Electrochemical determination of amaranth in food samples by using modified electrode:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1165
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177; http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
Open Access : : ISSN 1847-9286
www.jESE-online.org
Original scientific paper
Electrochemical determination of amaranth in food samples by
using modified electrode
Sayed Zia Mohammadi1, Yar-Mohammad Baghelani2, Farideh Mousazadeh3,
Shamsi Rahimi1 and Maryam Mohammad-Hassani1,
1Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
3School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
Corresponding authorс: mohammadhassanipourm@gmail.com
Received: September 23, 2022; Accepted: October 5, 2022; Published: November 4, 2022
Abstract
In this paper, a new electrochemical sensor was reported for the determination of amaranth
in drink soft. In this sensor, activated carbon-Co3O4 nanocomposite (AC-Co3O4) was employ-
ed as electrode modifying material. High pores of the activated carbon favour an access of
aramanth nolecules within the pores of the working electrode surface, and allow fast
electron transfer that is beneficial for the electrochemical detecion process. Thus, the
electrochemical signal is obviously enhanced at AC-Co3O4 modified electrode compared to
bare carbon paste electrode, and exhibited a wide linear response ranging from 0.1-215 M
with a low detection limit of 10.0 nM (based on 3Sb/m). This work offers a new route in
developing new electrochemical sensors for the determination of collorant additives and
other hazard components in drink soft.
Keywords
Electrochemical sensor; carbon paste electrode; activated carbon-Co3O4 nanocomposite
Introduction
Bright colors make foodstuffs and soft drinks more attractive and appealing [1]. Therefore,
various edible colorants, including natural colorants and artificial colorants are widely used in the
food processing industry [2]. Because of charming color uniformity, excellent water solubility, cheap
production cost, low microbiological contamination as well as high stability to light, oxygen and pH,
synthetic colorants especially azo dyes have been widely used in food industry to improve the
appearance and color of food products [3].
Amaranth, a typical synthetic azo colorant, has been extensively applied to give fascinating red
color and make food more attractive and appealing. However, excessive intake of amaranth may
cause adverse health effects such as dizziness, anxiety, allergic reaction, and even cancer [1,4-6].
Therefore, many countries have strictly regulated the additive dosage of amaranth. For example, in
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
http://www.jese-online.org/
mailto:mohammadhassanipourm@gmail.com
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1166
both the USA and Japan, the use of amaranth has been voluntarily restricted in foodstuffs and
beverages [7] and in China, amaranth is permitted to be added into some foodstuffs [8]. The World
Health Organization has set the acceptable daily intake of amaranth as 0.5 mg kg-1 [9]. Therefore,
the content of amaranth in foods must be severely controlled and the detection of amaranth in a
rapid, sensitive, simple, and cost-effective manner is paramount for human health and food safety.
Recently, various methods such as thin layer chromatography [10], high-performance liquid
chromatography mass spectrometry [11,12], liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
[13,14], spectrophotometry [15,16] and electrochemical analysis [17-21] have been reported to
determine amaranth. Among those methods, electrochemical methods are more attractive than
others because of their unique advantages such as low-cost, simple equipment and operation, quick
response and ease of miniaturization [22-33]. Various electrochemical sensors have been success-
sfully designed for detecting amaranth in foodstuffs and soft drinks [1,3,34-40].
The nanomaterials have excellent catalytic and electronic traits to convert biorecognition
processes into electrochemical reaction, and also have the high loading receptor molecules to
synergistically amplify target reaction, as well as have large surface area to increase mass transport.
Herein, we developed novel activated carbon-Co3O4 nanocomposite-modified carbon paste
electrode (AC-Co3O4-CPE) for the sensitive detection of amaranth in foodstuffs. As far as we know,
there was no report on the amaranth oxidation with the AC-Co3O4-CPE. Then, it was investigated for
amaranth voltammetric detection in the real samples.
Experimental
Instruments and chemicals
Instruments utilized in this research are similar to the devices reported in the previous article [30].
Amaranth, cobalt chloride hexahydrate, Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 were Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA)
and the rest reagents with analytical grades were also Sigma and thus applied with any additional
treatments. Moreover, we employed Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 for preparing phosphate buffer (PBS)
supporting electrolyte solution. Notably, we used deionized water to prepare all solutions freshly.
