J. Ent. Acar. Res. Ser. II, 43 (1): 7-22 30 April 2011 M. MontAGnA, G.c. LoZZIA, c. AnDreIS, A. GIorGI & J. BAuMGÄrtner The Beetle (Coleoptera) and True bug (Heteroptera) species pool of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland (Villa di Tirano, Italy) and its conservation Abstract - the coleoptera and Heteroptera species pool was investigated in the  “Pian di Gembro” wetland (Villa di tirano, Sondrio, Italy). the wetland consists  of a bog and its surroundings, referred to as wetland components, that are both  subjected to a diversified intermediate management regime (DIMr). the application  of the DIMr for plant species conservation resulted in the establishment of 11  wetland zones with a characteristic vegetation. In a three year sampling program,  997 coleoptera and Heteroptera representing 141 species from 14 families were  collected. Among these species, 64 species share both wetland components, 11  are restricted to the bog and 63 were found in the surroundings only. Among the  species pool there were 23 tyrphophile taxa and only one tyrphobiont. With the  exception of one zone, all zones are inhabited by zone-specific species. By taking  into account both the general species pool and the pool of species of particular  interest to conservationists, only one zone can be considered as redundant since  it is inhabited by species that occur also in other zones. Hence, all the zones, with  one exception, are effective for species pool conservation. the existing DIMr  implemented for plant species conservation is also effective for conserving the  species pool of coleoptera and Heteroptera.  Riassunto - nel presente studio sono state indagate le specie di coleotteri ed  eterotteri presenti nell’area umida di Pian di Gembro (Villa di tirano, Sondrio, Italia),  costituita da una componente di torbiera e da ambienti ecotonali circostanti sottoposti  entrambi ad un regime di gestione intermedia diversificata (DIMr). L’applicazione  di strategie DIMr nella gestione e conservazione delle specie vegetali ha portato  alla determinazione di 11 zone umide con vegetazione caratteristica, all’interno  delle quali si sono svolti i campionamenti. Il programma di campionamento, della  durata di tre anni, ha permesso di raccogliere 997 campioni di coleotteri ed eterotteri  appartenenti a 141 specie e 14 famiglie. tra queste specie, 64 sono state censite in  entrambe le componenti della zona umida, 11 sono ristrette alla torbiera e 63 agli  ecotoni circostanti. nel gruppo di specie censite sono presenti 23 taxa tirfofili e  uno solo tirfobionte. tutte le stazioni di raccolta, eccetto una, presentano specie  uniche. considerando quelle di interesse conservazionistico, solo una zona può dirsi  ridondante, in quanto le specie censitevi sono presenti in altre zone. concludendo,  10 delle 11 zone che compongono la zona umida di Pian di Gembro sono utili nella  Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 20118 conservazione dello “species pool”. La strategia di gestione DIMr, utilizzata per  la conservazione delle specie vegetali risulta essere funzionale alla conservazione  delle specie di coleotteri ed eterotteri presenti. Key words - bog, insect coenoses, species pool, conservation categories. IntroDuctIon Wetlands are ecologically sensitive adaptive systems and much attention has been  given to the design and implementation of adequate management strategies (turner et al. 2000). Because of their capacity to conserve species of conservation interest and to  provide ecosystem services, wetlands are considered as natural capital and often assigned  protected status (Spitzer & Danks, 2006; Fisher et al., 2009). the term “protected area” refers to any area of land or sea managed for the persistence  of biodiversity and other natural processes, achieved through constraints on incompatible  land uses (Possingham et al., 2006). Despite high levels of protection and adequate  management within their borders, many protected areas are not functioning as originally  envisioned. Agriculture, settlements, and other human land uses in the unprotected part  of the ecosystem, as well as the lack of any management, may alter the flow of energy,  material and organisms across the ecosystems in ways that change ecological functioning  within protected areas (Hansen & DeFries, 2007). Wetlands are areas whose soil is  saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally. nevertheless, the importance  of the surroundings for the integrity of the bog and the interest in conservation measures  motivated us to apply the term ‘wetland’ to a bog and its surroundings and refer to them  as ‘wetland components’.  