1. Background Within the current conditions of Ukrainian social and political life as well as social-oriented state gov- ernance, study of state governance mechanisms remains of high relevance in both theoretical and practical spheres. Particularly, that reflects in state governance mechanisms in the sphere of social pro- tection for specific population groups. This issue is of highest importance across the state during the so called “hybrid war” (Gorbulyn, 2016) determined on the legal level as the “Antiterrorist Operation” (here- inafter referred to as “ATO”) (Про рішення Ради…, 2014). The AR Crimea annexation and antiterrorist op- eration in the east of the country have made a suf- ficient impact on the national social and economic situation with “each single day of ATO amounting to approximately USD 5 million” (Statement by the Pre sident…, 2015). As a result, Ukraine has already lost approximately 1/5 of its economic capacity. Moreover, as of today, the state has 1.7 million of ANALYSIS OF THE STATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISM IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PARTICIPANTS OF THE ANTITERRORIST OPERATION IN THE EAST OF UKRAINE Maryna Bilynska (1), Oleksii Kondratenko (2) (1) Public Health Administration Chair, National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine, Ezhena Pot’ye 20, 03057 Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: bilynska@ukr.net (2) Social and Humanitarian Policy Department, National Academy of Public Administration under the President of Ukraine, Berehova 5, 02089 Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: kondratenko_alex@ukr.net (corresponding author) Citation Bilynska M., Kondratenko O., 2018, Analysis of the state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection for partici- pants of the antiterrorist operation in the east of Ukraine, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 8(3), 11–17. Abstract This article contains a piece of scientific and theoretical analysis of social and legal relations in state governance in the sphere of social protection for participants of the Antiterrorist Operation (ATO) in the east of Ukraine. In considers specific elements of social protection for ATO participants and their family members as well as the structure of the state governance mechanism hereof. The paper also overviews and characterizes specific types of state governance mechanisms in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants. At the same time, the text demonstrates a scientific investigation into a comprehensive state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection for participants of the Antiterrorist Operation (ATO) in the east of Ukraine and their family members. Key words social protection, state governance, comprehensive state governance mechanism, ATO participant. Received: 01 March 2017 Accepted: 18 December 2017 Published: 31 August 2018 Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2018, 8(3), 11–17 DOI 10.4467/24512249JG.18.017.8786 12 Maryna Bilynska, Oleksii Kondratenko internally displaced persons with their inflow to ter- ritorial communities all over the country causing ad- ditional pressure on both state and local budgets as well as social infrastructure (Сrisis response…, 2016). In the current situation, the issue of social protec- tion for ATO participants and their family members takes the critical place in the system of social and hu- manitarian policy. The same relates to the study of organizational basics and relevant state governance mechanisms; the latter specifically considers those focused on establishing an efficient comprehen- sive state governance mechanism in the sphere of social security for ATO participants and their family members. In accordance with the data presented by the State Service for Veterans and Participants of the Antiterrorist Operation, for today over 300 thousand people ever participated in ATO have acquired the “combat veteran” status, and their number keeps increasing progressively. Moreover, due to ATO par- ticipation, there are more 7,000 family members of those killed in action who acquired their related certificates, and approximately 5,000 being people suffering from various disabilities due to their partic- ipation in the military action (Звітність Державної служби України…, 2017). The aforementioned categories of ATO partici- pants and their family members are in dire need of appropriate care, rehabilitation activities, social and psychological adaptation and support provided by the state. 2. Analysis of basic studies and publications Ukraine has been facing a drastic rise in theoretical surveys in the sphere of social policy and state gov- ernance issues, particularly, social protection for the public since its transition to competitive environ- ment and market economy. Various aspects of social protection in relevance to the current market situation have been investi- gated by such scientists as V. Bidak (Бідак, 2013), V. Novikov (Новіков, 2016), А. Grynenko and V. Kyry- lyuk (2016) etc. Sufficient efforts to contribute to development of the scientific idea of social protection and man- agement in the aforementioned sphere for the cur- rent settings have been also made by the following leading scientists: V. Troshchynsky, V. Skurativs’ky, М. Kravchenko (Трощинський et al., 2016), О. Petroie (Петроє, 2012) and others engaged in studying the essence, structure, status and issues in development of the social protection system and social security for population while disclosing theoretical and practical aspects of social protection as a component of social policy and investigating into specifics of social pro- tection for specific population groups. In their own part, scientists also dedicate specific studies to state governance mechanisms. These elab- orations are well reflected in the works of research- es such as V. Averyanov (Авер’янов et al., 1998), V.  