Fabrication of AC/Co3O4 nanostructure
The AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite has been synthesized according to the previous report [41]. Briefly,
five-gram CoCl26H2O was poured into ethanol solution (40 mL) plus activated carbon (5 g), followed
by adding 12.5 mL of hydrazine hydrates (50 % N2H4H2O) and 12.5 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
as dropwise with vigorously stirring at an ambient temperature. Then, the produced AC-Co3O4 was
collected, rinsed using the deionized water and the ethanol to exclude additional hydrazine. Drying
the AC-Co3O4 has been performed in the oven for 4 hours at 90 °C.
Preparation of electrode
100 mg of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite and 900 mg graphite was mixed using a mortar for 10 min,
and then 0.7 mL of paraffin was added to it and remixed for 10 min. Then, the resultant paste
inserted into a glass tube (length = 10 cm; inner diameter = 3.4 mm) and packaged and then put a
copper wire in the electrode for establishing an electrical contact. After that, we pressed additional
paste out of the glass tube and used a weighing paper to polish it for obtaining the surface. The
resulting electrode is displayed with AC-Co3O4-CPE.
Furthermore, the bare CPE without any AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite was constructed for comparison.
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1167
Preparation process of the real samples
Food samples including grape soda and Lemon soda were provided by a local supermarket. The
liquid samples were transferred into beaker and degassed in an ultrasonic bath. Then 1.0 mL of the
samples was pipetted into the voltammetric cell, and diluted to 10 mL with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7).
Results and discussions
Characterization of AC/Co3O4
The morphology of AC/Co3O4 nanocomposite was examined by the scanning electron microscope
(SEM) (Tescan, Czech Republic) images and the results was given in Fig 1. As can be seen, the
AC/Co3O4 has an even nano-flower-shape morphology that is assembled through nano-sheets,
thereby causing an elevation in the activated carbon surface area that shows a highly efficient
surface area for electron transfer.
Figure 1. SEM image of AC/Co3O4 nanocomposite
Figure S-1 (given in the Supplementary material) shows the Fourier Transform – infra red (FT-IR)
(Bruker, Germany) spectra obtained for the functional groups of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite. As seen,
the bands at 3416 and 3445 cm−1 correspond to O–H stretching related to the water molecule
adsorption. The bands from 2850 to 2950 cm−1 stand for the C-H stretching, the bands at 1623 and
1703 cm−1 for carbonyl stretching vibration and carboxylic group [42]. The peak 1062 cm−1 stands
for C–O stretching vibration. The bands at 1000 to 1100 cm−1 relate to C–O–C and C–O vibrations.
The peak 2923 cm−1 corresponds to CH2 anti-symmetric and symmetric stretch vibrations. The peaks
435 and 564.47 cm−1 show respectively metal oxygen (M–O) vibration bond in octahedral and
tetrahedral locations, confirming the existence of cobalt oxide on the AC-Co3O4 surface [42].
XRD has been assessed using a diffractometer Bruker D8 ADANCE, having Cu Ka radiation. High
angle X-ray diffractogram for the AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite are shown in Figure S-2. The diffraction
peaks of 2 = 41.8, 44.4, 47.2, 51.9 and 76.0° (PDF# 15-0806) exhibit the typical metallic cobalt nano-
particles (NPs) [42]. The amorphous structure of carbon is evident in a broad peak at 2 = 24° [42].
The calculation of particle size of cobalt NPs in the structure of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite was
performed in accordance with the diffraction peak (2 = 44.4°) using the Scherrer equation and was
27.9 nm.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1168
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Tescan, Czech Republic) was applied to chemically
determine the composition of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite, whose spectra are shown in Figure S-3. The
findings confirm the presence of O, Co, and C in the structure of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite. The weight
ratios of C (60.50 %), Co (28.72 %) and O (10.78 %) have been obtained having analyzed data quanti-
tatively.
Electrochemical behaviour of amaranth at the AC-Co3O4-CPE surface
The CVs responses for the bare CPE and the AC-Co3O4-CPE in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) containing
100.0 μM amaranth were presented in Figures 2a and 2b, respectively. As can be seen, potential of
peak (Ep) for Amarant is 600 mV and 825 mV at the surface of AC-Co3O4-CPE and the bare CPE, which
reflects the capability of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite as good mediator. Compared to the unmodified
electrode, the Ep is shifted by about 225 mV to negative values. On the other hand, compared to the
unmodified electrode, the peak current (Ip) in 100.0 μM amaranth solution (curve b) considerably
elevated, which was caused by the probable electrocatalytic impacts of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite on
the amaranth.