In the wetland under study, both the bog and its surroundings are subjected to  diversified management procedures whose frequency and intensity change through  time in different zones. Importantly, the diversification of these practices falls into  range that maintains the integrity of the wetland and prevents it from shifting into an  irreversible late successional state where the desirable wetland characteristics are lost  (Andreis & rodondi, 1982). ecological theory predicts that species diversity is highest  under intermediate disturbance (Smith & Smith, 2001). A combination of diversified  and intermediate management regimes (DIMr) holds to promise to conserve both the  species pool and a high species diversity (Guo, 2003). Specific adaptations may restrict  species to either the bog or its surroundings or limit their distribution to particular zones  resulting from the application of the DIMr to the two wetland components. While  detailed information is available for northern wetlands (Spitzer & Danks, 2006), little is  known on the diversity and the pool of species inhabiting Alpine wetlands. the limited  information is restricted to specific taxa such as odonata (Marcuzzi, 1948; Balestrazzi et al. 1983), Heteroptera (rampazzi & Dethier, 1997; Montagna et al., 2008), coleoptera  (Focarile, 1957) and trichoptera (cianficconi et al., 2005). A DIMr is applied for plant species conservation to the ‘Pian di Gembro’ wetland  in the northern Italian Alps (Andreis & rodondi, 1982; Andreis & rodondi, 2005).  9M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland the application of the DIMr produced 11 different ecological zones corresponding to  habitat typologies (carta Habitat natura 2000 It2040025). this work deals with Beetles  (coleopera) and true bugs (Heteroptera) as important elements of the insect species pool. MAterIAL AnD MetHoDS  Study site the ‘Pian di Gembro’ wetland is located north of the Aprica Pass at 1350 m above  sea level in Villa di tirano, Sondrio (Italy) (Fig. 1). With other alpine wetlands, it shares  the features of raised and blanket bogs characterized by a mosaic of plant associations  (Andreis & rodondi, 1982). Since 1988, the wetland and the surrounding area has  become a regional reserve and Site of community Importance (ScI It2040025) under  the Habitat Directive Act (92/43/eec). the protected area covers 126.5 ha, and the  major and minor diameters measure 2000 m and 300 m, respectively. coniferous forests,  deciduous trees and shrubs, as well as pastures and meadows, surround the bog. though  no synthetic fertilizers are applied in the wetland, it receives nitrogen and sulphur from  the atmosphere (Krupa, 2003; erisman et al., 2005). Fig. 1 - the location of the ‘Pian di Gembro’  wetland in the northern Italian Alps; the map  shows 11 sampling zones (Z1: sampling zone  1; Z2: sampling zone 2; Z3: sampling zone 3;  Z4: sampling zone 4; Z5: sampling zone 5; Z6:  sampling zone 6; Z7: sampling zone 7; Z8:  sampling zone 8; Z9: sampling zone 9; Z10:  sampling zone 10; Z11: sampling zone 11).  Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201110 Sampling the sampling program started in 2005 and continued until 2007. It was restricted  to the snow-free periods lasting from March to october. Sampling was carried out in  the different zones corresponding to the habitat typologies specified in the Habitat  Directive 92/43/eec part. I and identified by a numeric code. For the protected wetland,  the carta Habitat natura 2000 It2040025 establishes habitat typologies and allows the  identification of 11 zones (table 1). During 2005, one standard pitfall trap (Mason et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2007; uys et al., 2010) was deployed in each zone (table 1); to improve the sampling coverage, an  additional trap was put into each of the larger sampling zones 1, 2 and 4. the pitfall traps  were baited with different types of attractants such as meat, fish, beer, banana and a water  solution of nacl (Mason et al., 2002). A total of 19 traps were deployed in the wetland  and visited every 10 days for 7 months per year. to improve the sampling efficiency,  the pitfall trap technique was complemented by other sampling techniques including the  use of sweep nets and entomological umbrellas (Mason et al., 2002), sieves, and direct  observations of specimens in specific micro-habitats (e.g. tree trunks, underneath stones,  and at the bottom of Carex spp.).  Table 1 - The sampling zones located within the “Pian di Gembro” wetland components, the description of the vegetation and the habitat code (Carta Habitat Natura 2000 IT2040025) (Z1: sampling zone 1; Z2: sampling zone 2; Z3: sampling zone 3; Z4: sampling zone 4; Z5: sampling zone 5; Z6: sampling zone 6; Z7: sampling zone 7; Z8: sampling zone 8; Z9: sampling zone 9; Z10: sampling zone 10; Z11: sampling zone 11). Wetland components Zones Description of the vegetation Habitat code Bog Z1 Pools with Utricularia spp. community 3160 Z2 Patch vegetation with Trichophorum spp. and  Molinia spp. 7140 and 7150 Z3 Carex lasiocarpae community 7140 Z4 Trichophorum caespitosum community 7140 Surroundings Z5 Calluna dry heaths 4030 Z6 Calluna dry heaths 4030 Z7 Mountain hay meadows 6520 Drainage  channel Z8 Drainage channel vegetation Surroundings Z9 Managed Calluna dry heaths 4030 Z10 Calluna dry heaths 4030 Z11 Mountain hay meadows 6520 11M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland Species pool and species of particular conservation interest the collected specimens were brought to the laboratory for identification at the  species level. the individuals were assigned to different families and sent to specialists  who identified the species.  