Pages 2021-4.cdr 6707 Impact of Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons on Farm Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India Anikha S. Kumar and C.S. Shaijumon ABSTRACT This study assesses the role of agricultural extension ins�tu�ons in improving efficiency of rice produc�on in Kerala, India. Data were collected through a primary survey of 72 purposively selected rice farmers. Three major extension ins�tu�ons were iden�fied. Sa�sfac�on of farmers from extension was measured using principal component analysis and technical efficiency through Stochas�c Fron�er Analysis. Sa�sfac�on scores were poor. However, extension services were found to be significantly contribu�ng to technical efficiency of rice produc�on. Efficiency of extension services could be improved through reforms in the current ins�tu�onal structure. Keywords: Agricultural extension; Rice farming; Technical Efficiency; Sa�sfac�on; Principal Component Analysis; Stochas�c Fron�er Analysis; Kerala Research Article Journal of Extension Educa�on Vol. 33 No.4, 2021 DOI: h�ps://doi.org/10.26725/JEE.2021.4.33.6707-6717 Department of Humani�es, Indian Ins�tute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Received: 26-07-2022; Accepted: 16-01-2023 INTRODUCTION O v e r y e a r s , t h e c o n c e p t o f agricultural extension had undergone several changes. Agricultural extension is a process with the purpose of transferring informa�on generated out of research from regional, na�onal and interna�onal levels to farmers (Norton et al. 2020). Tradi�onally, extension is perceived as a short term programme with short term goals including farm visit, field visit etc (Davis et al. 2020). But nowadays extension is viewed as a con�nuous long term problem solving process. It is a process that can influence the behavior of its recipients and thereby influence decision making and produc�on p ro ce s s . E x te n s i o n s e r v i ce s a re n ot supposed to be simply an informa�on and technology transfer process as perceived in the past. It is intended to bring effec�ve c h a n g e s t h r o u g h d e v e l o p m e n t o f knowledge, a�tude and skills through advisory and informa�on delivery services (Sulandjari et al. 2021). Extension services are found to help bring improvement in agricultural produc�vity (Sharifzadeh et al., 2021). Thus the widening conceptual scope of extension ac�vi�es can contribute a lot to agricultural development. But these conceptual goals are o�en not in terms with reality. Lack of responsiveness of extension agents, poor management of extension programmes, lack of support from farmers, centralized mode of extension delivery, lack of region specific programmes, poor coordina�on between farmers, local and central officials, poor on farm research and low budge�ng along with poor research funding for extension are cited as reasons for poor performance of extension ac�vity (Albore, 2018; Gula� et al., 2022), Rice is the staple food crop of people of Kerala but has only 0.43 percent of na�onal area under Rice cul�va�on (13th p o s i � o n) . D u r i n g 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 r i c e w a s cul�vated in an area of 7.59 lakh hectares in Kerala. By 1974-75, it increased to 8.81 Lakh hectares. Therea�er, area under rice in the state declined gradually reaching 2.02 lakh hectares in 2020-21 (Government of Kerala, 2021). The reason for this decline are many including conver�ng land for other purposes, loss of soil fer�lity, pest diseases a�ack, clima�c changes etc. Food grains produced in the state account for only 15 percent of its total consump�on demand (Government of Kerala, 2021). With declining produc�on and produc�vity and increasing consump�on demand food security is under threat. With shortage of agricultural land, the area under rice produc�on can't be increased. Factors like effec�ve extension services will help farmers make be�er produc�on decisions given the exis�ng constraints. In Kerala, the frequency of extension services and availability of extension staff is rela�vely low. In general, extension agents are not trained in providing extension services using ICT tools like mobile phone ( ) . E x t e n s i o n S e b a s � a n e t a l . , 2 0 1 9 programmes like ATMA are reported to be inefficient in transferring informa�on to farmers (Vijayakumar, 2019). Given this, mere existence of extension programmes alone is not sufficient. These programmes should be efficient to address the challenges of farming sector (Mgendi et al., 2021). Th e effe c � ve n e s s of ex t e n s i o n services in general (Rivera et al., 2022) and effec�veness and impact of specific extension programmes like Training and Visit system, Village aid programmes, integrated rice development programmes (Baloch et al., 2019), ATMA (Agricultural Technology Management Agency), LEADS (Lead Farmer Centered Advisory Delivery Service) etc had been discussed in the previous literature (Vijayakumar, 2019). But there are also ins�tu�ons involved in p ro v i d i n g e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e s - l o c a l government ins�tu�ons, and private agents. These are the ins�tu�ons that connect specific extension programmes to farmers, but specific studies were not