Figure 2. LSVs of the bare CPE (a) and the AC-Co3O4-CPE (b) in the presence of 100.0 μM amaranth in
0.1 M PBS (pH of 7.0). Scan rate = 50 mV s-1 in all cases
In the following, optimizing the solution pH would be crucial to achieve electrocatalytic oxidation
of amaranth. Therefore, the dependence of electrochemical activity of amaranth on the pH value of
the aqueous solution was also assessed. For this purpose, the CV used to investigate electrochemical
activity of amaranth into 0.1 M PBS with different pH-values (3.0 < pH < 9.0) at the AC-Co3O4-CPE
surface (Figure 3). The results showed that the electrochemical oxidation of amaranth at the AC-
Co3O4-CPE surface in neutral conditions is better than acidic or alkaline conditions. Therefore, pH 7.0
was chosen as optimum pH for electrochemical oxidation of amaranth at the AC-Co3O4-CPE surface.
Additionally, the obtained results showed that with increase of pH, the peak potential (Ep) was
shifted linearly to negative values (slope = 56.1 mV per unit of pH) that is close to the theoretical
value (59.2 mV) and indicates that the number of protons and electrons involved in the oxidation
process are equal [1,43,44]. With respect to these results, the possible oxidation mechanism of
amaranth at the surface of AC-Co3O4-CPE was proposed in Scheme 1 that is in agreement with the
proposed mechanism in the literature [1,43,44] and as can be seen, 2 electrons are involved in the
oxidation of amaranth.
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1169
Figure 3. Variation of peak current of AC-Co3O4-
CPE in 0.1 M PBS containing 100.0 µM aramanth
with different pH values (3 to 9)
+ 2H+ + 2e
NaO3S N N
HO SO3Na
SO3Na
NaO3S N N
O O
SO3Na
Scheme 1. Electro-oxidation of amaranth at the surface of AC-Co3O4-CPE
In order to illustrate that the AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite could increase the electrode surface area
in comparison to the surface of bare CPE, real surface area of AC-Co3O4-CPE and bare CPE were
determined by the Randles-Sevcik (Eq. 1) [45]:
I = 2.69×105ACD1/2n3/2ν1/2 (1)
were A is the effective surface area of each electrode (cm2), n is the number of electrons taking part
in charge transfer process, D is the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in the solution and C is the
concentration of the analyte in the solution. The values of n and D for K3Fe(CN)6 are 1 and
7.6 ×10−6 cm2 s−1 respectively.
The results showed that the real surface area of AC-Co3O4-CPE and bare CPE were 21.42 and
0.10 cm2, respectively. Therefore, as expected, the surface area of AC-Co3O4-CPE increases with the
addition of AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite to the matrix of the carbon paste.
In the following, the effect of scanning speed on the peak current (Ip) of amaranth was studied
using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) (Figure 4). The observations showed that the higher the scan
speed, the higher Ip and the Ep shifted towards higher positive potentials. As can be seen (Inset of
Figure 4), the Ip vs. the square root of the scanning rate ( 1/2) varied linearly, therefore, the oxidation
process of amaranth at the surface of AC-Co3O4-CPE is controlled by diffusion [45].
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1170
In the next step, the LSV obtained at the scan rate of 10 mV s-1 was used for draw the TOEFL
diagram (Figure 5). The ascending part of the voltammogram is called the Tafel region that under
the influence by the electron transfer kinetic between amaranth and the AC-Co3O4-CPE.
Figure 4. LSVs of AC-Co3O4-CPE in 0.1 M PBS
(pH 7.0) containing 100.0 µM amaranth at various
scan rates; numbers 1 - 6 correspond to 10, 25, 50,
100, 300 and 500 mV s-1, respectively;
inset: changes in the anodic peak current versus
square root of scan rate
Figure 5. LSV of AC-Co3O4-CPE in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0)
containing 100.0 µM amaranth at the scan rate of
10 mV s-1. The inset exhibits the LSV-derived
Tafel plot
Due to the slope of the Tafel curve, which corresponds well to the involvement of 1 electron in the
electrode rate-determining step [45], a charge transfer coefficient (α) of 0.6 was obtained for
amaranth.
Chronoamperometric study
In the following, to perform the chronoamperometric measurements of amaranth at the surface
of the AC-Co3O4-CPE, the working electrode potential was adjusted at 650 mV (Figure 6). The current
obtained from electrochemical reaction at the mass transport limited condition for electroactive
material (in this case: amaranth), that having a diffusion coefficient D can be ascribed by Cottrell
equation (2) [45]:
I = nFAD1/2Cbπ-1/2t-1/2 (2)
where D imply the diffusion coefficient (cm2 s-1) and Cb the bulk concentration (mM). Chrono-
amperometric measurements of aramanth were performed in diverse concentrations of amaranth
(0.1 M of PBS at pH 7.0). Then, the plots of I versus t-1/2 were plotted (Figure 6a). In the next step, the
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1171
slopes of the obtained straight lines were plotted versus (Figure 6b) concentration of amaranth. Based
on the final slope and the Cottrell equation, the mean value of D for amaranth was calculated as
6.5×10-5 cm2 s-1.