First, the insects were grouped into three main coenoses: i) species occurring in  the bog, ii) species inhabiting the surroundings, and iii) species distributed over both  the bog and the surroundings. thereafter, species and families were listed according to  the different zones in which they were captured. Subsequently, the species specific to a  zone were separated from the ones found in more than one zone. Second, we assessed  the species pool by selecting species of particular interest to conservationists. the  scientific literature and experts were consulted to establish the categories of interest:  a) species of humid biotopes (tyrphophiles); b) bioindicator species; c) endemic alpine  taxa; d) species with boreo-alpine distribution; e) species of mountainous environments;  f) species of lowland environments; g) species with wide ecological tolerance to the  effect of abiotic factors. reSuLtS Species pool the sampling program made available 997 individuals representing 141 species  from 11 families of Heteroptera (Anthocoridae, nabidae, Miridae, reduviidae, coreidae,  rhopalidae, Lygaeidae, Acanthosomatidae, Pentatomidae, Scutellaridae, thyreocoridae)  and three families of coleoptera (carabidae, chrysomelidae sensu latu, curculionidae  sensu latu). table 2 lists the 141 collected species, the number of specimens and the  sampling zones in which the specimens were collected.  Species grouping the insects listed in table 2 belong to three main coenoses. the first coenosis is  composed of species exclusively found in the bog (zones 1, 2 or 3, table 3) and consists  of 11 species including 5 species of Heteroptera, 2 species of carabidae, 3 species of  chrysomelidae and 1 species of curculionidae. of note, the tyrphophiles Donacia obscura, Limnobaris dolorosa and Platysma oenotrium are members of this coenosis.  the second coenosis consists of 63 species exclusively found in the surroundings (zones  5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, table 3). these insects belong to 21 species of Heteroptera, 9 species  of carabidae, 21 of chrysomelidae and 12 of curculionidae. the most interesting  species of this coenosis are the four endemic alpine taxa Cryptocephalus sericeus sp.  zambanellus, Otiorhynchus scaber, O. frigidus and Pterostichus dissimilis that are of  conservation interest (osella et al., 2005). the third coenosis is composed of 64 species  that are found in both the bog and the surroundings (table 4). the highest number of species specific to one zone were found in zones 10 (23  Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201112 Table 2 - Species list of Beetles (Coleoptera) and True bugs (Heteroptera) sampled in the “Pian di Gembro” wetland. The number of indiviaduls is given for each sampling zone (Z1: sampling zone 1; Z2: sampling zone 2; Z3: sampling zone 3; Z4: sampling zone 4; Z5: sampling zone 5; Z6: sampling zone 6; Z7: sampling zone 7; Z8: sampling zone 8; Z9: sampling zone 9; Z10: sampling zone 10; Z11: sampling zone 11). Species Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Z11 Temnostethus pusillus (Herrich-Schäffer 1835) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetraphleps bicuspis (Herrich-Schäffer 1835) 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nabis flavomarginatus Scholz 1847 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Nabis rugosus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 Alloeotomus gothicus (Fallén 1807) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Deraeocoris ruber (Linnaeus 1758) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Halticus apterus (Linnaeus 1761) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 Adelphocoris seticornis (Fabricius 1775) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Camptozygum aequale (Villers 1789) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Capsus ater (Linnaeus 1758) 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 Charagochilus gyllenhalii (Fallén 1807) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Leptopterna dolabrata (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 Lygus pratensis (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 3 0 Lygus wagneri remane 1955 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Megaloceroea recticornis (Geoffroy 1785) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Notostira elongata (Geoffroy 1785) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Polymerus