6520
Constraints faced in the Adoption of Technologies by
Chawki Rearing Centre Entrepreneurs
Basavaiah1 and Chandrashekar S. Kallimani2
ABSTRACT
Chawki Rearing Centres (CRCs) act as backbone of silkworm rearing activity. The study was
conducted in 100 CRCs of six traditional sericultural districts of Karnataka with the objective of
understanding the constraints faced by CRC entrepreneurs in adoption of recommended technologies.
Through pilot survey, 30 constraints were identified and they were ranked based on Garrett score. While
shortage of farm laborers, scarcity of irrigation water, lack of technical guidance in pest and disease
management, difficulty in harvesting leaf and shootlet alternatively and high labor wages were the major
constraints in adoption of mulberry leaf production technologies, inadequate rearing space, scarcity of
skilled workers, lack of space for supporting activities, lack of technical guidance to diagnose diseases and
high wages of skilled workers were the major constraints in adoption of silkworm rearing technologies.
Measures to be taken to overcome these constraints are suggested.
Keywords: Chawki rearing centre; Constraints; Karnataka; Mulberry sericulture; Entrepreneur
1Department of Studies in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, India and 2 Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Chamarajanagara, India.
Received : 13-12-2020; Accepted : 02-02-2021
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry sericulture involves many
interlinked activities such as cultivation of
mulberry for leaf, silkworm rearing by feeding
mulberry leaf for cocoon and reeling of
cocoons for raw silk productions. The success
of silkworm rearing largely depends on the
quality of young age silkworms. The young
silkworms are popularly called ‘chawki’ and
the specialized centers with exclusive facilities
for rearing silkworms up to 2nd moult are
termed as ‘Chawki Rearing Centers’ (CRCs).
The concept of rearing chawki worms in CRCs
and rearing only adult worms at farmers’
level is being popularized by both Central Silk
Board (CSB) and Department of sericulture
of different states through various schemes
from the past four decades (Anonymous,
2019). Further, appropriate and economically
viable technologies/practices on chawki
rearing have been recommended by Central
Sericulture Research and Training Institute,
Mysore (Sivaprasad et al., 2015) Karnataka
State Sericulture Research and Development
Institute, Bangalore (Radhakrishna et al.
Research Article
Journal of Extension Education
Vol. 32 No. 2, 2020
DOI:https://doi.org/10.26725/JEE.2020.2.32.6520-6530
6521
2004). As a result, CRC activity has become
a successful entrepreneurship especially
in Karnataka. Chawki rearing concept has
contributed remarkably, by increasing the
national average of cocoon productivity from
55kg to 65 kg in the past decade (Shashindran
Nair and Mishra, 2018). But, the studies
related to the adoption of technologies by
the CRCs and constraints faced by CRC
entrepreneurs are limited, except for a few
detailed studies (Vijayakumari & Rajan, 2005).
The present study was conducted with the
objective of understanding the constraints
faced by entrepreneurs of the said CRCs, in
adopting the technologies related to mulberry
leaf production exclusively for chawki and
rearing as well as marketing of chawki worms.
METHODOLOGY
The present study was conducted in
CRCs of six traditional sericultural districts
of Karnataka namely, Bengaluru rural,
Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore and
Ramanagara. These districts contribute nearly
81 % of raw silk production of the state and
include nearly 72 % of CRCs functioning
in Karnataka. Altogether, 100 respondents
(CRC entrepreneurs) were selected from all
the districts, using simple random sampling
technique based on the data provided by state
department of sericulture and institutions of
Central Silk Board. The CRC entrepreneurs
were categorized into four categories based
on their brushing capacity (BC) of Disease
free layings (Dfls) per annum as follows: CRCs
with 0.8 to 2.40 lakh Dfls/yr as BC I; 2.41
to 4.00 lakh Dfls/yr as BC II; 4.10 to 5.60
lakh Dfls/yr as BC III and 5.61 to 13.60 lakh
Dfls/yr as BC IV. In all, fourteen constraints
in the adoption of technologies related to
mulberry leaf production were identified.
Further, these were classified in to input,
technical and economic constraints. Similarly,
sixteen constraints identified in the adoption
of technologies related silkworm rearing and
marketing of chawki. These constraints were
also classified in to infrastructure, extension,
socio-economic and marketing constraints.
