Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 51 EXISTENTIAL AND NON-FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVEL SENSE AND SENSIBILITY Dian Anik Cahyani (1) (diananik.stkipjb@gmail.com (1) ) English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang ABSTRACT Presupposition in Sense & Sensibility is interesting subject because it is a linguistic phenomenon and a typical phenomenon. Presupposition can be analysis in many fields, one of them is a novel. Novel is one of literature field that interested to be learn because the language of the novel is long lives. The focuses in thisstudyare to describe the existential and non-factive presupposition in Sense & Sensibility novel. Keywords: Existential Presupposition, Non-Factive Presupposition, Sense & Sensibility. INTRODUCTION Human is using language entirely as a means of communication. This means communication differs throughout countries and ethnicities. Indonesian people surely use Indonesia language to convey messages to their learner. This message conveying process is predominantly between two persons or more. One way communication cannot be entirely called as a message conveying process as long as the absence of the hearer. Language is a means of communication that plays a very important role for human life. It means of maintaining relationship among people and a means of expressing esthetical expression, configuration real life, criticizing social phenomena and disorders, and educating the addressee in many ways through literary works, which are normally called literary text. Brown and Yule (1983:1) state that language has both transactional and interactional functions, meanwhile Halliday and Hasan (1985:17) describe that the fundamental principle of language consist of pragmatic, narrative, active, magical and phatic. In conducting communication, people have different ways though which to convey their ideas, feeling, and desires to other people. Pragmatics is one part of rhetoric and novel is one of literary criticism. Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning linked to the context. There are several definitions for it, among others by Leech (1983:x), Richards (1985:225), and Hatch (1997:135), which combined will state that pragmatics is the study of how Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 52 utterances, or speaker intents, have meaning when used in communication. And these meanings depend on the contexts and situations in which they (utterances) are used. Yule (1996:25) says that presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Presuppositions are extremely sensitive to context, and thus differ from logical entailment, which refers to those inferences which can be made strictly from linguistic expression itself and are restricted to the truth conditions of the particular expression. Levinson (1983:168) presuppositions are a middle ground between tacitly assuming that something does not need to be mentioned at all, and, on the other hand, asserting it explicitly, perhaps as a separate statement. (1) Mary’s brother bought three horses. In producing the utterance in (1), the speaker will normally be expected to have the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brother. The speaker may also hold the more specific presuppositions that Mary has only one brother and that he has a lot of money. All of these presuppositions are the speaker’s and all of them can be wrong, in fact. According to Yule (1996:27) Existential Presupposition is an assumption that someone or something, identified by used of a noun phrase, does exist. The existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive constructions (for example, ‘your car’ >> ‘you have a car’), but more generally in any definite noun phrase. In Existential presupposition, it is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker. For example, when a speaker says "Tom’s car is new", we can presuppose that Tom exists and that he has a car. Yule (1996) Non-factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. Verbs like ‘dream’, ‘imagine’, and ‘pretend’, as shown in below, are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true. a. I dreamed that I was rich. (>>I was not rich) b. We imagined we were in Hawaii. (>> We were not in Hawaii) c. He pretends to be ill. (>> He is not ill) FINDING AND DISCUSSION Existential Presupposition (EP) Existential Presupposition is an assumption that someone or something, identified by the use of a noun phrase, does exist. The existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive constructions but more generally in any definite noun phrase. By using any of the expression in, the speaker is assumed to be committed to the existence of the entities named. These are the analysis of Existential Presupposition. Data (1) Elinor : ‘it would be impossible, I know,’ replied Elinor, ‘to convince you that a Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 53 woman of seven and twenty could feel for a man of thirty-five anything near enough to love, to make him a desirable companion to her. But I must object to your dooming Colonel Brandon and his wife to the constant confinement of a sick chamber, merely because he chanced to complain yesterday (a very cold, damp day) of a slight rheumatic feel in one of his shoulders.’ (C.8. PG. 31) From the data (1) can be analyzed that presupposition in this data there is a woman and she is twenty seven years old, and also there is a man, he is thirty- five year old. Besides there is a man, his name is Colonel Brandon and he has a wife. The presupposition above based on this sentence a woman of seven and twenty could feel for a man of thirty-five. And the next presupposition is based on this sentence But I must object to your dooming Colonel Brandon and his wife Data (2) Elinor: ‘I have known it these four months. When Lucy first came to Barton Park last November, she told me in confidence of her engagement.’ (C.37.PG.199) Data (2) show the presupposition is there is a woman, and her name is Lucy. She was come for the first time to Barton Park on the last of November. And also there is a park namely is Barton. The presupposition above based on the sentence Lucyfirst came to Barton Park last November. Based on the sentence I have known it these four month, can be presupposed that Elinor know something four months. The same analyzes can be seen in data (3) and (4) below: Data (3) Elinor : ‘No, sir’ she replied with firmness, I shall not stay. Your business cannot be with me. The servants, I suppose, forgot to tell you that Mr. Palmer was not in the house. (C.44.PG.243) From the data (3) above, presupposition based on the sentence The servants, I suppose, forgot to tell you that Mr. Palmer was not in the house, that there are servants, and the servant is more than one. And also there is a man, his name is Mr. Palmer. He has a house but based on the data above, Mr. Palmer was not in his house. Data (4) Elinor: Mr and Mrs Palmer were of the party; from the former, whom they had not seen before since their arrival in town, as he was careful to avoid the appearance of any attention to his mother-in-law, and therefore never came near her, they received no mark of recognition on their entrance. (C.27.PG.130) Data (4) shows that the presupposition is there was a party that attended by Mr and Mrs Palmer. It can be seen from the sentence Mr and Mrs Palmer were of the party. Meanwhile, from the sentence his Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 54 mother-in-law, and therefore never came near her, it can be assumed that Mr Palmer has mother-in –law, it is Mrs Palmer’s mother. The word his mother-in-low is show the existential presupposition in possessive constructions. Data (5) Elinor: However, thismorning he came just as we came home from church; and then it all came out, how he had been sent for Wednesday to Harley Street, and been talked to by his mother and all of them, and how he had declared before them all that he loved nobody but Lucy, and nobody but Lucy would he have. And how he had been so worried by what passed, that as soon as he had went away from his mother’s house, he had got upon his horse, and rid into the country somewhere or other; and how he had stayed about at an inn all Thursday and Friday, on purpose to get the better of it. (C.38.PG.208) Data (5) shows that the presupposition is there was a church. It can be seen from the sentence this morning he came just as we came home from church. It means they have just came from church and after it Edward come. Next, from the sentence how he had been sent for Wednesday to Harley Street, and been talked to byhis mother it is shows that he (Edward) has a mother and his mother has a house it can be seen from the words that as soon as he had went away from his mother’s house. Besides it can be assumed that Mr Edward has a horse too, it is stated in he had got upon his horse and rid into the country somewhere or other. And from the sentence he had stayed about at an inn all Thursday and Friday, it can be assumed that there was an inn where Mr Edward had stayed over there for two days, Thursday and Friday. The words church, his mother, his mother’s house, his horse and inn, those are shown the existential of something. Church and inn include adverb of place, meanwhile hismother, his mother’s house and his horse is including possessive. Based on the analyzes data above, it can be concluded that Existential Presupposition (EP) has characteristic such as: (a) EP shows the assumed of the existence of noun. It can be seen from the servants, estate, the house, a woman, a man, name of people ( Colonel Brandon, Lucy, Mr. Palmer ). (b) EP shows the existence of