palustris (reuter 1905) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 Stenodema calcarata (Fallén 1807) 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Stenodema holsata (Fabricius 1787) 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 Stenodema laevigata (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Heterocordylus genistae (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Chlamydatus pulicarius (Fallén 1807) 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 Plagiognathus arbustorum (Fabricius 1794) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff 1864) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coranus subapterus (De Geer 1773) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhynocoris annulatus (Linnaeus 1758) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Corizus hyoscyami (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Myrmus miriformis (Fallén 1807) 22 22 0 1 6 0 0 2 1 5 0 Rhopalus maculatus (Fieber 1837) 0 1 2 0 3 1 1 0 1 6 0 Rhopalus parumpuncactus Schilling 1829 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze 1778) 5 3 0 0 9 2 0 0 2 10 0 Kleidocerys resedae (Panzer 1797) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Nithecus jacobaeae (Schilling 1829) 2 0 0 0 13 1 2 0 1 8 0 Eremocoris plebejus plebejus (Fallén 1807) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland Gastrodes abietum Bergroth 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 1 Pachybrachius luridus Hahn 1826 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Peritrechus geniculatus (Hahn 1832) 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pterotmetus staphyliniformis (Schilling 1829) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 Rhyparochromus pini (Linnaeus 1758) 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Stygnocoris pygmaeus r.F. Sahlberg 1848 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stygnocoris sabulosus (Schilling 1829) 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 1 11 0 Trapezonotus desertus Seidenstücker 1951 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trapsonotus dispar Stål 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Cyphostethus tristriatus (Fabricius 1787) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Elasmostethus interstinctus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Elasmucha grisea (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zicrona caerulea (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 6 0 Carpocoris purpureipennis (De Geer 1773) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus 1758) 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 Eurydema oleracea (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Holcostethus vernalis (Wolff 1804) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Neottiglossa bifida (A. costa 1847) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Palomena prasina (Linnaeus 1761) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eurygaster maura (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Eurygaster testudinaria (Geoffroy 1785) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 Thyreocoris scarabaeoides (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 Carabus germarii Sturm 1815 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Agonum sexpunctatum (Linne 1758) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Platysma oenotrium (ravizza 1975) 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pterostichus dissimilis (A. Villa & G.B. Villa 1833) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Poecilus versicolor (Sturm 1824) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phonias diligens (Sturm 1824) 0 59 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bothriopterus oblongopunctatus (Fabricius 1787) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amara eurynota (Panzer 1797) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amara lucida (Duftschmid 1812) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Amara cursitans (Zimmermann 1832) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Anisodactylus binotatus (Fabricius 1787) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acupalpus flavicollis (Sturm 1825) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Lamprias cyanocephalus (Linne 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Zeugophora flavicollis (Marsham 1802) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Donacia obscura Gyllenhal 1813 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201114 Gonioctena decemnotata (Marsham 1802) 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 35 0 0 Gonioctena quinquepunctata (Fabricius 1787) 4 14 0 0 4 0 0 0 7 6 0 Chrysolina fastuosa (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Chrysolina geminata (Paykull 1799) 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 Chrysomela populi Linnaeus 1758 