Knyazev, V. Bakumenko (Князев, Бакуменко, 2002), N. Nyzhnyk, О. Mashkov (Нижник, Машков, 1998). They specifically described the issues and components of the state governance mechanism structure, their types and various approaches to the definition of the “mechanisms” category. Among those engaged in the topic, including the younger scientists considering various aspects of so- cial protection for war veterans, issues and perspec- tives social security for serviceman/women, armed forces personnel and their family members, it`s worth mentioning the works of І. Datsyuk (Дацюк, 2009), L. Sinyova (Сіньова, 2013), V. Pashynsky, І. Svystilnyk (Пашинський, Свистільник, 2013), Y. Dmytrenko (Дмитренко, 2014), І. Avtushenko (Автушенко, 2016) and К. Zhydchenko (Жидченко, 2016). Regardless of the fact that scientific literature has a compiled and valuable experience in the social protection sphere, specifically that relating to veter- ans, servicemen/women and their family members, the area of social protection for ATO participants in the east of Ukraine and their family members still lacks proper attention. Researchers in their works are keen to focus on the issues of social, psycho- logical and medical recovery, further surveillance to prevent posttraumatic psychical disorders for ATO participants and servicemen/women spouses. These scientific ideas are demonstrated in the works of О. Topol’ (Тополь, 2015), А. Malyuha (Малюга, 2015), N. Storozhuk (Сторожук et al., 2016), Y. Shpyl’ovy (Шпильовий, 2016). The authors of this article assumed that combi- nation of scientific and theoretical experience while researching state governance mechanisms and cur- rent state of affairs in the social protection sphere for ATO participants might be of high use for sys- tematizing the vision and disclosure of the concept for the state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants and their fami- lies, which, in its turn, boosts governance efficiency in the aforementioned field. 3. Body of the paper General purpose of the paper is to disclose the spe- cifics of the state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants and Analysis of the state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection… 13 their families as well as to propose the ways for its improvement. The Constitution of Ukraine, Article 46 (Конститу- ція України, 1996) states that the citizens of Ukraine have the right to social protection, which includes the right to their security in case of partial or total loss of labor capacity, survivorship, unemployment due to non-controlled settings, retirement and other cases stated by the valid law. This right is guaranteed by the mandatory state social insurance at the cost of insurance fees of citizens, businesses, facilities and organizations as well as budgetary and other sourc- es of social security; establishment of a network of state, community and private facilities for care over those incapable of working. Retirement pensions and other types of social payments, being the major source of subsistence, are to secure a specific life level no lower than the minimum subsistence level set by the valid law (Кон- ституція України, 1996). Citizens’ social protection is one of the major public functions as society always contains specific layers and social groups incapable of self-subsis- tence. This public function is of highest relevance for instable societies with constant complicated social, economic and political processes ongoing, politi- cal systems and forms of economic activities being changed (Трощинський et al., 2016). Practical essence of the public social protec- tion function is implemented via state governance mechanisms. The glossary on state governance edited by V. Knyazev and V. Bakumenko defined the term “state governance mechanisms” as “practi- cal means, measures, leverages and incentives used by state authorities for influencing society, produc- tion and any social system to reach the set goals”. The comprehensive state governance mechanism is defined as “a system of political, economic, social, organizational and legal means of focused influence executed by state authorities” (Князев, Бакуменко, 2002, p. 116–117). According to R. Rudnytska, O. Sy- dorchuk, O. Stelmakh (Рудніцька, Сидорчук, 2005), the mechanism of state governance is an artificially developed comprehensive system aimed at reach- ing the set goals and regulated by specific legal norms; it has a certain structure, methods, means and tools of public impact. Scientific literature also provides the definitions such as “organizational”, “organizational and legal”, “organizational and economic”, “organizational and institutional” governance mechanisms. Using the comprehensive approach, we may state that the state governance mechanism com- bines institutional, organizational, administrative and legal as well as financial and economic mecha- nisms hence being comprehensive in its core (Fig.1). We are focusing our attention on a comprehen- sive mechanism worth defining and considering from the point of interrelations between state gov- ernance institutions. This is the mechanism where each and every institution has its own functional load and plays an important role in the sphere of Fig. 1. Components of the “comprehensive state governance mechanism” Source: own studies. 