The respondents were asked to
rank the identified 14 constraints related to
the adoption of mulberry leaf production
technologies and 16 identified constraints
related to rearing and marketing of chawki
silkworm technologies. Garrett ranking
method (Garrett, 1981) was used to analyze
the constraints. The ranks given by the
respondents were converted into percent
position by using the following formula:
100 X (Rij – 0.5)
Per cent position =
Nj
Where,
Rij = Ranks given to the ith constraint by the jth
CRC entrepreneur
Nj = Number of constraints ranked by the jth
CRC entrepreneur.
By referring to the Garrett’s table, the
per cent positions estimated were converted
into scores. Thus, for each constraint the
scores of the various CRC entrepreneurs were
added and the mean values were calculated.
The mean values were arranged in descending
order. The constraint with the highest mean
value was considered as the most important
Constraints faced in the Adoption of Technologies by Chawki Rearing Centre Entrepreneurs
6522
one and the others followed in that order.
The Garrett score and Rank were recorded
brushing capacity wise. The average score of
four categories of CRCs was considered for
overall ranking.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Two main activities of CRCs are
production of mulberry leaf for feeding to the
young silkworms and rearing of silkworms up
to 2nd moult. After 2nd moult the young worms
will be sold to the sericulturists who rear the
late age worms and produce cocoons. So, the
constraints related to the adoption of mulberry
leaf production technologies/practices and
silkworm rearing technologies/practices are
dealt separately.
Constraints related to Mulberry Leaf
Production
The Garrett score and rank of 14
constraints in the adoption of recommended
technologies/practices related to mulberry
leaf production faced by the entrepreneurs
of four categories of CRCs along with their
average Garett score and rank are presented
in Table 1.
Input Constraints
The input constraint ‘shortage of farm
laborers at times’ with the highest Garrett
score (71.8) and first rank was found as a
major constraint among the 14 constraints
in all the four categories of CRCs. Further,it
was the topmost constraint among the input
constraints. Dearth of farm laborers is a very
serious problem in farming sector now-a-
days. As chawki mulberry leaf production is
a more intensive farm activity requiring large
number of manual laborers for application of
manures, inter-cultivation, harvesting of leaf
etc. at regular short intervals, it had become
a very serious constraint. CRC entrepreneurs
have to resolve this constraint by proper
planning of activities and mechanization of
farming activities. Second most important
constraint was ‘scarcity of irrigation water’.
Most of the CRCs of study area belong to
drought prone areas /dry zone and face the
problem of irrigation water scarcity especially
during summer. Drip irrigation system is
recommended for mulberry and government
is also encouraging to adopt this system by
providing subsidy. Though majority of the
CRCs have adopted drip irrigation system, their
bore wells dry up during summer particularly
in Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Bengaluru rural and
part of Ramanagara districts. Further, due to
the same problem demand for chawki also
decreases. To some extent, CRCs overcome
this problem by reducing their brushing
capacity and also by marketing their chawki in
other districts.
Other two input constraints viz.
insufficient FYM at disposal and non-
availability of IPM and IDM materials with
average garrett scores 53.9 and 51.6 and
corresponding fourth and seventh ranks
respectively, were serious constraints in some
CRCs. Comparatively, the FYM constraint
was found more serious in CRCs of BC II
category. As per the recommendation, 40
MT/ha of FYM should be applied. Though,
CRC entrepreneurs have high knowledge level
(94%) and also adoption level (84%) of organic
Journal of Extension Education
6523
Table 1.
Garrett Score (GS) and Rank (R) of Constraints faced by the CRC Entrepreneurs in the Adoption
of Mulberry Leaf Production Technologies
Sl.