Figure 6. Chronoamperograms at the AC-Co3O4-CPE
in 0.1 M PBS (pH of 7.0) containing different
concentrations of amaranth; 1 to 4 correspond to
0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mM of amaranth. Inset: The
plot of I versus t-1/2 obtained from the chronoam-
perograms 1–4 (a), the slope of straight lines
against concentration of amaranth (b)
Analytical functions
The obtained results show that the electrooxidation peak current of amaranth at the AC-Co3O4-CPE
surface could be used for measurement of amaranth in solution. Since differential pulse voltammetry
(DPV) has a higher sensitivity compared to other quantitative methods, just this method was used to
investigate the linear range of the method. The DPV parameters were tested and the best currents
were obtained by using (initial potential = 470 mV, end potential = 690 mV, potential = 0.01 V and
pulse amplitude = 0.025 V). To perform this study, the AC-Co3O4-CPE was placed in a series of
amaranth solutions with different concentrations and peak current was measured. According to the
data (Figure 7), the oxidation current of amaranth at the AC-Co3O4-CPE surface has a linear depen-
dence on the amaranth concentration (at range 0.1 to 215.0 µM), with a correlation coefficient of
0.9994. Finally, based on 3Sb/m, a detection limit of 10 nM for amaranth was calculated.
Table 1 compares analytical function of the AC-Co3O4-CPE with the other modified electrodes
[1,3,18-20,34,43,44,46]. As seen in the Table 1, the detection limit and the linear range obtained
using the AC-Co3O4-CPE is in the range of many reports or even better. The high sensitivity may be
ascribed to the porous structure of the AC-Co3O4 nanocomposite, which facilitates the transport of
electroactive molecules. The low detection limit may be the result of the synergistic effect of the
activated carbon and the Co3O4 NPs.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1172
Figure 7. DPVs of the AC-Co3O4-CPE in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) containing different concentrations of amaranth
(0.1, 2.5, 10.0, 30.0, 70.0, 100.0, 150.0 and 215.0 μM). Inset: the peak current plots versus concentration of
amaranth (0.1-215.0 μM)
Table 1. Figure of merit of the AC-Co3O4-CPE compared to other electrodes used in the measurement of
amaranth
Method LOD, nM Linear range, µM Ref.
GCE modified with electropolymerization of molecularly imprinted
polypyrrole film on multiwalled carbon nanotube surface
0.4 0.007-17 [1]
Carbon paste electrode modified with alumina microfibers and
accumulation
0.75 0.001-0.15 [3]
Expanded graphite paste electrode 36 0.08-4 [18]
Carbon paste electrode modified with nanostructured resorcinol-
formaldehyde carbonized polymers and accumulation
0.27 0.0005-0.1 [19]
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Pd-doped
polyelectrolyte functionalized graphene
7 0.1-9 [20]
GCE modified with molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor
based on Pd-Cu bimetallic alloy functionalized graphene
2 0.006-10 [34]
GCE modified with porous graphene material-graphene nanomeshes 0.7 0.005-1 [43]
GCE modified with manganese dioxide Nanorods/electrochemically
reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites
1 0.02-400 [44]
GCE modified with functionalized graphene oxide/chitosan/ionic
liquid nanocomposite supported nanoporous gold
37.3 0.008-1.2 [46]
AC-Co3O4-CPE 10.0 0.1-215.0 This work
Repeatability, reproducibility and stability
To evaluate the reproducibility of the AC-Co3O4-CPE sensor, DPV was used. The calculated RSD
for five measurements of 100 μM of amaranth at five different electrodes prepared in the same way
was 3.4 %, which demonstrates reasonable reproducibility of the AC-Co3O4-CPE sensor. Also, the
relative standard deviation (RSD) of six repeated determinations of 100.0 μM of amaranth with one
electrode was 3.7 % which demonstrates reasonable repeatability of the AC-Co3O4-CPE sensor. To
assess stability of the AC-Co3O4-CPE sensor, a modified electrode was stored for three weeks, and
then used for amaranth determination. The obtained data showed that current response of the
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1173
AC-Co3O4-CPE sensor to the amaranth after 3 weeks was 94.5 % of its initial value, which illustrates
a very good sensor stability.