designed to iden�fy them, list out their services, analyze their impact and measure the sa�sfac�on of farmers from these services etc. The economic impact of agricultural extension was measured using produc�vity (yield) changes or by measuring the extent of technology adop�on by farmers (Takahashi et al., 2019).But how 6708Impact of Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons on Farm Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India ex t e n s i o n s e r v i ce s i m p a c t t e c h n i c a l efficiency of agricultural produc�on have not been widely discussed. This study therefore tries to focus on these two research gaps. Thus the objec�ve of this study is to measure the role of agricultural extension ins�tu�ons in technical efficiency of produc�on by focusing on the rice farmers of Kerala, India. METHODOLOGY Alappuzha district is one of the major rice producing districts in Kerala with 32 per cent of the rice produced in Kerala coming from the District (Government of Kerala, 2021). The declining soil fer�lity, increasing pest disease a�ack, increasing use of chemical pes�cides, huge losses from changing weather condi�ons put huge stress on the rice yield in the district (Government of Kerala, 2021). As extension services are meant to help farmers address the emerging challenges in produc�on, an analysis of how the current extension system in rice in the district works is significant. In total Alappuzha district has 24, 864 rice farmers (Data source: Principal Agricultural Office, Alappuzha). Par�cipants of the study were iden�fied from Rice producing households of Padashekharam's (or farmer organiza�on) a large group of rice fields organized together) of Kainakary and Thakazhi Krishi Bhavans of Alappuzha District. These 2 Krishi Bhavans were selected because they contain largest area under rice cul�va�on (3213.64 hectares in K a i n a k a r y a n d 1 7 2 5 . 8 6 h e c t a re s i n T h a k a z h i ) ( D a t a s o u r c e : P r i n c i p a l Agricultural Office, Alappuzha). Out of the total 24,864 rice farmers, 4176 (16.8 per cent) belong to Kainakary and 2314 (9.3 per cent) belong to Thakazhi a re a . Th e s a m p l e s we re p u r p o s i ve l y selected to iden�fy rice farmers who get extension services from the 3 iden�fied extension ins�tu�ons in the district. The criteria of selec�on were that, the sample farmer should be the one who gets extension services from these ins�tu�ons at least once in a week. While purposively selec�ng the samples, more samples were selected from Kainakary area (46 farmers) as it contains higher propor�on of farmers and 26 farmers from Thakazhi area were selected resul�ng in a total sample of 72 rice farmers. Study was based on primary data collected using a semi structured interview schedule. Study was conducted from1st st December 2021 to 31 December 2021 and st from1st December 2022 to 31 December 2022. But for maintaining uniformity and accuracy of analysis, data on Yield, land size and other input cost were collected for the harvest season of November- December 2021. In this study context, extension refers to informa�on and advisory delivery services that help farmers understand their constraints and find possible solu�ons to it 6709 Journal of Extension Educa�on so as to improve produc�on, produc�vity and income (Davis, 2020). And technical efficiency refers to efficiency of inputs to create more outputs. Sa�sfac�on of farmers from extension services was analyzed using a 5 point Likert scale analysis (1= very dissa�sfied and 5= very sa�sfied) (Azumah, 2018). Farmers were asked to provide sa�sfac�on score for each category of extension services provided by the iden�fied ins�tu�ons. Using Descrip�ve analysis the ins�tu�ons that provide extension in rice in the study area were iden�fied along with types of extension ac�vi�es provided by each ins�tute. The role of extension ins�tu�ons in efficiency of produc�on was measured in two parts.The first part of the study focused on the analysis of sa�sfac�on scores of farmers regarding the extension services they receive. Principal Component analysis was used for ge�ng sa�sfac�on scores. This methodology was used for extrac�ng the factors that have significant impact on the dependent variable that is, value of produc�on (Saithong et al., 2022). The second part of the study measured technical efficiency of rice produc�on in the study area and factors affec�ng technical efficiency of produc�on. Stochas�c fron�er produc�on analysis was used for technical efficiency analysis (Ogaraku et al. 2020). A produc�on func�on was described ini�ally. The value of the rice produc�on per acre (quan�ty mul�plied by price per quintal) in the year 2021 (Harvest season November- December 2021) was taken as the dependent variable. Four independent variables included in the produc�on func�on were size of land (in acres), produc�on cost (including cost of all inputs- land, labor, machinery and other m at e r i a l i n p u t s i n r u p e e s) , ye a r s of experience in rice farming and frequency of extension services received (number of days per month). A n a n a l y s i s o f c o n s t r a i n t s i n extension availability was also done using primary survey.The constraints were iden�fied and modified from the variables iden�fied from previous studies (Takahashi et al., 2020; Gula� et al., 2022) Farmers were asked to rank the constraints on a scale of one to five. These scores were used for providing jus�fica�on to sa�sfac�on scores. