J. Ent. Acar. Res.
Ser. II, 43 (3): 291-300

30 December 2011

G. PellIzzarI, F. PorcellI, G. Seljak, F. kozár 

Some additions to the Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Crete 
with a check list of the species known from the island

Abstract - a list of the scale insects (Homoptera: coccoidea) recorded by the authors 
for the Greek island of crete is reported. This includes twenty-seven species new 
to the island The most interesting records are Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky 
(kermesidae), only recorded previously from Israel, and Getulaspis bupleuri (Mar-
chal) (Diaspididae), only known previously from North africa and the Middle east. 
With the present additions, the number of scale insect species recorded on crete 
has reached 82. a revised check list of the scales presently known from the island 
is also provided.

Riassunto - Nuovi reperti per la fauna di Homoptera Coccoidea di Creta e check 
list delle specie note nell’isola
Viene riportato l’elenco di cocciniglie (Hemiptera, coccoidea) raccolte dagli autori, 
in periodi diversi, nell’isola di creta (Grecia). Di queste, 27 sono le specie non 
ancora note per l’isola. Di particolare interesse biogeografico è il reperimento di 
Kermes palestiniensis, Balachowsky (kermesidae), noto finora solo per Israele e di 
Getulaspis bupleuri (Marchal) (Diaspididae), nota per Nordafrica e Medio oriente. 
Viene presentata una check list delle cocciniglie finora note per l’isola.

Key words: Greece, Kermes palestiniensis, Getulaspis bupleuri

This paper deals with the scale insect species collected by the authors on crete at 
different periods. These records stimulated a deeper study on the scale insect fauna of 
this Mediterranean island, as it was apparent that the present knowledge on this subject 
was poor and largely incomplete. according to ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al., 2010), there 
are only 43 scale insect species recorded from crete. recently jansen et al. (2011) added 
six species to this list, raising to 49 the total number of species known to occur on the 
island. This number is much lower than expected. even very common, widely distributed 
species in the Mediterranean basin, and significant agricultural and forestry pest species 
had not been recorded there, although they are generally listed for the Greek fauna.

Several authors (Podsiadlo, 1983; kozár et al., 1991; kozár & Nagy, 1998) have 
provided valuable contributions to the knowledge of Greek scale insects, but many 



journal of entomological and acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (3), 2011292

records from crete were either overlooked or had been included in the Greek mainland 
fauna (Ben-Dov et al., 2010). on the other hand, Milonas et al. (2008) list 168 scale 
insect species for the whole of Greece. This list includes also species only known to 
occur in crete.

argyriou (1984), in her paper dealing with scales of agricultural plants in Greece, 
only mentions explicitly Lichtensia viburni Signoret, Filippia follicularis Targioni 
Tozzetti, Marchallina hellenica Gennadius and Pollinia pollini (a. costa) as being 
present in crete. other common agricultural scale pests are reported as being “widely 
distributed all over the country” (i.e. Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe) and 
Planococcus ficus (Signoret)), possibly inferring that they are present also in crete.

From a biogeographic point of view, the flora and fauna of the larger Mediterranean 
islands (corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, crete, cyprus) are kept in separated lists from their 
mainland country of pertinence as they often host endemic species.

Due to the uncertainty of the occurrence of some species in crete, each bibliographic 
source recorded in ScaleNet, as being present in crete, has been checked by reading the 
original paper. This has led to the discovery of several trivial mistakes, so that species 
clearly referred in the original papers as being present on the Greek mainland only, have 
been listed for crete, (i.e. Eumyrmococcus corinthiacus Williams (Williams, 1993), Eule-
canium ciliatum Douglas and Scythia festuceti (Šulc) (kozár et al., 1991)). In addition, 
species recorded from crete only have been listed for mainland Greece (i.e Rhizococcus 
agropyri Borchsenius), whilst other species are not known from either mainland Greece 
or crete (i.e. Atrococcus arakelianae (Ter-Grigorian) (kozár & Nagy, 1998)).

The present paper lists the species collected by the authors in crete, along with the 
localities, collecting dates and host plants. Species newly recorded from the island are 
marked with an asterisk. a provisional check-list of the scale insects now known from 
crete, along with bibliographic sources, is given in Table 1. erroneous and uncertain 
previous records have been omitted. 

among the collected species, Diaspidiotus lenticularis and Lepidosaphes flava were 
infected by Septobasidium sp., a fungus often associated with armoured scale insects, 
and which changes the scale morphology (couch, 1938).