Interference effect
In the analytical chemistry, the selectivity of sensor is a very important factor. For this assesses,
the effect of some annoying species on the measurement of 50.0 μM amaranth was assessed by
DPV under optimum conditions. The possible interfering species were selected in such a way that
they could be present in the real samples. The obtained data showed that 50-fold lemon yellow,
sunset yellow, rhodamine B, glucose, ascorbic acid and citric acid, show no disturbance in the
measurement of amaranth and the change in Ip due to interfere was less than 5 %. Therefore, can
be said that the electrode has a good selectivity.
Real-sample analysis
Artificial colors are often used as brightening agent to add in soft drinks for better appearance
and taste, and therefore we chose soft drinks as real samples to determine amaranth. For this
purpose, the applicability of the AC-Co3O4-CPE in determining the true samples, the pre-prepared
samples were transferred to electrochemical cell and the amount of amaranth was measured using
DPV. The standard addition method was used to increase the accuracy of the measurement. The
results were given in Table 2 and showed that the recovery percentages were in the range of 98.2
to 103.4 %. Also, the RSD percentages of the method were 3.6 % or less, which indicates the high
reliability of the AC-Co3O4-CPE in real samples.
Table 2. Application of the AC-Co3O4-CPE to detect amaranth in real samples (n = 5)
Sample
Camaranth / μM
Recovery, % RSD, %
Spiked* Found**
Grape soda
0.21 0.56±0.03 --- 3.3
5.0 5.63±0.18 101.4 3.6
10.0 10.41±0.34 98.5 3.3
20.0 20.92±0.64 101.8 3.2
Lemon soda
--- ND* --- ---
5.0 5.17±0.21 103.4 3.5
10.0 10.32±0.38 103.2 3.2
20.0 19.64±0.66 98.2 3.3
*The added standard to the sample, **The amount of amaranth that was determined, ***Not detected
Conclusions
In this research, a new modified CPE was constructed for the measurement of amaranth. Due to
modification of the electrode surface using AC-Co3O4-CPE nanocomposite, the electrode response
to amaranth increased and thus the sensitivity of the measurement increased too. The AC-Co3O4-
CPE was successfully applied for the measurement of amaranth in soft drinks samples. Simplicity,
portability and cost-effectiveness are some of the advantages of the developed AC-Co3O4-CPE.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest related to publishing of the present work.
References
[1] Y. Wu, G. Li, Y. Tian, J. Feng, J. Xiao, J. Liu, X. Liu, Q. He, Electropolymerization of mole-
cularly imprinted polypyrrole film on multiwalled carbon nanotube surface for highly
selective and stable determination of carcinogenic amaranth, Journal of Electroanalytical
Chemistry 895 (2021) 115494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115494
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115494
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1174
[2] Y. Xie, Y. Li, L. I. Niu, H. Wang, H. E. Qian, W. Yao, A novel surface-enhanced Raman
scattering sensor to detect prohibited colorants in food by graphene/silver nanocomposite,
Talanta 100 (2012) 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.080
[3] Y. Zhang, T. Gan, C. Wan, K. Wu, Morphology-controlled electrochemical sensing amaranth
at nanomolar levels using alumina, Analytica Chimica Acta 764 (2013) 53-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.020
[4] P. Mpountoukas, A. Pantazaki, E. Kostareli, P. Christodoulou, D. Kareli, S. Poliliou, C.
