F. Zhao, B. Zeng, Sensors and Actuators B 134 (2008) 895- 901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.037 [17] T. Eren, N. Atar, M. L. Yola, H. Karimi-Maleh, Food Chemistry 185 (2015) 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.153 [18] K. Qu, W. Wang, C. Shi, Z. Sun, H. Qi, J. Shi, S. Yang, Z. Huang, Z. Guo, Journal of Nano- structure in Chemistry 11 (2021) 769-784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00448-z [19] H. Karimi-Maleh, H. Beitollahi, P. S. Kumar, S. Tajik, P. Mohammadzadeh Jahani, F. Karimi, C. Karaman, Y. Vasseghian, M. Baghayeri, J. Rouhi, P. L. Show, S. Rajendran, L. Fu, N. Zare, Food and Chemical Toxicology 164 (2022) 112961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112961. [20] K. Harismah, M. Mirzaei, M. Dai, Z. Roshandel E. Salarrezaei, Eurasian Chemical Communications 3(2) (2021) 95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.267226.1120 [21] M. Pirozmand, A. Nezhadali, M. Payehghadr, L. Saghatforoush, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2(10) (2020) 1021-1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2020.241560.1063 [22] J. Mohanraj, D. Durgalakshmi, R. A. Rakkesh, S. Balakumar, S. Rajendran, H. Karimi-Maleh, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 566 (2020) 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.089 [23] S. Tajik, Z. Dourandish, F. Garkani-Nejad, A. Aghaei Afshar, H. Beitollahi, Micromachines 13 (2022) 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030369 [24] A. Moghaddam, H. Zamani, H. Karimi-Maleh, Chemical Methodologies 5(5) (2021) 373-380. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.135727 [25] M. Bijad, A. Hojjati-Najafabadi, H. Asari-Bami, S. Habibzadeh, I. Amini, F. Fazeli, Eurasian Chemical Communications 3 (2021) 116-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.268819.1122 [26] M. Motahharinia, H. Zamani, H. Karimi-Maleh, Chemical Methodologies 5 (2021) 107-113. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.119678 [27] M. Ebrahimi, H. Beitollahi, Eurasian Chemical Communications 3 (2021) 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.120300 [28] S. Kianfar, A.N. Golikand, B. ZareNezhad, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 11 (2021) 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00366-6 [29] H. Karimi-Maleh, F. Karimi, Y. Orooji, G. Mansouri, A. Razmjou, A. Aygun, F. Sen, Scientific Reports 10 (2020) 11699. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68663-2 [30] S. Tajik, M. B. Askari, S. A. Ahmadi, F. Garkani-Nejad, Z. Dourandish, R. Razavi, A. Di Bartolomeo, Nanomaterials 12 (2022) 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030491 [31] G. Padmalaya, K. H. Vardhan, P. S. Kumar, M. A. Ali, T. W. Chen, Chemosphere 288 (2022) 132560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132560 [32] S. Tajik, H. Beitollahi, S. Shahsavari, F. Garkani-Nejad, Chemosphere 291 (2022) 132736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132736 [33] B. Josypčuk, J. Langmaier, S. Tvorynska, Sensors and Actuators B 347 (2021) 130583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130583 [34] H. Mahmoudi-Moghaddam, S. Tajik, H. Beitollahi, Microchemical Journal 150 (2019) 104085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104085 [35] M. Li, Y. T. Li, D. W. Li, Y. T. Long, Analytica Chimica Acta 734 (2012) 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.018 [36] H. Karimi-Maleh, A. Khataee, F. Karimi, M. Baghayeri, L. Fu, J. Rouhi, R. Boukherroub, Chemosphere 291 (2022) 132928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132928 [37] J. B. Raoof, R. Ojani, H. Beitollahi, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 2 (2007) 534-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.153 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00448-z https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112961 http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.267226.1120 http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2020.241560.1063 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.089 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030369 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.135727 http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.268819.1122 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.119678 http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.120300 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00366-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68663-2 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030491 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132560 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132736 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132928 S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 1119 [38] M. R. Aflatoonian, B. Aflatoonian, R. Alizadeh, R. Abbasi Rayeni, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2(1) (2020) 35-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.1.4 [39] J. D. Lović, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 12 (2022) 275-282. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1166 [40] H. Karimi-Maleh, C. Karaman, O. Karaman, F. Karimi, Y. Vasseghian, L. Fu, A. Mirabi, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 12 (2022) 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022- 00492-3 [41] E. Shojaei, M. Masrournia, A. Beyramabadi, H. Behmadi, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2 (2020) 750-759. http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.7.2 [42] P. Shen, B. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Liu, C. Yu, T. Xu, S. S. Mofarah, Y. Yu, Y. Liu, H. Sun, H. Arandiyan, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 11 (2021) 33-68 https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40097-020-00367-5 [43] N. Rajabi, M. Masrournia, M. Abedi, Chemical Methodologies 4(5) (2020) 660-670. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.109975 [44] M. Montazarolmahdi, M. Masrournia, A. Nezhadali, Chemical Methodologies 4(6) (2020) 732-742. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.113388 [45] M. Miraki, H. Karimi-Maleh, M. A. Taher, S. Cheraghi, F. Karimi, S. Agarwal, V. K. Gupta, Journal of Molecular Liquids 278 (2019) 672-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.081 [46] S. Tajik, H. Beitollahi, M. Torkzadeh-Mahani, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00496-z [47] A. Hosseini Fakhrabad, R. Sanavi Khoshnood, M. R. Abedi, M. Ebrahimi, Eurasian Chemical Communications 3 (2021) 627-634. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.288271.1182 [48] H. Beitollahi, M. A. Khalilzadeh, S. Tajik, M. Safaei, K. Zhang, H. Won Jang, M. Shokou- himehr, ACS Omega 5 (2020) 2049–2059. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03788 [49] N. H. Khand, I. M. Palabiyik, J. A. Buledi, S. Ameen, A. F. Memon, T. Ghumro, A. R. Solangi, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 11 (2021) 455-468 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097- 020-00380-8 [50] S. Salaria, H. Beitollahi, Chemical Methodologies 5(5) (2021) 407-415. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.134965 [51] H. Karimi-Maleh, M. Sheikhshoaie, I. Sheikhshoaie, M. Ranjbar, J. Alizadeh, N. W. Maxakato, A. Abbaspourrad, New Journal of Chemistry 43 (2019) 2362-2367. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ05581E [52] T. Zabihpour, S. A. Shahidi, H. Karimi Maleh, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2 (2020) 362-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.3.7 [53] S. Azimi, M. Amiri, H. Imanzadeh, A. Bezaatpour, Advanced Journal of Chemistry A 4(2) (2021) 152-164. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ajca.2021.275901.1246 [54] G. Tiris, Y. Khoshnavaz, E. N. Öven, M. Mehmandoust, N. Erk, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 12 (2022) 175-183. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1153 [55] S. A. Alavi-Tabari, M. A. Khalilzadeh, H. Karimi-Maleh, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 811 (2018) 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.01.034 [56] M. Abrishamkar, S. Ehsani Tilami, S. Hosseini Kaldozakh, Advanced Journal of Chemistry- Section A 3(6) (2020) 767-776. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ajca.2020.114113 [57] H. Beitollahi, H. Mahmoudi Moghaddam, S. Tajik, Analytical Letters 52 (2019) 1432-1444. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2018.1545132 [58] M. Payehghadr, Y. Taherkhani, A. Maleki, F. Nourifard, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2 (2020) 982-990. https://doi.org/10.22034/ECC.2020.114589 [59] H. Beitollahi, S. Tajik, M. H. Asadi, P. Biparva, Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 5 (2014) 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-014-0029-y http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1360 http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1166 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00492-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00492-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.7.2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00367-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00367-5 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.109975 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2020.113388 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.081 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00496-z http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2021.288271.1182 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03788 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00380-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00380-8 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.134965 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ05581E http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.3.7 https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ajca.2021.275901.1246 https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.01.034 https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ajca.2020.114113 https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2018.1545132 https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/ecc.2020.114589 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-014-0029-y J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1111-1120 DETECTION OF FOLIC ACID USING A MODIFIED SPE 1120 [60] H. Karimi-Maleh, A. F. Shojaei, K. Tabatabaeian, F. Karimi, S. Shakeri, R. Moradi, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 86 (2016) 879-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.086 [61] M. Mehdi Foroughi, H.Beitollahi, S. Tajik, A. Akbari, R.Hosseinzadeh, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 (2014) 8407-8421 [62] J. R. Li, R. J. Kuppler, H. C. Zhou, Chemical Society Reviews 38 (2009) 1477-1504. https://doi.org/10.1039/B802426J [63] E. A. Afshar, M. A. Taher, H. Karimi-Maleh, C. Karaman, S. W. Joo, Y. Vasseghian, Environmental Pollution 305 (2022) 119230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119230 [64] M. Yoon, R. Srirambalaji, K. Kim, Chemical Reviews 112 (2012) 1196-1231. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/cr2003147 [65] G. Nabi Bidhendi, N. Mehrdadi, M. Firouzbakhsh, Chemical Methodologies 5(3) (2021) 271- 284. https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.130208 [66] S. L. Li, Q. Xu, Energy and Environmental Science 6 (2013) 1656-1683. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/C3EE40507A [67] R. Darabi, M. Shabani-Nooshabadi, H. Karimi-Maleh, A. Gholami, Food Chemistry 368 (2022) 130811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130811 [68] E. Adatoz, A. K. Avci, S. Keskin, Separation and Purification Technology 152 (2015) 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.08.020 [69] M. L. Hu, S. A. A. Razavi, M. Piroozzadeh, A. Morsali, Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7 (2020) 1598-1632. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QI01617A [70] H. Karimi-Maleh, R. Darabi, M. Shabani-Nooshabadi, M. Baghayeri, F. Karimi, J. Rouhi, C. Karaman, Food and Chemical Toxicology 162 (2022) 112907. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fct.2022.112907 [71] P. Janjani, U. Bhardwaj, R. Gupta, H. S. Kushwaha, Analytica Chimica Acta 1202 (2022) 339676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339676 [72] Q. A. Moallem, H. Beitollahi, Microchemical Journal 177 (2022) 107261. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107261 [73] B. Dey, M. W. Ahmad, G. Sarkhel, D. J. Yang, A. Choudhury, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 142 (2022) 106500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106500 [74] A. J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 2001. [75] M. R. Aflatoonian, S. Tajik, M. Ekrami-Kakhki, B. Aflatoonian, H. Beitollahi, Eurasian Chemical Communications 2 (2020) 609-618. https://doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.5.7 ©2022 by the authors; licensee IAPC, Zagreb, Croatia. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.086 https://doi.org/10.1039/B802426J https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119230 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2003147 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2003147 https://doi.org/10.22034/chemm.2021.130208 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40507A https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40507A https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130811 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.08.020 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QI01617A https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112907 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.107261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106500 https://doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2020.5.7 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) @Article{Mohammadi2022, author = {Mohammadi, Sayed Zia and Mousazadeh, Farideh and Mohammadhasani-Pour, Maryam}, journal = {Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering}, title = {{Electrochemical detection of folic acid using a modified screen printed electrode:}}, year = {2022}, issn = {1847-9286}, month = {jul}, number = {6}, pages = {1111--1120}, volume = {12}, abstract = {In this work, an electrochemical sensor was established for the detection of folic acid based on Ni-BTC (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) metal-organic framework (MOF) modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Electrochemical techniques: cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chrono­ampere­metry (CHA) were used for the detection of folic acid at Ni-BTC MOF modified SPE. The results indicate that the as-prepared sensor has a good electrocatalytic effect on the detection of folic acid. This electro­chemical sensor showed a dynamic linear response range from 0.08 to 635.0 µM and the detec­tion limit was estimated to be 0.03±0.001 µM. Moreover, the feasibility of Ni-BTC MOF/SPE sensor to detect folic acid in real samples was also evaluated by the standard addition method.}, doi = {10.5599/JESE.1360}, file = {:D\:/OneDrive/Mendeley Desktop/Mohammadi, Mousazadeh, Mohammadhasani-Pour - 2022 - Electrochemical detection of folic acid using a modified screen printed electrode.pdf:pdf;:05_jESE_1360_1111-1120.docx:Word_NEW;:www/jESE_V12_No6_1111-1120.pdf:PDF}, keywords = {BTC metal, Electrochemical sensor, Ni, organic framework, voltammetry}, publisher = {International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)}, url = {https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/1360}, }