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chrysomela tremulae Fabricius 1787 0 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chrysomela vigintipunctata Scopoli 1763 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lochmaea caprea (Linnaeus 1758) 14 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 Galeruca pomonae (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galeruca tanaceti (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Luperus flavipes (Linnaeus 1767) 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 Luperus longicornis (Fabricius 1781) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Luperus viridipennis Germar 1824 0 0 0 0 22 0 1 4 2 0 0 Aphthona herbigrada (curtis 1837) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 Aphthona venustula (Kutschera 1861) 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 6 47 0 Longitarsus lewisii (Baly 1874) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Longitarsus luridus (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 Longitarsus melanocephalus (De Geer 1775) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Longitarsus pratensis (Panzer 1794) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Altica oleracea (Linnaeus 1758) 3 6 0 0 8 1 0 0 4 22 0 Bathophila rubi (Paykull 1799) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Neocrepidodera peirolerii (Kutschera 1860) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 Crepidodera lamina (Bedel 1901) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chaetocnema concinna (Marsham 1802) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Chaetocnema picipes Stephens 1831 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoffroy 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 Chaetocnema sahlbergi (Gyllenhal 1827) 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Smaragdina affinis (Illiger 1794) 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Smaragdina salicina (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus elegantulus Gravenhorst 1807 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus labiatus Linnaeus 1761 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 0 Cryptocephalus vittula Suffrian 1848 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cryptocephalus bipunctatus (Linnaeus 1758) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus flavipes Fabricius 1781 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus moraei (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus nitidus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cryptocephalus quadripustulatus Gyllenhal 1813 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cryptocephalus sericeus Marseul 1875 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptocephalus transiens Franz 1949 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 6 1 0 15M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland Bromius obscurus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 11 0 Cassida sanguinolenta o.F. Müller 1776 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Otiorhynchus armadillo (rossi 1792) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Otiorhynchus scaber (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Otiorhynchus frigidus (Mulsant 1859) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Otiorhynchus anthracinus (Scopoli 1763) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Phyllobius viridicollis (Fabricius 1792) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phyllobius arborator (Herbst 1797) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phyllobius pyri (Linnaeus 1758) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Polydrusus marginatus Stephens 1831 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Polydrusus cervinus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsdorff 1785) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 Strophosoma melanogrammum (Forster 1771) 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sitona nigriclavis Stephens 1829 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 SItona sulcifrons (Gyllenhal 1834) 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 0 37 8 0 Lepyrus capucinus (Schaller 1783) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Magdalis memnonia (Gyllenhal 1832) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ceutorhynchus erysimi (Fabricius 1787) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 Nedyus quadrimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Limnobaris dolorosa (Goeze 1777) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Limnobaris t-album (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Anthonomus rubi (Herbst 1795) 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Tachyerges salicis (Linnaeus 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 Tachyerges stigma (Germar 1821) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Miarus campanulae Linnaeus 1767 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 species) and 5 (19 species). the zone specificity could be explained by the presence of  particular host plants and abiotic ecological requirements that are present in a particular  zone. It is worth noting that there were no species specific to zone 4. All the other zones,  however, had a number of specific species ranging from 1 (zone 3, 8) to 18 (zone 5).  