Fam. Ortheziidae
*Orthezia urticae (linnaeus): knossos, 25.ix.2009, undetermined plant (F. kozár).

Fam. Monophlebidae
Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius): Vai, 10.iv.2010, Genista acanthoclada (G. Pellizzari). 
Previously recorded in crete (Stalis) by Podsiadlo (1983).
Icerya purchasi Maskell: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, citrus (F. kozár); chania, 8.iv.2010, 
Pittosporum tobira (G. Pellizzari).

Fam. Marchalinidae
Marchalina hellenica Gennadius: High infestations were observed at agios Ioannis, 
7.iv.2010, Pinus brutia (G. Seljak); anopoli, 7.iv.2010, cupressus sp., Pinus halepensis 



293G. Pellizzari et al.: Scale insect fauna of crete

Table 1 - Species recorded in Crete and validation source

Fam. Ortheziidae
Species Validation source
Orthezia urticae (linnaeus) Present paper

Fam. Monophlebidae
Species Validation source
Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius) Podsiadlo, 1983; present paper
Icerya purchasi Maskell ayoutantis, 1940; Podsiadlo, 1983

Fam. Marchalinidae
Species Validation source
Marchalina hellenica Gennadius argyriou, 1984; Hodgson & Gounari, 

2006

Family Matsucoccidae 
Species Validation source
Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer & Harpaz Mendel, 1998

Fam. Pseudococcidae
Species Validation source
Atrococcus arakelianae (Ter-Grigorian) kozár & Nagy, 1998
Coccidohystrix sp. n.? Present paper
Chorizococcus rostellum lobdell Present paper
Heliococcus bohemicusŠulc jansen et al., 2010
Heterococcus nudus Green Present paper
Peliococcus kimmericus (kiritshenko) kozár et al., 1991
Phenacoccus bicerarius Borchsenius kozár et al., 1991
Phenacoccus madeirensisGreen jansen et al., 2010
Planococcus citri(risso) ayoutantis, 1940
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) argyriou, 1984, 

Planococcus vovae(Nasonov) Williams & Moghaddam, 2000; present paper
Pseudococcus longispinus(Targioni Tozzetti) present paper
Spilococcus halli(Mckenzie & Williams) Present paper
Trionymus aberrans Goux kozár et al., 1991
Trionymus multivorus Present paper



journal of entomological and acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (3), 2011294

Fam. Eriococcidae
Species Validation source
Acanthococcus sp. n.,  Present paper
Acanthococcus desertus (Matesova) Present paper
Acanthococcus munroi Boratynski kozár et al., 1991
Rhizococcus agropyri Borchsenius kozár et al., 1991
Rhizococcus cynodontis kiritchenko kozár et al., 1991

Family Kermesidae
Species Validation source
Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky  present paper
Kermes vermilio Planchon lindinger, 1912; Hoy, 1963; Present 

paper

Fam. Cerococcidae 
Species Validation source
Cerococcus cistarum Balachowsky kozár & Nagy, 1998 

Fam. Coccidae
Species Validation source
Ceroplastes floridensis comstock Present paper

Ceroplastes rusci (linnaeus) ayoutantis, 1940; Podsiadlo, 1983; present paper
Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Present paper
Coccus hesperidum linnaeus ayoutantis, 1940 Podsiadlo, 1983
Filippia follicularis (Targioni Tozzetti) argyriou, 1984
Lecanopsis formicarum (Newstead) Present paper
Lichtensia viburni Signoret argyriou, 1984
Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) kozár et al.,1991
Poaspis intermedia (Goux) kozár & Nagy, 1998
Protopulvinaria pyriformis (cockerell) jansen et al., 2010; present paper
Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) kozàr et al.,1991
Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Podsiadlo, 1983 

Saissetia oleae (olivier) ayoutantis, 1940; argyriou & Michelakis, 1975

Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe)
argyriou & Paloukis, 1976; 
Podsiadlo, 1981; kozár et al.,1991; 
present paper

Fam Asterolecaniidae
Species Validation source
Pollinia pollini (a. costa) alexandrakis, 1980a



295G. Pellizzari et al.: Scale insect fauna of crete

Fam. Diaspididae 
Species Validation source
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) kozár et al.(1991); present paper
Acanthomytilus intermittens (Hall) kozár et al., 1991
Adiscodiaspis ericicola (Marchal) Present paper
Aonidia mediterranea (lindinger) Present paper
Aonidia lauri (Bouché) Present paper

