1. Introduction The tourism development is impossible without these components: capital, technology, labor, natural, cultural and historical resources of tour- ism. However, possessing the capital, technology, highly professional staff is not enough for the successful development of tourism. The availability of applicable resources area – one of the basic prerequisites. The practice of recent years shows the artificial tourist resources creation – the great the- matic parks, tourist facilities, attractions and more. So, if within a certain territory there are no tourist resources, people can create them. However, the availability of own tourist resources contributes to the tourism industry and determines the specific development of tourism in the region. An important role is given to the fuller use of tourism opportuni- ties in small historic towns, which themselves are often centers of certain areas tourism resources. This creates the possibility of economic and cultural re- naissance of the research area, but the absence of specific mechanisms for the laws implementation and regulations at the local level, inefficient use of tourist resources, inconsistency, and sometimes the lack of tourism infrastructure in small historic towns of Ukraine with the international standards – all this requires re-evaluating their place in the social settle- ment relations system of the investigation area and their tourism potential usage level. The issues of social and territorial subjects of ur- ban settlements involved many scientists - specialists Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2016, 6(4), 63–71 DOI 10.4467/24512249JG.16.030.5817 TOURIST RESOURCES OF SMALL HISTORICAL TOWNS OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION AND THEIR USE Natalia Pankiv Tourism Department, Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Doroshenko 41, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: pankivnatalya@gmail.com Citation Pankiv N., 2016, Tourist resources of small historical town of Ivano-Frankivsk region and their use, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 6(4), 63–71. Abstract It was studied the cultural and historical tourist resources of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region. It was analyzed the problems of the historical and cultural heritage current state of the research region and its possible future use. It was speci- fied the priority of cultural and historical tourism resources of small towns in terms of their tourist use and indicated the main obstacles and challenges that complicate the process. Key words small historical town, cultural and historical resources, historical and cultural heritage, tourist use, Ivano-Frankivsk region. 64 Natalia Pankiv in social geography: M.D. Pistun (Пістун, 1996), Yu.I. Pityurenko (Пітюренко, 1983), A.V. Stepanenko, A.P. Golikov, Ya.B. Oliynuk (Голіков et al., 1996) and others. Geographic, socio-economic, managerial as- pects of small towns are elucidated in the works of F.D. Zastavnyi (Заставний, 1994), G.M. Lappo (Лаппо, 1997), O.V. Zastavezhka, D.V.  Tkach (Заставецька, Ткач, 2010) and other scientists. Analysis of tour- ism activity is considered in the works of V.F. Kyfyak (Кифяк, 2003), I.V. Zorin, V.A. Kvartalnov (Зорин, Квартальнов, 2003), S.P. Kuzyk (Кузик, 2010), A.A. Ly- ubitseva (Любіцева, 2002), V.I. Matsola (Мацола, 1997), V.K. Fedorchenko (Федорченко, Дьорова, 2000), T.A.Diorova (2000) etc. The tourism potential analysis of small historic towns and the features of its use are described in the writings of O.O. Beyduk (Бейдик, 2001), K.D. Didenko (Діденко, 2014) and other scientists. 2. Analysis The aim of the research is to elucidate the histori- cal and cultural heritage of small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region, evaluation of the potential tourism opportunities of its use. Perceptions of people about the territory value as a promising tourism method are traditionally associ- ated with tourism richness of nature and its cultural and historical heritage, which is considered primar- ily as architectural attractions, historical sites, archi- tectural monuments and more. Historical heritage is the cultural potential of some area that can provide the successful development of tourism in the region. The historical and cultural tourism resources are ones of its components. Historical and cultural tourism resources – are monuments of history and culture, created by man that have social and educational value, cognitive interest and can be used in the tourist activity. The composition of historic and cultural resources are at- tractions of history, architecture, art, ethnographic sights and folk art attractions (Гуменюк, 2000). Historical and cultural sights serve as a subject of study for many scientific disciplines. In most cas- es, they are considered as some buildings, objects, memorable places associated with the historical events, works of material and spiritual culture, which have historical, scientific, artistic or any other cul- tural value. In our view, the historical and cultural attractions that make and can join the tourism re- sources must be considered not only as individual objects with some historical or cultural value, as well as a combination of the respective types of historical and cultural resources, with high attraction, can play an important role in shaping the outlook of people and together form the historical and cultural tourism potential of the settlement (Паньків, 2011). In the complex of tourist and recreational re- sources situated in the small historic towns cultural and historical resources that are past epochs rem- nants of social development take a special place. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activi- ties and on this basis optimize tourism in general, doing some serious educational functions. Created with the cultural and historical sites the small towns to some extent determine the location of streams and recreational areas excursion routes (Замки та фортеці: Альбом, 2007). Historical and cultural attractions are an essen- tial part of the rich cultural heritage of small his- toric towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region. They play an important role in the history knowledge, education of patriotism sense and commitment to their own land. Historical and cultural sites have always had an impact on working conditions and recreation of people. Depending on the socio-political conditions, the level of construction equipment, availability of building materials, nature-factors a variety of build- ings and structures with different functionality were created. Studying of the historical and cultural resources can help solve today›s pressing problems related to the formation of modern settlements identity, the creation of appropriate conditions for comfortable life. Undoubtedly, all useful and valuable from our past should be used in the present and the future. The traditions of our predecessors are tied to social, economic and technological advances of our society (Малюк,1997). Among the cultural and historical sites leading role is given to the attractions of history and culture that stand out by the most attractiveness and as a re- sult serve as the main means of meeting the needs of cognitive and cultural tourism. Depending on the main features of historical and cultural sights are di- vided into five main types: historical, archeological, of urban planning and architecture, artistic, docu- mentaries attractions. We should include other objects related to the history, culture and modern human activity to the cultural and historical potential: the original com- panies of industry, agriculture, transport, scientific and higher educational institutions, theaters, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, oceanariums, eth- nographic and folklore groups and also preserved folk customs, rituals and holidays, etc. (Замки та фортеці: Альбом, 2007). Tourist resources of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region and their use 65 Small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region are rich in historical and cultural resources, including: 1) Sights of history and culture – ancient castles, old churches, residential and public historical and cultural attractions (Pniv and Galych castles). 2) Four Ancient Rus cities (Galich, Tismenitsya, Snyatin, Tlumach) with the complex of historical and cultural sights. 3) Places of birth and activity of known in Ukrainian history and culture people (includ- ing a monument to Marko Cheremshyna in Sn- yatyn, in the town Bolekhiv – a memorial plaque to N. Kobrynska, a memorial sign to Ya. Lopatyn- skyi in Dolyna). 4) Places of outstanding historical events (opry- shky movement, the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people) – Yaremche, Galich. 5) Centers of traditional Ukrainian crafts (‘py- sankarstvo’ (Easter eggs painting), ‘lizhnykarstvo’ (woolen blankets making), ‘kylymarstvo’ (car- pet weaving), ‘vyshyvannya’ (embroidery), woodcarving,’goncharstvo’ (pottery), etc.) – Kosiv, Yaremche. Historical and archaeological research confirms the settlement of most of small historic towns of Ivano - -Frankivsk region even during the Stone Age. In the towns there are a lot of cemeteries and settlements – of the Kievan Rus and Galicia-Volyn principality times (Гуменюк, 2000). Today, most small historic towns in the region have taken distinct European look, while retaining its own unique history. A list and the brief descrip- tion of some valuable sights of small towns of Ivano- Frankivsk region is given in table 1. In addition to architectural attractions and sa- cred sites, industrial and engineering construction objects are also interesting – salterns late 19th – early 20th centuries in Dolyna and Bolekhiv – the only ex- ample of saltern buildings in Ukraine that have sur- vived until now. In Dolyna area wooden mills and forges are remained. Among the engineering struc- tures we should mention the railway stone bridge across the Dniester in Galych. In the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk re- gion 28 churches and 4 synagogues are protected by the state. Churches are