In general, there were more exclusive species in the surroundings (zones 5, 9, 10) than  in the bog area (zones 1, 2, 3, 8), with the exception of zone 1 which had 7 exclusive  species. From the systematic point of view, both Heteroptera and coleoptera recorded  in this study are characterized by exclusive species, but the highest number of exclusive  species belongs to the Heteroptera suborder (27 species) and to the chrysomelidae family  (24 species). In zone 6, we found exclusively chrysomelidae, while the 3 species found  in zone 2 belong to three different taxa. Some of the species listed in table 2, such as the  aforementioned O. scaber and O. frigidus, have a restricted geographical distribution,  while others such as Anthonomus rubi (osella et al., 2005) and Longitarsus pratensis are common species with a wide geographical distribution (Biondi, 2005). Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201116 Table 3 - Species exclusively found in one component of the “Pian di Gembro” wetland (Lombardy, Italy): black squares show species exclusively found in the bog; grey squares show species exclusively found in the surroundings (H: Heteroptera; C: Carabidae; Ch: Chrysomelidae; Cu: Curculionidae sensu lato; Z1: sampling zone 1; Z2: sampling zone 2; Z3: sampling zone 3; Z4: sampling zone 4; Z5: sampling zone 5; Z6: sampling zone 6; Z7: sampling zone 7; Z8: sampling zone 8; Z9: sampling zone 9; Z10: sampling zone 10; Z11: sampling zone 11). H C Ch H C Cu H H C Ch ZO NE /S PE CI ES Rh yn oc or is an nu la tu s Ca mp to zy gu m ae qu al e Er em oc or is pl eb eju s Bo th rio pt er us o bl un go pu nc ta tu s Do na cia o bs cu ra Cr yp to ce ph al us el eg an tu lu s Cr yp to ce ph al us b ip un cta tu s Co ra nu s s ub ap ter us Pt er os tic hu s oe no tri um Li mn ob ar is do lo ro sa St yg no co ris p yg ma eu s Te mn os tet hu s p us ill us Pl ag io gn at hu s c hr ys an th em i Tr ap ez on ot us d es er tu s Ho lco ste th us ve rn al is An iso da cty lu s b in ot at us Ag on um se xp un cta tu m Po ec ilu s v er sic ol or Am ar a eu ry no ta Ze ug of or a fla vic ol lis Ch ry so me la p op ul i Ch ry so me la tr em ul ae Ch ry so me la vi gi nt ip un cta ta Ga ler uc a po mo na e Cr ep id od er a la mi na Z1               Z2       Z3   Z5                             Cu Ch H C Cu H C Ch ZO NE /S PE CI ES Ot io rh yn ch us sc ab er Ot io rh yn ch us fr ig id us Ph yll ob iu s v iri di co lli s St ra ph os om a me la no gr am mu m Cr yp to ce ph al us fl av ip es Cr yp to ce ph al us m or ae i Cr yp to ce ph al us se ric eu s Cy ph os tet hu s t ris tri at us An th on om us ru bi Al lo eo to mu s g ot hi cu s No to sti ra el on ga ta Tr ap ez on ot us d isp ar Ca ra bu s g er ma ri Po lyd ru su s c er vin us Co riz us h yo sc ya mi Eu ry ga ste r m au ra He ter oc or dy lu s g en ist ae Pt er os tic hu s d iss im ili s Am ar a lu cid a Am ar a cu rs ita ns La mp ria s c ya no ce ph al a Lu pe ru s l on gi co rn is Lo ng ita rs us le wi sii Lo ng ita rs us m ela no ce ph al us Lo ng ita rs us p ra ten sis Z5         Z6       Z7             Z8   Z9                       Ch Cu H C Ch Cu ZO NE /S PE CI ES Ca ss id a sa ng ui no len ta Hy lo bi us a bi eti s Ch ar ag oc hi lu s g yll en ha lii St en od em a la ev ig at um Pa ch yb ra ch iu s l ur id us Pi cr om er us b id en s Zi cr on a ca er ul ea Eu ry de ma o ler ac ea Ne ot tig lo ss a bi fid a Pa lo me na p ra sin a Au cu pa lp us fl av ico lli s Ba th op hi la ru bi Ch ae to cn em a pi cip es Ch ae to cn em a co nc in na Ch ry so lin a ma rg in at a Ch ry so lin a fa stu os a Cr yp to ce ph al us q ua dr ip us tu la tu s Cr yp to ce ph al us vi ttu la Li mn ob ar is t-a lb um Rh yn ca en us st ig ma Ot io rh in ch us a nt hr ac in us Po lyd ru su s m ar gi na tu s Ot io rh in ch us a rm ad ill o Le py ru s c ap uc in us Ne dy us q ua dr im ac ul at us Z9     Z10                                               17M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland Table 4 - Species found in at least two zones of Pian di Gembro wetland (Lombardy, Italy). Grey squares show species widespread across surrounding zones (group A); black squares show species widespread across both the surrounding and the bog zones (group B) (Z1: sampling zone 1; Z2: sampling zone 2; Z3: sampling zone 3; Z4: sampling zone 4; Z5: sampling zone 5; Z6: sampling zone 6; Z7: sampling zone 7; Z8: sampling zone 8; Z9: sampling zone 9; Z10: sampling zone 10; Z11: sampling zone 11). Z O N E/ SP EC IE S Sm ar ag di na sa lic in a Sc ia ph