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Extension Ins�tu�ons and Services The study iden�fied the major ins�tu�ons that provide extension services in rice produc�on in the study area. It was found that there were three ins�tu�ons that provide extension services in Rice: Krishi Bhavans, Rice Research Sta�ons and Farmer organiza�ons Krishi Bhavans are local Government Body under Department of Agriculture that deals with the crea�on and implementa�on 6710Impact of Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons on Farm Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India of various programmes for the development of Agricultural sector. Rice research sta�ons are part of Kerala Agricultural University which mainly focuses on research ac�vi�es including produc�on of new seed varie�es, technology etc. But they also provide extension services to rice farmers in Kerala. Fa r m e r o rg a n i z a� o n s a re b a s e l eve l organiza�ons that contain a group of farmers of a group of paddy fields. The organiza�ons also called as Padashekhara Sami�s have a proper organiza�onal structure with a President and Secretary. The organiza�on serves as a connec�ng link between farmers and all other extension ins�tu�ons. With respect to rice there are four major extension ac�vi�es: Plant and soil health services, Fer�lizer and pes�cide applica�on, Pest disease iden�fica�on and solu�on and Clima�c/ weather informa�on. Informa�on in these areas are provided through field visits, farm visits, office visits by farmers, through phone calls, Whatsapp groups, no�ces, Adver�sements, mee�ngs, s e m i n a r s a n d f a r m e r - t o - f a r m e r communica�ons. Farmer Sa�sfac�on Regarding Services from Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons Ta b l e 1 s h o w s t h e re s u l t s o f sa�sfac�on scores of farmers for each extension ac�vity analyzed using Principal component analysis. 6711 Journal of Extension Educa�on 70.1 % of the varia�on in the observa�on was explained by the first four principal components, extracted out of 12 independent variables using principal component analysis. Hence sa�sfac�on scores were derived using these 5 principal components. Table 1 shows that farmers get the highest sa�sfac�on from extension services related to clima�c informa�on services (0.663) provided by the Research sta�ons. Extension services provided by farmer organiza�ons had the highest sa�sfac�on score (0.487) regarding pest disease iden�fica�on and solu�on. In extension services related to plant and soil health services also, farmer organiza�on sa�sfied farmers more (0.393). Extension services of the Research sta�on provided more sa�sfac�on to farmers regarding Fer�lizer and pes�cide applica�on. Of the three major ins�tu�ons that provide extension services to farmers, extension ac�vity by research sta�on was most effec�ve in sa�sfying farmers. It had sa�sfac�on scores of 0.295, 0.256, 0.482, and 0.663 for extension services related to p l a n t a n d s o i l h e a l t h , Pe s t d i s e a s e iden�fica�on and solu�on, Fer�lizer and p e s � c i d e a p p l i c a � o n , a n d c l i m a � c informa�on, respec�vely. Krishi Bhavan was the least effec�ve, with a sa�sfac�on score of 0.254, 0.295, 0.340, and 0.347 for extension services related to plant and soil health, Pest disease iden�fica�on and s o l u � o n , F e r � l i z e r a n d p e s � c i d e applica�on, and clima�c informa�on. Farmer organiza�on had Sa�sfac�on scores of 0.393, 0.487, 0.390, and 0.454 for extension services related to plant and soil health, Pest disease iden�fica�on and s o l u � o n , F e r � l i z e r a n d p e s � c i d e applica�on, and clima�c informa�on. These scores indicate that the Farmer organiza�on is the next best op�on for farmers a�er the 6712Impact of Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons on Farm Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India rice research sta�on to get extension services. It can be inferred that farmers were not fully sa�sfied by the extension services provided by these three major ins�tu�ons. Table 2 helps in understanding the reasons fo r fa r m e r d i s s a� s fa c � o n . Fro m t h e interview, the constraints in extension service availability were iden�fied. Farmers were asked to rank each constraint on a scale of 1-5 and average rank was calculated (1= least severe, 5= most severe). Table 2: Ranking of Constraints faced in ge�ng Extension Services Sl.No. Constraints 1 Lack of frequent extension services in the area 2 Inadequate number of extension agents 3 Lack of awareness of informa�on sources 4 Informa�on not easily accessible 5 Poor knowledge-sharing culture 6 Lack of informa�on provision in �me Average Rank (Sample size, n=70) 3.2 4.2 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.8 The major reason for dissa�sfac�on of farmers regarding extension services were lack of informa�on availability on �me (4.8- highly severe). According to the respondent's informa�on on soil fer�lity, weather