Mourelatos, V. Lambropoulou, T. Lialiaris, Cytogenetic evaluation and DNA interaction
studies of the food colorants amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine, Food and Chemical
Toxicology 48 (2010) 2934-2944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.030
[5] V. K. Gupta, R. Jain, A. Mittal, T. A. Saleh, A. Nayak, S. Agarwal, S. Sikarwar, Photocatalytic
degradation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2/UV in aqueous suspensions, Materials Science
and Engineering C 32 (2012) 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.08.018
[6] A. Basu, G. S. Kumar, Interaction of toxic azo dyes with heme protein: Biophysical insights
into the binding aspect of the food additive amaranth with human hemoglobin, Journal of
Hazardous Materials 289 (2015) 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.044
[7] W. R. P. Barros, J. R. Steter, M. R. V. Lanza, A. J. Motheo, Degradation of amaranth dye in
alkaline medium by ultrasonic cavitation coupled with electrochemical oxidation using a
boron-doped diamond anode, Electrochimica Acta 143 (2014) 180-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.141
[8] K. Rovina, S. Siddiquee, S. M. Shaarani, Toxicology, extraction and analytical methods for
determination of amaranth in food and beverage products, Trends in Food Science and
Technology 65 (2017) 68-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.008
[9] Y. Perdomo, V. Arancibia, O. García-Beltrán, E. Nagles, Adsorptive stripping voltammetric
determination of amaranth and tartrazine in drinks and gelatins using a screen-printed
carbon electrode, Sensors 17 (2017) 2665. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112665
[10] F. I. de Andrade, M. I. Florindo Guedes, I. G. Pinto Vieira, F. N. Pereira Mendes, P. A. Salmito
Rodrigues, C. S. Costa Maia, M. M. Marques Avila, L. D. M. Ribeiro, Determination of
synthetic food dyes in commercial soft drinks by TLC and ion-pair HPLC, Food Chemistry 157
(2014) 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.100
[11] Y. Shen, X. Zhang, W. Prinyawiwatkul, Z. Xu, Simultaneous determination of red and yellow
artificial food colourants and carotenoid pigments in food products, Food Chemistry 157
(2014) 553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.039
[12] X. Q. Li, Q. H. Zhang, K. Ma, H. M. Li, Z. Guo, Identification and determination of 34 water-
soluble synthetic dyes in foodstuff by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array
detection-ion trap time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, Food Chemistry 182 (2015)
316-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.019
[13] C.-F. Tsai, C.-H. Kuo, D. Y.-C. Shih, Determination of 20 synthetic dyes in chili powders and
syrup-preserved fruits by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of
Food and Drug Analysis 23 (2015) 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.09.003
[14] F. Martin, J.-M. Oberson, M. Meschiari, C. Munari, Determination of 18 water-soluble
artificial dyes by LC-MS in selected matrices, Food Chemistry 197 (2016) 1249-1255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.067
[15] N. Elizabeth Llamas, M. Garrido, M. Susana Di Nezio, B. S. Fernandez Band, Second order
advantage in the determination of amaranth, sunset yellow FCF and tartrazine by UV-vis
and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares, Analytica Chimica Acta 655
(2009) 38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.001
[16] O. Sha, X. Zhu, Y. Feng, W. Ma, Aqueous two-phase based on ionic liquid liquid-liquid
microextraction for simultaneous determination of five synthetic food colourants in
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.080
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.12
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.08.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.044
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.141
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.008
https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112665
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.100
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.09.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.067
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.001
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1175
different food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography, Food Chemistry 174
(2015) 380-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.068
[17] Y. Ni, J. Bai, Simultaneous determination of amaranth and Sunset Yellow by ratio derivative
voltammetry, Talanta 44 (1997) 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(96)02028-0
[18] J. Zhang, M. Wang, C. Shentu, W. Wang, Z. Chen, Simultaneous determination of the
isomers of Ponceau 4R and amaranth using an expanded graphite paste electrode, Food
Chemistry 160 (2014) 11-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.078
[19] L. Ji, Y. Zhang, S. Yu, S. Hu, K. Wu, Morphology-tuned preparation of nanostructured
resorcinol-formaldehyde carbonized polymers as highly sensitive electrochemical sensor
for amaranth, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 779 (2016) 169-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.03.011
[20] Y. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Zhanga, L. Zoua, G. Lia, B. Yea, Electrochemical behavior of amaranth
and its sensitive determination based on Pd-doped polyelectrolyte functionalized graphene
modified electrode, Talanta 168 (2017) 146-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.035
[21] J. ShaSha, Z. Huijun, Z. Li, Q. LingBo, Y. LanLan, electrochemical sensor based on
poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) functionalized graphene and Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters
for detection of amaranth in soft drinks, Food Analytical Methods 10 (2017) 3149-3157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0889-z
[22] S. Z. Mohammadi, H. Beitollahi, T. Rohani, H. Allahabadi, S. Tajik, La2O3/Co3O4
nanocomposite modified screen printed electrode for voltammetric determination of
sertraline, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85 (2020) 505-515.