No. Constraints
Brushing capacity (BC) - wise GS and R of
CRCs Average of
GS & R of
CRCsBC I
(n=44)
BC II
(n=32)
BC III
(n=15)
BC IV
(n=9)
GS R GS R GS R GS R GS R
Input constraints
1
Shortage of farm labors at
times
71.7 I 70.3 I 69.7 I 75.4 I 71.8 I
2 Scarcity of irrigation water 68.6 II 67.8 II 66.0 II 62.0 III 66.1 II
3 Insufficient FYM at disposal 56.8 VI 55.1 VII 55.9 VI 56.6 V 56.1 VI
4
Non availability of IPM/IDM
materials
56.4 VII 50.0 XI 54.5 VII 54.9 VI 53.9 VII
5
Shortage of leaf during
demand for chawki
51.3 X 51.6 IX 52.9 VIII 50.6 IX 51.6 IX
Technical constraints
6
Lack of frequent technical
guidance in pest and disease
management
63.8 IV 64.3 III 57.6 IV 60.6 IV 61.6 III
7
Difficulty in harvesting leaf
and shoot-let alternatively
61.4 V 61.0 IV 58.6 III 63.6 II 61.1 IV
8
Less technical support for soil
health management
53.1 VIII 53.7 VIII 50.9 IX 52.8 VII 52.7 VIII
9
Lack of motivation for bio-
fertilizers usage
47.2 XIII 45.0 XIII 49.1 XII 46.8 XI 47.0 XII
10
High incidence of leaf roller
at times
42.0 XIV 46.4 XII 50.3 XI 48.8 X 46.9 XIII
Economic constraints
11
High labor wages for garden
maintenance
64.8 III 55.8 V 57.5 V 54.9 VI 58.2 V
12
Add-on cost of land taken on
lease
49.0 XI 55.5 VI 45.9 XIV 48.8 X 49.8 X
13 High cost of straight fertilizers 52.4 IX 50.6 X 48.2 X 46.5 XII 49.4 XI
14 Less income from bio-wastes 47.9 XII 39.2 XIV 46.9 XIII 52.3 VIII 46.6 XIV
BC - wise overall score 58.1 - 56.2 - 55.4 - 56.6 - 56.6 -
Constraints faced in the Adoption of Technologies by Chawki Rearing Centre Entrepreneurs
6524
manure application to mulberry garden,
many of them expressed that sometimes
FYM will not available even for purchase
and they are compensating the shortage of
FYM by intercropping of green manures.
(Kallimani and Basavaiah, 2020). Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) for major pests and
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) for
major diseases of mulberry are recommended.
Some of the CRC entrepreneurs complained
that, IPM and IDM materials are not regularly
available in the market. Proper initiatives are
required from the government to overcome
this constraint. The last input constraint
‘shortage of leaf during demand for chawki’
is comparatively more severe in the CRCs of
BC IV category. When the leaf yield decreased
due to adverse season and also when CRCs
brush the DFls more than their capacity
to exploit the situation of sudden surge in
the demand for chawki, CRCs faced the
problem of shortage of leaf. In such situations
inevitably, they purchase the leaf from other
sericulturists. Sometimes, the poor quality leaf
purchased from outside affect the quality of
chawki.
Technical Constraints
Among the 14 constraints and also
among the five technical constrains, ‘lack
of frequent technical guidance in pest and
disease management’ was a very serious
constraint with almost all the category of
CRCs. The prevalence of pest and diseases
are more in chawki mulberry gardens and
also the CRC entrepreneurs are not well
educated in understanding the management
of all the pests and diseases. Hence, they
felt that regular technical guidance from the
department officials for the management of
pest and diseases of mulberry and also to
provide information on the availability of IPM
and IDM materials as very much essential.
Next most important constraint with
fourth rank was 'difficulty in harvesting leaf
and shoot-let alternatively'. In harvesting and
training schedule of chawki mulberry garden,
leaf and young shoots harvesting in alternate
crops is recommended. But, almost all the
CRCs are harvesting only young shoots at
regular intervals of 40-45 days, as they found
that it saves labour and the recommended
technique has not much advantages.
Hence, it is suggested that scientists should
demonstrate the technical advantage of their
recommended practice in the field or else
suitably modify their recommendation. CRCs
are attending the soil testing regularly once in
two years as per the recommendation. Even
then, they face problems related to leaf quality
maintenance which is directly related to soil
health management. Hence, they felt that
there should be proper technical guidance
from the extension officials. Most of the CRCs
are not using biofertilizers to their garden and
have considered that they are not important.
Many entrepreneurs also felt that there is lack
of proper motivation for bio fertilizers usage.