14 Maryna Bilynska, Oleksii Kondratenko social protection for ATO participants and their fam- ily members, both separately and within the legal, institutional, organizational and economic relations with other bodies of the integrated “state gover- nance” system. Firstly, we should specify the legal mechanism, being one of the components of the comprehensive state governance mechanism of social protection for ATO participants, which is in need of studying and improvement. It showcases a list of laws and bylaws, Presidential Acts, Cabinet decrees and orders, regu- lation documents of local executive bodies, etc. Among the major statutory acts valid in Ukraine, it is worth mentioning the Constitution of Ukraine (Конституція України, 1998), the Laws of Ukraine “On status of war veterans and guarantees for their social protection” (Про статус ветеранів війни…, 1993), “On social and legal protection for service- men/women and their family members” (Про соціальний і правовий захист…, 1991), “On im- provement of welfare for participants of military actions and disabled war veterans” (Про поліпшен- ня матеріального становища…, 2004); Act of the President of Ukraine “On the decision made by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine as of 18 February 2015 “On measures related to de- velopment of an appropriate material and technical facilities for treatment, recovery and rehabilitation of servicemen/women and other persons who took a direct part in the Antiterrorist Operation and its support as well as military action participants and disabled veterans of war” (Про рішення Ради націо- нальної безпеки…, 2015); decrees of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On approval of the Procedure for rewarding the status of disabled war veterans for persons with a disability caused by a combat injury, contusion or trauma caused by direct participation in the Antiterrorist Operation or support to its imple- mentation” (Про затвердження Порядку надання статусу…, 2015) and as well as the Cabinet Order “On approval of the action plan related to medical, psychological and professional recovery as well as social rehabilitation of Antiterrorist Operation par- ticipants” (Про затвердження плану заходів…, 2015), regulations of local executive bodies and lo- cal self-governing bodies. While basing on scientific approaches, we may consider state bodies with their functions and au- thorities an institutional mechanism in policy-mak- ing for social protection and support to ATO veterans and their families, with a specific role of the Presi- dent as a guarantor of the Constitution. In December 2016, the President signed the Act “On the Presiden- tial Commissioner on recovery issues for Antiterror- ist Operation participants suffering from a combat injury, contusion, trauma or any other disorder af- flicted during his/her participation in the Antiterror- ist Operation” (Про Уповноваженого Президента України…, 2016) hence setting a milestone for an- other important institution on social protection is- sues for the specified category of citizens. The role of the Parliament and its related Com- mittees, specifically, the Committee on the issues of veterans, combat action participants, Antiterrorist Operation participants and people with disabilities as well as the Committee on social issues, employ- ment and retirement pension benefits is of para- mount importance for legal and legislative activities as well as development of a social protection policy and related monetary, retirement, employment, re- habilitation, treatment and recovery, social and psy- chological adaptation, education and retraining for ATO participants. The role of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and its subordinate central executive bodies (i.e., profiled ministries and agencies) should be speci- fied separately. Particularly, the Ministry of Social Policy with the Department on ATO Veterans and Participants in its structure implements the policy of social protection for the aforementioned categories of citizens as well as their family members through its regional networks of Centers for Social and Psy- chological Recovery (CSPR), recovery centers for the disabled, sanatorium and resort facilities and centers for family, children and youth issues. Through the Minister of Social Policy, the activi- ties of the State Service for Veterans and Participants of the Antiterrorist Operation, State Service of Labor and State Employment Service of Ukraine are also coordinated. The latter services ensure protection of ATO participants’ and their family members’ rights within the frames of their authority. The role of the Ministry of Health are also of highest importance since it organizes related activities on ensuring treat- ment and recovery for wounded ATO participants at medical facilities within the frames of the valid law and in cooperation with its appropriated territorial units. Soldiers, servicemen/women of the Armed Forc- es of Ukraine and ATO participants are in direct or in- direct dependence on activities of law enforcement agencies they had their service at, specifically: the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Ministry of Internal Affairs, National Guard of Ukraine, Security Service of Ukraine, Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Prosecutor General’s and Military Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, Department of State Guard of Ukraine, State Ser- vice of Special Communication and Information Analysis of the state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection… 15 Protection of Ukraine, State Emergency Service of Ukraine and State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine. The elements of the institutional state gover- nance