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190326126M
[23] S. Tajik, Z. Dourandish, K. Zhang, H. Beitollahi, Q.V. Le, H.W. Jang, M. Shokouhimehr,
Carbon and graphene quantum dots: a review on syntheses, characterization, biological
and sensing applications for neurotransmitter determination, RSC Advances 10 (2020)
15406-15429. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00799D
[24] H. Beitollahi, S. Z. Mohammadi, S. Tajik, Electrochemical behavior of Morphine at the
surface of magnetic core shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles modified screen printed
electrode and its determination in real samples, International Journal of Nano Dimensions
10 (2019) 304-312. https://journals.iau.ir/article_662362_9f15b5034a739a32f6fe497715b
93a47.pdf
[25] S. Z. Mohammadi, H. Beitollahi, E. Bani Asadi, Electrochemical determination of hydrazine
using a ZrO2 nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 187 (2015) 122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4309-9
[26] S. Z. Mohammadi, H. Beitollahi, M. Kaykhaii, N. Mohammadizadeh, S. Tajik, R. Hosseinza-
deh, Simultaneous determination of droxidopa and carbidopa by carbon paste electrode
functionalized with NiFe2O4 nanoparticle and 2-(4-ferrocenyl-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(naph-
thalen-2-yl) ethenone, Measurement 155 (2020) 107522
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107522
[27] S. Tajik, H. Beitollahi, P. Biparva, Methyldopa electrochemical sensor based on a glassy
carbon electrode modified with Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite, Journal of the Serbian Chemical
Society 83 (2018) 863-874. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170930024T
[28] S. Z. Mohammadi, Hadi Beitollahi, M. Askari, R. Hosseinzadeh, Application of a modified
carbon paste electrode using core–shell magnetic nanoparticle and modifier for
simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, acetaminophen and tryptophan, Russian
Journal of Electrochemistry 57 (2021) 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193521010079
[29] S. Esfandiari Baghbamidi, H. Beitollahi, S. Tajik, R. Hosseinzadeh, Voltammetric sensor
based on 1-benzyl-4-ferrocenyl-1h- [1,2,3]-triazole /carbon nanotube modified glassy
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.068
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(96)02028-0
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.078
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.03.011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.035
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0889-z
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190326126M
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00799D
https://journals.iau.ir/article_662362_9f15b5034a739a32f6fe497715b93a47.pdf
https://journals.iau.ir/article_662362_9f15b5034a739a32f6fe497715b93a47.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4309-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107522
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170930024T
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1023193521010079
J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF AMARANTH
1176
carbon electrode; detection of hydrochlorothiazide in the presence of propranolol,
International Journal of Electrochemical Science 11 (2016) 10874-10883.
https://doi.org/10.20964/2016.12.92
[30] S. Z. Mohammadi, H. Beitollahi, H. Allahabadi, T. Rohani, Disposable electrochemical sensor
based on modified screen-printed electrode for sensitive cabergoline quantification,
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 847 (2019) 113223.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113223
[31] S. Z. Mohammadi, M. Dadkhodazadeh, T. Rohani, A novel multicomponent TMDC,
MoS2–WS2–CoSx, as an effective electrocatalyst for simultaneous detection ultra-levels of
prednisolone and rutin in human body fluids, Microchemical Journal 164 (2021) 106019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106019
[32] S. Z. Mohammadi, H. Beitollahi, M. Kaykhaii, N. Mohammadizadeh, A novel electrochemical
sensor based on graphene oxide nanosheets and ionic liquid binder for differential pulse
voltammetric determination of droxidopa in pharmaceutical and urine samples, Russian
Journal of Electrochemistry 55 (2019) 1229-1236.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193519120127
[33] S. Z. Mohammadi, S. Tajik, H. Beitollahi, Screen printed carbon electrode modified with
magnetic core shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of
amlodipine, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84 (2019) 1005-1016.
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC1810056036M
[34] L. Li, H. Zheng, L. Guo, L. Qu, L. Yu, A sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted
electrochemical sensor based on Pd-Cu bimetallic alloy functionalized graphene for
detection of amaranth in soft drink, Talanta 197 (2019) 68–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.009
[35] S. Tvorynska, B. Josypčuk, J. Barek, L. Dubenska, Electrochemical behavior and sensitive
methods of the voltammetric determination of food azo dyes amaranth and allura red AC
on amalgam electrodes, Food Analytical Methods 12 (2018) 409-421.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1372-1
[36] J.-L. He, W. Kou, C. Li, J.-J. Cai, F.-Y. Kong, W. Wang, Electrochemical sensor based on single-
walled carbon nanotube-TiN nannocomposites for detecting amaranth , International
Journal of Electrochemical Science 10 (2015) 10074-10082.
http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol10/101210074.pdf
[37] M. Sheikhshoaie, H. Karimi-Maleh, I. Sheikhshoaie, M. Ranjbar, Voltammetric amplified
sensor employing RuO2 nano-road and room temperature ionic liquid for amaranth analysis
in food samples, Journal of Molecular Liquids 229 (2017) 489-494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.12.088
[38] J. A. Buledi, A. R.Solangi, A. Hyder, N. H. Khand, S. A. Memon, A. Mallah, N. Mahar, E. N.