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) ayoutantis, 1940; DeBach & argyriou, 1967; present paper
Aonidiella yehudithae Ben-Dov Ben-Dov, 2006; jansen et al., 2010
Aspidiotus nerii Bouché koronéos, 1934; ayoutantis, 1940
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché) kozár et al., 1991
Carulaspis minima (Signoret) Present paper
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) ayoutantis, 1940
Diaspidiotus lenticularis (lindinger) Present paper
Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell & cockerell) kozár et al. 1991
Duplachionaspis berlesii leonardi Present paper
Duplachionaspis natalensis (Maskell) kozár et al., 1991
Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead) koronéos, 1934
Dynaspidiotus greeni Balachowsky) kozár et al., 1991
Getulaspis bupleuri (Marchal) Present paper
Gonaspidiotus minimus (leonardi) jansen et al., 2010; present paper
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) rosen & DeBach, 1979; Podsiadlo,1983 
Koroneaspis aegilopos (koroneos) Present paper
Lepidosaphes beckii Newman ayoutantis, 1940
Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin) kozár et al., 1991
Lepidosaphes flava (Signoret) Present paper
Lepidosaphes ulmi (linnaeus) Podsiadlo, 1983; present paper
Leucaspis löwi colvée kozár et al., 1991
Leucaspis pusilla löw Podsiadlo, 1983; jansen et al., 2010
Leucaspis riccae Targioni Tozzetti lindinger, 1912; present paper
Lineaspis striata (Newstead) Panis, 1981; present paper
Mercetaspis halli (Green) Podsiadlo, 1983
Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (comstock) Present paper
Odonaspis ruthae kotinsky Present paper
Parlatoria oleae (colvée) argyriou, 1967; present paper
Parlatoria parlatoriae (Šulc) jansen et al., 2010 
Parlatoria ziziphi (lucas) ayoutantis, 1940 present paper; 
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) kozár et al., 1991; present paper
Prodiaspis tamaricicola (Malenotti) Present paper
Rhizaspidiotus donacis (leonardi) kozár et al., 1991
Unaspis euonymi (comstock) Present paper



journal of entomological and acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (3), 2011296

(c.j. Hodgson). Its presence in the island was previously generally recorded by argyriou 
(1984) and later confirmed by Hodgson & Gounari (2006). 

Fam. Pseudococcidae
*Chorizococcus rostellum lobdell: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Sorghum halepense, uni-
dentified asteracea; knossos, 25.ix.2009, Piptatherum miliaceum (F. kozár).
*Coccidohystrix sp. n.: knossos, 25.ix.2009, Rosmarinus sp. (F. kozár).
*Heterococcus nudus Green: Sorghum halepense, knossos, 25.9.2009 (F. kozár).
Planococcus citri (risso): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Parietaria sp., Cynodon dactylon, 
unidentified asteracea (F. kozár); collected also by pheromone traps in Iraklion.
Planococcus vovae (Nasonov): chania, 23.iii.1997, Cupressus sp. (G. Pellizzari).
*Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti): chania, 8.iv.2010, Pittosporum sp. (G. 
Pellizzari).
Rhizoecus albidus Goux: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Cynodon dactylon (F. kozár).
*Spilococcus halli (Mckenzie & Williams): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Cynodon; knos-
sos, 25.ix.2009, Piptatherum miliaceum (F kozár). Previously reported for the Greece 
mainland by kozár (1985) as Chorizococcus viktorinae. 
Trionymus aberrans Goux: knossos, 25.ix.2009, Piptatherum miliaceum (F. kozár). 
Previously recorded in Iraklion by kozár et al. (1991).
*Trionymus multivorus (kiritchenko): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, undetermined asteracea 
(F. kozár). 

Fam. Eriococcidae 
*Acanthococcus sp. n.: knossos, 25.ix.2009, host plant unknown (F. kozár).
* Acanthococcus desertus (Matesova): knossos, 25.ix.2009, Piptatherum miliaceum 
(F. kozár)

Fam. Kermesidae
*Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky: aradena, 35°13’22’’N 24°03’42’’S, 7.iv.2010; 
04.vi.2011 Quercus coccifera (G. Pellizzari, F. Porcelli, S. convertini).
Kermes vermilio Planchon: aradena, 35°13’22’’N 24°03’42’’S, 04.vi.2011 Quercus 
coccifera ( S. convertini).