Chawki mulberry garden is maintained only for
leaf of young shoots which are eaten away by
leaf roller. In the study area, the problem of leaf
roller was sever almost throughout the year.
Hence, a large number of CRC entrepreneurs
require special technical support to overcome
the menace of leaf roller.
Journal of Extension Education
6525
Economic Constraints
Top most important economic
constraint was ‘high labor wages for garden
maintenance’. It also ranked fifth in overall
ranking of 14 constraints and hence, a very
serious constraint in chawki mulberry leaf
production. CRC entrepreneurs expressed
that, the labour wages are consistently
increasing causing financial burden. Increasing
labour wages combined with dearth of farm
Table 2.
Garrett Score (GS) and Rank (R) of Constraints faced by the CRC Entrepreneurs in the Adoption
of Chawki Rearing Technologies
Sl.
No. Constraints
Brushing capacity (BC) - wise GS and R of
CRCs Average
of GS & R
of CRCsBC I
(n=44)
BC II
(n=32)
BC III
(n=15)
BC IV
(n=9)
GS R GS R GS R GS R GS R
A Infrastructure Constraints
1 Inadequate rearing space 71.4 I 68.8 I 66.1 II 75.4 I 70.4 I
2 Scarcity of skilled workers 66.8 II 64.1 IV 72.3 I 73.2 II 69.1 II
3
Lack of space for supporting
activities
67.1 III 68.6 II 56.0 VI 58.9 VII 62.3 III
4
Insufficient appliances &
machines
64.7 IV 53.0 XI 56.0 VI 62.7 IV 59.1 VI
5 Lack of assured quality Dfls 56.2 IX 55.4 IX 51.4 X 57.6 VII 55.2 X
B Extension Support Constraints
6
Lack of guidance to diagnose
diseases
63.8 VI 64.3 IV 57.6 IV 60.6 V 61.6 IV
7
Less demand for bivoltine
chawki
57.3 VI 58.7 VII 58.9 VII 53.9 VIII 57.2 VIII
8
Lack of scientific incubation
facilities for bivoltine Dfls
56.8 VIII 56.1 VIII 55.9 VII 56.6 VIII 56.3 IX
9
Lack of regularity in chawki
certification
54.8 XI 50.2 XIV 49.5 XI 57.6 VII
53.0
XI
C Socio-Economic Constraints
10
High wages of skilled
workers
56.1 X 57.3 VI 64.9 III 67.0 III 61.4 V
11
High initial establishment
cost
64.4 V 56.3 VII 56.4 V 53.1 IX 57.6 VII
Constraints faced in the Adoption of Technologies by Chawki Rearing Centre Entrepreneurs
6526
laborers have aggravated the problems in
farming sector. CRC entrepreneurs have to
resolve this constraint by proper planning of
activities and their management skill.
Add-on cost of land taken on lease
was another important constraint felt by the
CRC entrepreneurs. Many of the CRCs are
not having sufficient land area on their own to
raise chawki mulberry garden and have taken
some land on lease basis. The increased lease
amount will be a burden for such CRCs. ‘High
cost of straight fertilizers’ was also a serious
constraint and was uniform in all the categories
of CRCs. Application of straight fertilizers is
recommended but they are nearly 20 per cent
costlier over the complex fertilizers. Hence,
many CRC entrepreneurs who were not able to
understand the efficacy of recommendation/
bear the extra cost of straight fertilizers felt
that it is an additional burden. Alternatively,
they are using more of complex fertilizers and
thereby causing damage to soil health.
The least important constraint among
the economic constraints is ‘less income
from bio-wastes generated’. During chawki
rearing, bio-wastes like rearing bed waste, left
over leaves, shoot-let bits etc. are generated
continuously. Some of the CRCs are utilizing
these wastes for composting, as feed for
livestock etc. But, a few CRC entrepreneurs
who were not able to utilize these resources
properly incurred loss and felt it as a constraint.
The constraints such as insufficient
FYM at disposal, non availability of IPM/IDM
Sl.