adverb of place. It can be seen from church, inn, Norland Park, Barton Park, Harley Street. (c) EP shows the existence of possessive constructions. It can be seen from the word his mother, his mother’s house, his horse, his mother-in-law, her child, his wife. (d) EP shows the existence ofadverb of time. It can be seen from: four months,last November, yesterday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 55 Non-Factive Presupposition (N-FP) Non - factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. It is followed by verbs like ‘dream’, ‘imagine’, and ‘pretend’. These are the analysis of Non-Factive Presupposition (N-FP). Data (6) Elinor: ‘You decide on his imperfections so much in the mass,’ replied Elinor, ’and so much on the strength of your own imagination, that the commendation I am able to give of him is comparatively cold and insipid. I can only pronounce him to be a sensible man, well bred, well informed, of gentle address, and I believe possessing an amiable heart.’ (C.11.PG.41) Data (7) Mariane : ‘Why should you imagine, Elinor, that we did not go there, or that we did not see the house? Is not it what you have often wished to do yourself?’(C.13.PG.53) Based on the data (6) the presupposition is Elinor’s sister imagine the perfections man, data (7) above the presupposition is Elinor imagine that she go and she saw the house. It can be seen from the sentence Why should you imagine, Elinor, that we did not go there, or that we did not see the house? Data (8) Mariane : ‘It is very true,’ said Marianne, ’that admiration of landscape scenery is become a mere jargon. Everybody pretends to feel and tries to describe with the taste and elegance of him who first defined what picturesque beauty was. I detest jargon of every kind, and sometimes I have kept my feelings to myself, because I could find no language to describe him in but what was worn and hackneyed out of all sense and meaning.’ (C.18.PG.76) Based on the data (8) above can be presupposed that everybody as if tries to describe the elegance of him (Edward). He became the jargon in every kind and Marianne could not find the language to describe him too. This presupposition was supported by this sentence Everybody pretends to feel and tries to describe with the taste and elegance of him who first defined what picturesque beauty was. I detest jargon of every kind, and sometimes I have kept my feelings to myself, because I could find no language to describe him. Data (9) Elinor: ‘I certainly did not seek your confidence,’ said Elinor, ‘but you do me no more than justice in imagining that I may be depended on. Your secrets are safe with me; but pardon me if I express some surprise at so unnecessary a communication. You must at least have felt that my being acquainted with it could not add to its safety.’ (C.22.PG.102) Based on the data (9) based on this phrase in imaginingthat I may be depended on, can be presupposed that Elinor was depend on to the other people, she could not stand by herself. Data (10) Elinor: Some people imagine that there can be no accommodations, no space in a Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 56 cottage; but this is all a mistake. (C.36.PG.193) From the data above (10) it can be analyses that, what same people think is not right. Because, in that place there an accommodations and also there is space in a cottage. It can be seen from the utterance Some people imagine that there can be no accommodations, no space in a cottage; but this is all a mistake. Its mean that, something that they imagine is not right. Based on the analyzes data above, it can be concluded that Non-Factive Presupposition (N-FP) has characteristic such as: (a) N-FP shows the assumed of the utterances are not to be true. (b) N-FP is shows by the words imagination, imagine, pretends, imagining. CONCLUSION 1. Existential Presupposition (EP) shows the assumed of the existence of noun, shows the existence of adverb of place, shows the existence of possessive constructions and shows the existence ofadverb of time. 2. Non-Factive Presupposition (N- FP) shows the assumed of the utterances are not to be true, and it is followed by imagination, imagines, pretends, imagining. Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 3 Nomor 1, Februari 2016 ISSN: 2548-5865 57 REFERENCES Austen, Jane. (1881). Sense and Sensibility. London: Everyman. Brown, Gillian., & George, Yule. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Geurts, Bart. (1999). Presupposition and Pronouns. Elsevier Science Ltd.USA Halliday, M.A.K., & Hasan, Ruqaiya. (1985). Language Text and Context: Aspects of Language in Social Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press. Leech, Geoffrey. (1983). Principle of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group. Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University press.