Fam. Coccidae
*Ceroplastes floridensis comstock; Iraklion, 35°20’16”N, 25°08’06”e, 10.iv.2010, 
Citrus sp., Laurus nobilis, Ficus microcarpa (G. Pellizzari, G. Seljak, F. kozár).
Ceroplastes rusci (linnaeus): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Pittosporum sp. (F. kozár); 
chania, 9.iv.2010, Ficus carica, Nerium oleander (G. Pellizzari); aptera, 11.iv.2010, 
Nerium oleander (c.j. Hodgson).



297G. Pellizzari et al.: Scale insect fauna of crete

*Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio: chania – MaIch, 9.iv.2010, Myrtus communis (G. 
Pellizzari).
Coccus hesperidum linnaeus: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Citrus sp. (F. kozár); kissamu, 
7.iv.2010, Ficus microcarpa; Iraklion 10.iv.2010, Ficus sp., Laurus nobilis (G. Pelliz-
zari). This very common species was first generically reported for crete by ayoutantis 
(1940) and later recorded in knossos on Iris craetensis by kozár et al. (1991). 
*Lecanopsis formicarum (Newstead): Iraklion, 23.ix.2009, Koeleria sp. (F. kozár).
Lichtensia viburni Signoret: episkopi, 3.iv.2010, Olea europea (c.j. Hodgson).
Protopulvinaria pyriformis (cockerell): chania, 35°31’00”N, 24°00’54”e, 8.iv.2010, 
Hedera helix ssp. canariensis; chania –MaIch 35°29’41”N, 24°03’01”e, 12.iv.2010, 
Hedera helix (G. Seljak).
Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot): chania, 8.viii.1975, Mesembryanthemum sp. 
(G. Pellizzari).
Sphaerolecanium prunastri Fonscolombe: chania, 9.iv.2010, Ficus carica, (G. Pellizza-
ri); knossos, 35°17’50”N, 25°09’48”e, 10.iv.2010, Prunus dulcis (G. Seljak, F. Porcelli).

Fam. Diaspididae
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret): chania – MaIch 35°29’41”N, 24°03’01”e, 
6.iv.2010, Opuntia ficus-indica (G. Seljak, G. Pellizzari). Previously recorded in Iraklion, 
on Mesembryanthemum sp., by kozár et al. (1991).
Acanthomytilus intermittens (Hall): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Cynodon dactylon, Piptath-
erum miliaceum (F. kozár). Previously recorded in Iraklion and knossos on Cynodon 
dactylon and Oryzopsis sp. by kozár et al. (1991).
*Adiscodiaspis ericicola (Marchal): elafonisi, 10.viii.2000, Erica manipuliflora, (F. 
Porcelli).
*Aonidia mediterranea (lindinger): chania, 23.iii.1997, Cupressus sp., (G. Pellizzari); 
Iraklion, Cupressus sp., Thuja sp., 21-26.9.2009 (F. kozár).
*Aonidia lauri (Bouché): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Laurus nobilis (F. kozár).
Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell): chania, 9.iv.2010, Euonymus sp. (G. Pellizzari)
Aspidiotus nerii Bouché: aghia Sophia cave - Topolia gorge, 01.viii.2000, Lavatera cre-
tica & Euphorbia sp. (woody srubs); agria Gramvousa, 28.vii.2000, Thymelaea hirsuta; 
Bali, 29.vii.2000, Ceratonia siliqua (F. Porcelli). Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Pittosporum 
tobira, Cercis sp., (F. kozár). Previously recorded at Iraklion and knossos, on Capparis 
spinosa, Nerium oleander, Pittosporum tobira, Sedum sp., Agave americana, Convolvo-
lus sp., Eucayptus sp., Iris craetensis, Malva silvestris, Vitis sp. by kozàr et al. (1991).
*Carulaspis minima (Signoret): Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Cupressus sp., Thuja sp. (F. 
kozár).
*Diaspidiotus lenticularis (lindinger): Potamida, 1.viii.2000, Olea europea, associated 
with and infected by Septobasidium sp. (F. Porcelli). 



journal of entomological and acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (3), 2011298