No. Constraints
Brushing capacity (BC) - wise GS and R of
CRCs Average
of GS & R
of CRCsBC I
(n=44)
BC II
(n=32)
BC III
(n=15)
BC IV
(n=9)
GS R GS R GS R GS R GS R
12
Unhealthy approach in
rearing of quantity & batches
per month
51.3 XV 52.8 XII 52.9 IX 50.6 XI 51.9 XIII
D Marketing Constraints
13
Chawki as perishable
commodity resulting in
losses
53.9 XII 53.8 X 43.6 XIV 57.6 VII 52.2 XII
14
Crop replacement in cases of
failures
51.7 XIV 64.8 III 37.9 XV 52.1 X 51.6 XIV
15 Erratic demand for chawki 52.6 XIII 51.8 XIII 46.2 XIII 47.9 XII 49.6 XV
16
Demand for chawki on credit
basis
36.2 XVI 42.8 XV 49.1 XII 46.8 XIII 43.7 XVI
BC - wise overall score 57.9 - 57.3 - 54.4 - 58.5 - 57.0 -
Journal of Extension Education
6527
materials, high cost of straight fertilizers, less
income from bio fertilizers may be solved by
successful implementation of the eco-friendly
cultivation practices (Murali Krishnan et al.,
2015). While studying the constraints of CRCs,
Vijayakumari and Rajan (2006) have remarked
that that lack of knowledge about the chawki
garden is one of the major constraints in
CRC owners of Karnataka. Comparatively,
the average Garrett score is very high in BC
I which, indicated that the seriousness of the
constraints was very high in BC I.
Constraints in chawki silkworm rearing
Brushing capacity-wise Garrett score
and rank of various constraints faced by
the CRC entrepreneurs in the adoption of
recommended technologies/practices related
to chawki silkworm rearing are presented in
Table 2.
Infrastructure Support Constraints
As the rearing is a main activity of
CRCs and it is specifically recommended to
have 32’ X 40’ rearing hall for the rearing of
5000 Dfls/batch. A large number of CRCs were
not having that much space and inevitably
rear the silkworms in the limited space with
crowded population of silkworms which led to
poor quality of chawki. So, this was the major
constraint with highest average garrett score
70.4 and first rank among the 16 constraints
identified and also among the infrastructure
constraints. It appeared that, these CRCs were
not invested more amount on rearing house.
The next major constraint among the 16 as
well as five infrastructure constraints was
‘scarcity of skilled workers’. Skilled workers
are very essential to attend the skilled works
like, brushing of hatched worms, moulting
care, maintenance of micro climate etc. This
constraint was more serious in CRCs of
category BC III (IV rank) and less serious in BC
II (II rank) compared to other categories. The
constraint was not so serious in CRCs of BC II
because of the involvement of more number
of family members in the rearing activity.
To overcome this constraint, it is suggested
to employ the sericulture graduates for the
management of rearing activities. Lack of
space for supporting activities, the constraint
with third rank was also more serious in CRCs
with low brushing capacity (BC I and BC II)
than in CRCs with high brushing capacity (BC
III and BC IV). This indicated that, the CRCs
with low brushing capacity are not having
proper accommodation for leaf preservation,
black boxing, incubation, storing of appliances,
testing and certification which are very much
important for smooth functioning of CRCs.
The next important infrastructure constraint
was ‘insufficient appliances & machines’.
Comparatively, it was less serious in CRCs
of BC II which may be due to their medium
level rearing activity. Though, there are
specific recommendations for the quantity of
appliances like, rearing trays, stands etc. and
machines like humidifier, sprayer, heaters etc.
required for brushing of specific quantity of
Dfls. Many of the CRCs were found managing
with insufficient appliances and machines
compromising with the quality of chawki. To
ensure quality chawki, quality of Dfls is very
much essential. The studies revealed that,
80% of the Dfls are produced in the state
is by private Registered Seed Producers
Constraints faced in the Adoption of Technologies by Chawki Rearing Centre Entrepreneurs
6528
(Anonymous, 2018) and there are frequent
complaints of poor quality of Dfls supply.
Hence, many CRC entrepreneurs expressed
that there were lacunae in the supply of quality
Dfls.
Extension Support Constraints
Among the four extension constraints,
lack of guidance to diagnose the diseases
of silkworms’ was found most serious
with fourth rank. The young silkworms are
prone to diseases which needs constant
supervision by the technical persons. All the
entrepreneurs are not having proper expertise
and depend on skilled workers. To overcome
this constraint, CRC entrepreneur should
employ the technically qualified supervisors
and the government should also increase the
extension support to the CRCs.