changes etc were given very late, so that they won't get enough �me to prepare. Classes and seminars were there, but not when farmers need it. There was lack of early predic�on of pest disease a�ack. This makes informa�on, even if it is available, less useful to farmers. Farmers were not able to find adequate solu�ons to their agrarian problems due to Lack of frequent extension services and inadequate number of extension agents. There was also difficulty in accessing informa�on as farmers o�en have to go to these offices or ins�tu�ons to get informa�on services. Considering travelling difficul�es (cos�ng �me and money) farmers become reluctant to visit these ins�tu�ons or become part of farmer organiza�ons mee�ng. Along with all these issues poor communica�on among rice farmers had resulted in less diffusion of informa�on. Role of Agricultural Extension on Technical Efficiency of Rice Produc�on The stochas�c fron�er approach was used for measuring technical efficiency. Table 3 shows the results of Stochas�c fron�er analysis performed using Fron�er 6713 Journal of Extension Educa�on (Version 4.1) so�ware with trans log produc�on func�on for the analysis of technical efficiency. The study made use of the following form of produc�on func�on: Where Y is Value of produc�on per acre (in rupees), X is Size of land (in acre), X1 2 is Cost of produc�on (including cost of all inputs- land, labor, machinery and other material inputs in rupees), X is Years of 3 experience in rice farming, X isFrequency of 4 extension services received (number of days per month) and V is the Error termn Table 3: Maximum Likelihood Es�mates of the Stochas�c Fron�er Analysis for the Study area Variables and Parameters ML Es�mates (Sample size, n=70) Coefficient Standard error Constant -0.512 0.516 Size of land -0.0496 0.132 Input cost 0.0541 0.133 Experience in rice farming 0.519 0.202 Extension 0.878 0.070 Sigma 0.802 0.387 Gamma 0.613 0.403 LR test 0.312 Log likelihood func�on -74.027 Sta�s�cally significant at 1 percent٭٭ Sta�s�cally significant at 5 percent٭ Source: Primary Survey among rice farmers using interview schedule t-ra�o -0.993 -0.376 0.407 ٭٭2.57 ٭٭12.46 ٭2.070 1.521 From Table 3, it can be observed that elas�city of the variable associated with extension service frequency is posi�ve and highly significant. Hence, if the frequency of extension services increase by 1 per cent, it would increase agricultural produc�on by 0 . 8 7 8 p e r c e n t . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e significance of extension services and its f re q u e n c y i n i m p rov i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l produc�on. The variable indica�ng the experience of farmers (years of experience in rice farming) also has posi�ve elas�city and is significant. With increase in the years of experience farmers improve their produc�on efficiency. The input cost variable is posi�ve but not sta�s�cally significant. The elas�city of size of land is nega�ve and not significant. The constant 6714Impact of Agricultural Extension Ins�tu�ons on Farm Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India term is not significant (-0.993) which shows that the omi�ed variables in the study are n o t s i g n i fi c a n t l y a ffe c � n g t e c h n i c a l efficiency. T h e g a m m a v a l u e (γ) o f t h e Maximum likelihood es�mate of the Stochas�c Fron�er Produc�on model is 0.613. This value is sta�s�cally not significant. From this it can be inferred that 61.3 percent of the variability of agricultural produc�on is related to the factors contribu�ng to the technical efficiency of agricultural produc�on. The rest of the variability (38.7 per cent), is due to random noises. The Likelihood ra�o test (LR Test) was used to measure the presence of technical inefficiency (Table 3). It gave a value of 0.312 which is less than the cri�cal chi square value 12.483 (given by Kodde & Palm, 1986). Therefore the null hypotheses that there is no technical inefficiency can be accepted. The produc�on technique is efficient. Size of land and input cost or produc�on cost has nothing to contribute to improve technical efficiency. If technical efficiency of produc�on has to be improved the frequency of extension services should be improved. CONCLUSION The study analyzed the role of agricultural extension services on technical efficiency of rice produc�on in Kerala, India. The major inference was that extension s e r v i c e s c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i fi c a n t l y i n improving technical efficiency of rice produc�on in the study area. Factors like l a n d s i z e a n d i n p u t c o s t w e r e n o t contribu�ng to technical efficiency. But apart from the sa�sfac�on regarding a few services provided by Research sta�on, f a r m e r s w e r e d i s s a � s fi e d f r o m t h e extension ac�vi�es. The reason for this were lack of �mely informa�on provision, lack of extension staff, less frequent availability of services and poor coopera�on and communica�on among farmers. Thus the policy sugges�on is to bring reforms in the current extension structure. Krishi Bhavans should improve the quality and frequency of extension services delivered. 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