*Duplachionaspis berlesii leonardi: chania – MaIch, 9.iv.2010, Asparagus acutifolius 
(G. Pellizzari).
*Getulaspis bupleuri (Marchal): elafonisi, 15.vii.2000, Juniperus oxycedrus (F. Porcelli).
Gonaspidiotus minimus (leonardi in: Berlese & leonardi): aradena, 35°13’22’’N 
24°03’42’’S, 04.vi.2011 Quercus coccifera (S. convertini).
*Koroneaspis aegilopos (koroneos): aradena, 7.iv.2010, Quercus coccifera (G. Pel-
lizzari).
*Lepidosaphes flava (Signoret): Potamida, 1.viii.2000, Olea europaea, associated with 
and infected by Septobasidium sp. (F. Porcelli).
Lepidosaphes ulmi (linnaeus): agyos Nicolaos, 8.viii.1975, Ceratonia siliqua (G. Pel-
lizzari). elafonisi, 15.vii.2000, Pistacia lentiscus (F. Porcelli).
*Leucaspis riccae Targioni Tozzetti: aghia Sophia cave - Topolia gorge, 1.viii.2000, Eu-
phorbia sp. (woody shrub); agria Gramvousa, 28.viii.2000, Euphorbia dendroides; ela-
fonisi, 01.viii.2000, Erica manipuliflora; Bali, 29.vii.2000, Olea europaea (F. Porcelli).
Leucaspis pusilla löw: chania, 9.iv.2010, Pinus halepensis (G. Pellizzari).
Lineaspis striata (Newstead): agios Nikolaos, 10.viii.1975, Cupressus sempervirens 
(G. Pellizzari); Iraklion, 21-26.9.2009, Cupressus sp. (F. kozár).
*Oceanaspidiotus spinosus (comstock): Iraklion, 29.vii.2000, Opuntia sp. (F. Porcelli).
*Odonaspis ruthae kotinsky: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Sorghum halepensis, Cynodon 
dactylon (F. kozár). 
Parlatoria oleae colvée: Iraklion, 21-26.ix.2009, Pyrus sp. (F. kozár); chania, 9.iv.2010, 
Prunus sp. (G. Pellizzari); Bali, 29.vii.2000, Pyrus pyraster (F. Porcelli).
Parlatoria ziziphi (lucas): Potamida, 1.viii.2000, Citrus aurantium (F. Porcelli); aptera, 
12.iv.2010, Citrus lemon (c. j. Hodgson).
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti: chania, 9.iv.2010; chania- MaIch, by 
pheromone traps (F. kozár); aptera, 12.iv.2010, Morus sp. (c. j. Hodgson).
*Prodiaspis tamaricicola (Malenotti): Iraklion, 30.vii.2000, elafonisi, 15.vii.2000, 
Tamarix gallica (F. Porcelli). agios Nektarios, 35°11’35”N, 24°12’56”e, 7.iv.2010, 
Tamarix gallica (G. Seljak).
*Unaspis euonymi (comstock): Iraklion, 01.viii.2000, Euonymus japonicus (F. Porcelli).

according to the new collections and including the revised list from previous records, 
the total number of species recorded from the island is now 82 (table 1). Twenty-seven 
of them are new to the crete fauna. Some new records refer to species widely distrib-
uted in the Mediterranean basin (i.e. Aonidia lauri, Carulaspis minima), whilst others 
are common introduced pests (i.e. Pseudococcus longispinus, Ceroplastes floridensis, 
Unaspis euonymi), so that their presence on the island was predictable. Significant 
records of interest are Kermes palestiniensis, previously only known to occur in Israel 
(Balachowsky, 1953) and Getulaspis bupleuri, previously known only from the canary 
islands, North african countries (Morocco, Tunisia, algeria, lybia) and Saudi arabia 



299G. Pellizzari et al.: Scale insect fauna of crete

(Balachowsky, 1954; Matile Ferrero, 1984). The present list should be considered as a 
starting point for future biogeographic studies on the scale insects fauna of crete.

ackNoWleDGeMeNTS

The authors wish to thank the University of Padova (Italy), for the scientific grant 
given to last author for the cooperative work, the oTka (Hungarian National Science 
Fund (Grant No. 75889) for financial support for this project and chris Hodgson, for 
reviewing the manuscript and for allowing us to include his collecting data on Marchalina 
hellenica, Ceroplastes rusci, Lichtensia viburni, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pseudaulacaspis 
pentagona. 

reFereNceS

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giusePPinA PellizzAri - Università di Padova, Dipartimento agronomia ambientale e Produzioni 
Vegetali, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 legnaro, Italy. e-mail: giuseppina.pellizzari@
unipd.it

FrAncesco Porcelli - Università di Bari aldo Moro, DiBca sez. entomologia e zoologia, via 
amendola 165a, 70126 Bari, Italy.

gABriJel selJAk - agriculture and Forestry Service Nova Gorica, Pri hastu 18, SI-5000 Nova 
Gorica, Slovenia.

Ferenc kozár - Hungarian academy of Sciences, Plant Protection Institute, P.o. Box 102, Bu-
dapest, H 1525, Hungary.

accepted 15 September 2011