Dragoi, P. Show, M. Behzadpour, H. Karimi-Maleh, Selective oxidation of amaranth dye in
soft drinks through tin oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite based
electrochemical sensor, Food and Chemical Toxicology 165 (2022) 113177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113177
[39] H. Beitollahi, F. Garakani Nejad, Z. Dourandish, S. Tajik, A novel voltammetric amaranth
sensor based on screen printed electrode modified with polypyrrole nanotubes,
Environmental Research 214 (2022) 113725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113725
[40] P. Mohammadzadeh Jahani, M. R. Aflatoonian, R. Abbasi Rayeni, A. D. Bartolomeo, S. Z.
Mohammadi, Graphite carbon nitride-modified screen-printed electrode as a highly
sensitive and selective sensor for detection of amaranth, Food and Chemical Toxicology 163
(2022) 112962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112962
https://doi.org/10.20964/2016.12.92
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113223
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1023193519120127
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC1810056036M
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.009
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1372-1
http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol10/101210074.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molliq.2016.12.088
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113177
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113725
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112962
S. Z. Mohammadi et al. J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 12(6) (2022) 1165-1177
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531 1177
[41] S. Z. Mohammadi, N. Mofidinasab, M. A. Karimi, A. Beheshti, Removal of methylene blue
and Cd(II) by magnetic activated carbon–cobalt nanoparticles and its application to
wastewater purification, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17
(2020) 4815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02767-0
[42] S.Z. Mohammadi, Z. Darijani, Z., M.A. Karimi, Fast and efficient removal of phenol by
magnetic activated carbon cobalt nanoparticles, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 832
(2020) 154942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154942
[43] M. Wang, M. Cui, M. Zhao, H. Cao, Sensitive determination of amaranth in foods using
graphene nanomeshes, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 809 (2018) 117-124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.059
[44] Q. He, J. Liu, X. Liu, G. Li, P. Deng, J. Liang, Manganese dioxide nanorods/electrochemically
reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites modified electrodes for cost-effective and
ultrasensitive detection of amaranth, Colloids and Surfaces B 172 (2018) 565-572.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.005
[45] A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
edition, Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 100-137. ISBN: 978-0-471-04372-0
[46] Q. Zhang, W. Cheng, D. Wu, Y. Yang, X. Feng, C. Gao, L. Meng, X. Shen, Y. Zhang, X. Tang, An
electrochemical method for determination of amaranth in drinks using functionalized
graphene oxide/chitosan/ionic liquid nanocomposite supported nanoporous gold, Food
Chemistry 367 (2022) 130727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130727
©2022 by the authors; licensee IAPC, Zagreb, Croatia. This article is an open-access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1531
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02767-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154942
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.059
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130727
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
@Article{Mohammadi2022b,
author = {Mohammadi, Sayed Zia and Baghelani, Yar-Mohammad and Mousazadeh, Farideh and Rahimi, Shamsi and Mohammad-Hassani, Maryam},
journal = {Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering},
title = {{Electrochemical determination of amaranth in food samples by using modified electrode:}},
year = {2022},
issn = {1847-9286},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {1165--1177},
volume = {12},
abstract = {In this paper, a new electrochemical sensor was reported for the determination of amaranth in drink soft. In this sensor, activated carbon-Co3O4 nanocomposite (AC-Co3O4) was employed as electrode modifying material. High pores of the activated carbon favour an access of aramanth nolecules within the pores of the working electrode surface, and allow fast electron transfer that is beneficial for the electrochemical detecion process. Thus, the electrochemical signal is obviously enhanced at AC-Co3O4 modified electrode compared to bare carbon paste electrode, and exhibited a wide linear response ranging from 0.1-215 mM with a low detection limit of 10.0 nM (based on 3Sb/m). This work offers a new route in developing new electrochemical sensors for the determination of collorant additives and other hazard components in drink soft.},
doi = {10.5599/JESE.1531},
file = {:D\:/OneDrive/Mendeley Desktop/Mohammadi et al. - 2022 - Electrochemical determination of amaranth in food samples by using modified electrode.pdf:pdf;:www/jESE_V12_No6_1165-1177.pdf:PDF;:www/jESE_V12_No6_1165-1177.pdf:PDF},
keywords = {Co3O4 nanocomposite, Electrochemical sensor, activated carbon, carbon paste electrode},
publisher = {International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)},
url = {https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/1531},
}