The constraint ‘less demand for
bivoltine chawki’ with eighth rank was found
to be more serious. In these traditional
sericultural districts, farmers are interested
more in rearing of cross breed than bivoltine
hybrids. Hence, CRCs were not able to
promote bivoltine. Bivoltine eggs are supplied
in loose eggs and need special facility for
proper incubation. Majority of the CRCs
lack this facility and dependent on grainages
for incubation. Since, this is very crucial
technology, it is suggested for establishment
of mass incubation centers by government in
different regions to promote bivoltine.
As per the amendment of Seed act 2006
(Angadi and Nair, 2013), CRCs need to certify
the chawki for its quality, quantity as well as
health status of chawki before distribution
to farmers through either from CSB or DoS
officials. But, this was not being regularly
followed by the officials. Hence, many genuine
CRC entrepreneurs who supply better quality
chawki and facing unhealthy competition
from CRCs who supply poor quality chawki
complained that, the certification system
should be strengthened. Hence, this problem
needs to be addressed by the government.
Socio-economic constraints
‘High wages of skilled workers’ was
found to be a very serious (V rank) socio-
economic constraint. Comparatively, it was not
so serious in CRCs of BC I (X rank) and BC II (VI
rank) categories. In CRCs, heavy investment
on the establishment of rearing house with
appliances and machines is inevitable. So, high
initial establishment cost was found as serious
constraint (VII rank). In view of maintaining
the quality of chawki it is recommended to
rear the optimum quantity of Dfls in only three
batches per month. Contrary to this, majority
of CRCs rear overlapping batches with high
quantity of Dflsin order to have a continuous
market for chawki. It was also observed that,
CRCs could lure the sericulurists by supplying
20-40 per cent of extra worms.
Marketing constraints
Chawki is a ‘perishable commodity’ and
need to be sold to the farmers at 8th day. Many
times, due to climatic variations, farmers could
not procure or postpone the procurement
of chawki. On such situations, CRCs discard
the worms and tend to incur losses. The
constraint ‘crop replacement in cases of
failures’ was found very serious in CRCs of BC
Journal of Extension Education
6529
II (III rank) unlike other category of CRCs. To
compete in the market, majority of the CRC
entrepreneurs replace the chawki, in case the
chawki supplied earlier by them lost due to
diseases. Sometimes, this practice will become
a burden to the CRCs who consistently supply
the quality chawki. During the period of study,
demand for chawki fluctuated with seasons
and price of cocoon and also became erratic
occasionally. So, CRC entrepreneurs felt that
such fluctuations will be problematic. As a
regular practice, the sericultrists demand to
privide chawki on credit basis. To survive in the
business, inevitably many CRCs are extending
this facility to their dependent sericulturists.
Occasionally, these CRCs incurred losses
due to non recovery of chawki amount. It is
observed that, the marketing constraints are
the result of unhealthy competition among
the CRCs, which is in agreement with the
observations of Shashindran Nair and Mishra
(2018).
CONCLUSION
Among the various constraints faced
by the CRC entrepreneurs, input constraints
in the case of mulberry leaf production
technologies and infrastructure constraints in
the case of chawki rearing technologies are
the major constraints. The input constraints
may be solved by CRCs through proper
planning and their management skill and also
coordinating with the extension machinery.
To overcome the infrastructure and economic
constraints, the government should support
CRCs by extending loan and subsidy facilities.
The technical constraints identified are more
of extension oriented problems. To overcome
these constraints, extension machinery of
both State department and CSB should
enhance their extension support to the
CRCs. The chawki marketing constraints
may be resolved by framing proper guidelines
and strengthening the supervision by the
government. Comparatively, among the four
categories of CRCs studied, the CRCs of BC
III had minimum constraints indicating that
they are the better models to promote the
CRC concept. It is suggested to establish
mass incubation centers, strictly implement
the chawki certification system, restrict the
activity area of each CRC/group of CRCs of a
region and fix the uniform price for chawki to
promote the CRC activities in the study area.
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