ilu s a sp er at us Lu pe ru s v iri di pe nn is Ly gu s w ag ne ri Ca rp oc or is pu pu re ip en ni s Ly gu s p ra te ns is Na bi s r ug os us St yg no co ris sa bu lo su s Po ly m er us p al us tri s Co re us m ar gi na tu s Ch la m yd at us p ul ic ar iu s El as m uc ha g ris ea Cr yp to ce ph al us n iti du s M ag da lis m em no ni a Eu ry ga ste r t es tu di na ria Ch ae to cn em a ho rte ns is El as m os te th us in te rs tin ct us Ch ry so lin a ge m in at a Br om iu s o bs cu ru s G al er uc a ta na ce ti Ad el ph oc or is se tic or ni s Z5                                   Z6               Z7           Z8   Z9               Z10                             ZO NE /S PE CI ES Ap ht on a ve nu stu la Cr yp to ce ph al us se ric eu s M ia ru s c am pa nu la e Ce ut or hy nc hu s e ry sim i Ae lia a cu m in at a Le pt op te rn a do lo br at a Lo ng ita rs us lu rid us Rh op al us p ar um pu nc at us Ne oc re pi do de ra p ei ro le ri M eg al oc er oe a re ct ic or ni s Th yr eo co ris sc ar ab ae oi de s Po ly dr us us ce rv in us Rh yn ca en us sa lic is Kl ei do ce ry s r es ed ae Pt er ot m et us st ap hy lin ifo rm is Si to na su lc ifr on s Ap ht on a he rb ig ra da G as tro de s a bi et um Si to na n ic ric la vi s Lu pe ru s fl av ip es Ni th ec us ja co ba ea e Z1   Z2   Z3 Z4 Z5                 Z6     Z7                     Z8         Z9                               Z10                                 Z11     ZO N E/ SP EC IE S Rh op al us m ac ul at us St en od em a ho lsa tu m Ca ps us a te r D ol yc or is ba cc ar um Cr yp to ce ph al us la bi at us Al tic a ol er ac ea St ic to pl eu ru s p un ct at on er vo su s G on io ct en a de ce m no ta ta H al tic us a pt er us Ph yl lo bi us a rb or at or Pe nt at om a ru fip es D er ae oc or is ru be r Ph yl lo bi us p yr i p yr i St en od em a ca lc ar at um Te tra ph le ps b ic us pi s Sm ar ag di na a ffi ni s G on io ct en a qu in qu ep un ct at a M yr m us m iri fo rm is Lo ch m ae a ca pr ea e Pe rit re ch us g en ic ul at us Ch ae to cn em a sa hl be rg i Ph on ia s d ili ge ns Z1                                     Z2                           Z3   Z4       Z5                         Z6             Z7             Z8     Z9                   Z10                           Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201118 the 64 species (45% of species pool) that occur in more than one zone could  be considered as “generalists”, with a wider ecological tolerance than species found  in one zone only (table 3 and 4). We split these species into two groups: group A  contains “generalist” species widespread in surrounding zones, while group B contains  “generalist” species widespread in both surrounding and bog zones. As expected, the  outflow zone 8 is inhabited by species occurring in the bog and in the surrounding zones.  In group A, there are species of conservation interest and species with a wide geographical  distribution such as Lygus pratensis and Galeruca tanaceti, which has also been found  in nearby commercial yarrow fields (Limonta et al., 2003; Sassi, 2007) where Penata  Gama et al. (2010) studied the dynamics of aphid populations. Within group B, there  are species of conservation interest and species with a wide geographical distribution,  such as Gonioctena decemnotata and Altica oleracea (Sassi, 2007; Montagna, 2009). Species of particular conservation interest We found 39 species (28% of the species pool) of conservation interest (table 5).  Pachybrachius luridus is the only species that could be considered a obligate bog or  tyrphobiont species linked to Sphagnum spp. and other bog plants (e.g. Carex spp., Rhynchospora sp., Trichophorum sp. and Eriophorum sp.) (Montagna et al., 2008). there  were 23 species considered tyrphophiles, including Donacia obscura and Chaetocnema sahlbergi that prefer humid biotopes or microenvironments with high humidity (Doguet,  1994; Montagna, 2009). Five species, including D. obscura and Pterostichus dissimilis,  are considered bioindicators of natural environments (Giaccalone et al., 2002; casale et al., 2005; Sassi, 2005; Montagna et al., 2008; Montagna, 2009). Othiorrynchus scaber, O. frigidus, C. sericerus sp. zambanellus and P. dissimilis (2.8% of species pool) are  taxa endemic to the Italian alpine region (casale et al., 2005; osella et al., 2005; Sassi,  2005). three species of Heteroptera (2.1% of species pool), including Trapezonotus desertus, show a boreo-alpine distribution (Pericart, 1987; Pericart, 1998a, 1998b,  1998c). nine species of the ‘Pian di Gembro’ species pool are typical of mountainous  regions (e.g. C. sericeus and Amara cursitans are typical alpine taxa), and three are  typical of lowland environments (Magistretti, 1965; Biondi, 2005; casale et al., 2005;  cianficconi, 2005; Sassi, 2005; Montagna et al., 2008). Four species exhibit a wide  ecological tolerance (casale et al., 2005; Montagna et al., 2008). It should also be noted  that even at the altitude of 1350 m above sea level and in the heart of Alps, 2% of the  species are lowland species.  