mechanism, in our opinion, should also in- clude the institution of the gamily, scientific and research facilities, territorial communities, local self-governing bodies, community associations and unions, political parties, religious organizations, representatives of economically active and socially responsible enterprises as well as international non- governmental organizations. Another special part is played by non-govern- mental organizations of veterans and peer support groups working in accordance with the “peer-to- peer” principle and in coordination with state author- ities to form an efficient interaction model (Fig. 2). The organizational state governance mecha- nism in scholarly literature N. Nyzhnyk, О. Mashkov (Нижник, Машков, 1998) are integrated and linked with the legal and institutional ones by a number of authors since they have similar historically formed traits. In our opinion, the organizational state gover- nance mechanism is introduced by implementing state governance functions, specifically: planning, organization, motivation, control, and it is closely re- lated to the legal and institutional state governance mechanisms, which, in its turn, proves the necessity for a comprehensive approach to determination of a state governance mechanism. Regarding the economic state governance mech- anism, according to its definition provided by the Encyclopedic Dictionary of State Governance, “Eco- nomic mechanisms are a set of financial and eco- nomic management methods, tools and incentives through which a state regulates economic processes and ensures implementation of social and econom- ic functions. Economic mechanisms are based on basic functions and principles of economic policy and focused on achieving a set goal as well as solu- tions for development contradictions” (Савостенко, Попруга, 2010, p. 421–422). J. Zavadsky (Завадський, 1992) defined the eco- nomic mechanism as an element of the business one including economic incentives (state economic in- centives for production, tax exemptions, subsidized production and financial incentives for labor) and leverages (planning, coast accounting, financing, settings for product sales, production and technical maintenance, economic conditions, various limita- tions, product cost, production profitability. In practice, the economic state governance mechanism in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants is closely linked to the general mac- roeconomic situation across the country, GDP val- ues, inflation processes and state budget revenues, and it is implemented through the approval of the Law on the State Budget of Ukraine for the current year as well as implementation of related budgetary programs are directed on the care and psychological recovery for affected participants of the Antiterror- ist Operation, on social and professional adaptation for participants of the Antiterrorist Operation and others. 4. Conclusions and proposals During the study, the concept and contents of the “social protection” and “state governance mecha- nism” terms have been determined, and the specifics of the comprehensive state governance mechanism Fig. 2. Efficient interaction scheme Source: own studies. 16 Maryna Bilynska, Oleksii Kondratenko in the sphere of social protection for ATO partici- pants and their families have been researched. Basing on the scientific and research literature research, we can conclude that the issues of social protection for participants of the Antiterrorist Op- eration in the east of Ukraine remain under-studied or fragmentarily researched. Social protection for population is a public func- tion implemented through the use of state gover- nance mechanism – a multi-aspect phenomenon of complicated structure and contents, and in the process of its impact on a governance subject, it is implemented through the use of norms, methods, standards and leverages. This way or another, the practice of use and im- plementation of specific mechanisms requires con- stant development and improvement of the latter. As of now, there is a dire need in advanced and inno- vative approaches to state governance in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants and their family members. This can be achieved through the study of best world practice in the sphere of social protection for war veterans from the countries with specific experience in internal armed conflicts that have related elaborations. Having analyzed the state governance mecha- nism for social protection of ATO participants, we may conclude that while taking into account vari- ous approaches to the term of the “state governance mechanism”, in practice, this mechanism combines all the aforementioned types with their links and functions being comprehensive in its core. It is worth mentioning that the issue of capacity building for officials from state institutions engaged in development and implementation of the related policy as well as influencing the state governance mechanisms in the sphere of social protection for ATO participants and their family members keeps its high relevance. Public involvement in the process of implemen- tation of various initiatives in this sphere of work, holding consulting sessions, discussions, inclusion of public representatives into consulting and advi- sory boards of related ministries and departments in order to ensure feedback are also of paramount significance. In our opinion, the positive effect may be ensured by involving servicemen/women demobilized from the Armed Forces of Ukraine into the management process for social protection of ATP participants and their family members. 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