Among the 39 species of conservation interest, there are 25 species that occur in  one zone only, 8 in two zones and 6 in more than 2 zones (table 5).  DIScuSSIon the insect species pool of ‘Pian di Gembro’ wetland consists of 141 species collected  during three years of sampling. the evaluation of the species pool is difficult because  studies on alpine wetland insects are rare and usually restricted to particular taxa. Boyse  (2004) studied the insect fauna of acid mires in england and found only 24 species  19M. Montagna et al.: Beetle and true bug of the alpine “Pian di Gembro” wetland Table 5 - Species of Pian di Gembro wetland (Lombardy, Italy) that are considered of conservation interest. SPECIES Zo ne s Sp ec ie s o f h um id b io to pe Bi on di ca to r A lp in e en de m ic sp ec ie s Bo re o- A lp in e di st ri bu tio n M ou nt ai ne ou s s pe ci es Lo w la nd sp ec ie s W id e ec ol og ic al to le ra nc e SPECIES Zo ne s Sp ec ie s o f h um id b io to pe Bi on di ca to r A lp in e en de m ic sp ec ie s Bo re o- A lp in e di st ri bu tio n M ou nt ai ne ou s s pe ci es Lo w la nd sp ec ie s W id e ec ol og ic al to le ra nc e Donacia obscura 1       Limnobaris t-album 10         Rhynocoris annulatus 1       Cryptocephalus quadripustulatus 10     Coranus subapterus 2       Rhyncaenus stigma 10       Platysma oenotrium 2       Lepyrus capucinus 10         Limnobaris dolorosa 2       Nabis flavomarginatus 11       Trapezonotus desertus 5     Phonias diligens 2, 4         Agonum sexpunctatum 5         Neocrepidodera peiroleri 8, 9       Anisodactylus binotatus 5         Sciaphilus asperatus 5, 10       Chrysomela vigintipunctata 5       Polymerus palustris 5, 10       Crepidodera lamina 5       Eurygaster testudinaria 6, 10       Otiorhynchus scaber 5         Rhopalus parumpuncatus 7, 10       Otiorhinchus frigidus 5       Megaloceroea recticornis 9, 10       Cryptocephalus sericeus ssp. Zambanellus 6         Rhyncaenus salicis 9, 10       Anthonomus rubi 7       Chaetocnema sahlbergi 1, 2, 6       Pterostichus dissimilis 9       Stenodema calcaratum 1, 2, 10           Amara cursitans 9       Phyllobius pyri pyri 2, 9, 10           Longitarsus lewisii 9       Sitona sulcifrons argutulus 5, 7, 9,  10           Pachybrachius luridus 10             Nithecus jacobaeae 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10       Picromerus bidens 10       Rhopalus maculatus 2, 3, 5,  6, 7, 9,  10       Aucupalpus flavicollis 10       Journal of entomological and Acarological research, Ser. II, 43 (1), 201120 belonging to coleoptera (carabidae, chrysomelidae sensu latu, curculionidae sensu latu) and Heteroptera. rampazzi & Dethier (1997) found 105 species of Heteroptera  in a bog located in southern Switzerland, and in the Zehlau Bog in the western russia  entomologists collected 38 species of coleoptera (carabidae) (Främbs et al., 2002).  the results confirm the important contribution of coleoptera and Heteroptera to the  wetland inhabiting insect fauna. Moreover, the studies indicate that the results depend  on sampling techniques and sampling efforts. this confirms the importance of building  the sampling program on different techniques and justifies their implementation over  an extended period of three years. the collected species grouped into three main coenoses show that 64 species share  both wetland components. nevertheless, the 11 species restricted to the bog and the 63  species found in the surroundings show that a clear difference should be made between  the bog and the surroundings. We found 23 tyrphophile insects, which exhibit preferences  for boggy areas, but the only obligate bog (tyrphobiont) species found was Pachybrachius luridus. With the exception of zone 4, all zones are inhabited by zone-specific species  (table 1). Hence, all zones except zone 4 are important in efforts aiming at conserving the  general pool of coleoptera and Heteroptera species. From the standpoint of conserving  species of particular interest (table 5), 24 species are found in at least one out of 8 zones.  In the remaining zones, zone 4 and zone 8 share a single species with zone 2 and zone 9,  respectively, while only zone 3 shares the same species with 7 other zones. Hence, the  zones 3, 4, 8 could be considered as redundant in efforts to conserve the pool of species  of particular interest. By taking into account both the general species pool (table 1) and  the pool of species of particular interest to conservationists (table 2), only zone 4 can be  considered as redundant since it is inhabited by species that occur also in other zones. 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AnnA giorgi, GeSDiMont, centro di studi applicati per la gestione sostenibile della montagna.  università degli Studi di Milano, edolo, Italy. Accepted 26 April 2011