mainly distinguished by baroque style and marked with majesty and monu- mentality (the church of 1760 in Gorodenka, Church of St. Nicholas in Rohatyn, Church of the Holy Panna Maria Christmas in Dolyna, old synagogue in Bole- khiv). Monasteries are also under the state protec- tion, three of them are currently used for the primary purpose, the former Basilian convent in Rohatyn is used as a hospital. All of these historical and cultural resources only partly serve as a basis for the educational, scientific and other types of tourism development not only of local, but also national and international importance. The study of cultural and historical resources of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region, al- lows us to set the main directions of rationalizing their use as: • reconstruction of existing and creation of new recreation centers; • improving the recreational and tourism infra- structure in the region, increasing the level of tourist complex institutions comfort; • inclusion of traditional crafts in the system of at- tractional recreation facilities in the region; • establishment of natural history and ethno- graphic recreational areas where the complex use of natural and socio-cultural tourism resourc- es is planned. Analysis of a large number of various historical and cultural sites that make up the cultural, historical and recreational resources, from the standpoint of tourism and recreation sector entities shall cover their list, description and the typology. The name of the object, its location, marking, owner, literary and other sources of the object, the location schema and a brief description of the object should be in- dicated in the list and characteristics of the cultural and historical sites. Today the cultural and historical heritage of small historic towns does not have the basic and full list, however the objects of cultural and historical heritage are in the state register. Ac- counting, protection and preservation of the small historic towns of the region is provided by the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of the Cultural Heritage”. One of the components that characterize the tourism potential of the small towns in the region are historical and ethnographic zones. The ethnic group is a group of people belonging to a particu- lar ethnic group. It retains the traditional elements of the household culture and dialect differences in language and forms the historical and cultural com- munity. The emergence of ethnic groups is due to the historical peculiarities of a particular national- ity or nation local groups, their social and political status, geographical conditions, occupations that has been reflected in the culture and everyday life of these groups. In the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk re- gion under the feudalism there were many ethnic groups. Among them the ethnic groups of Boyki and Hutsuli kept their features the best, the representa- tive settlements of which in the research region are Bolekhiv and Dolyna, Nadvirna and Kosiv. Pres- ervation of ancient customs and rituals, the main 66 Natalia Pankiv branches of traditional economy, their presentation on the tourism market of Ukraine and Europe is a pri- ority for national tourism organizations. In the small historic towns of the region there are a significant number of architectural monuments, a detailed study and analysis of which is of great importance in terms of the conservation and their involvement in the tourism and recreation industry. By the number of monuments of architecture and urban planning the small towns of the region occupy one of a leading position in Ukraine. One of the most attractive tourist architectural landmarks components of the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region are fortification buildings (tab. 2). Tab. 1. The most prominent historical and cultural sites of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region No Object name Date of foundation Description Location 1 Panteleimon Church 12th C The complex of the cathedral belongs to the Roman-Byzantine style. Construction of the church was completed in 1194. Inscription on the stone of the southern facade western pilasters serves as the confirmation of this. Galych 2 Assumption Cathedral 1157 A western portal, decorated with two pilasters and completed with a fronton, tympanum of which is decorated with the carved in stone composition „Assumption of the Virgin” has the considerable artistic value. Galych 3 The Heart of Jesus Church 1904 German stone church was built, by that time it was a wooden one on this place. Dolyna 4 The Virgin Mary Immaculate Conception Church 1760 The church was the first work of Meretyn. Gorodenka 5 Church of the Holy Trinity 2000 The inside temple artwork was made by the artists of Arts Lviv Academy. Church was designed by the architect I.Melnyka from Ivano-Frankivsk. Tlumach 6 Museum of the Carpathian Architecture and everyday life 1979 The museum became a part of the national reserve „Ancient Galych”. Galych 7 The museum of wooden architecture – Church of the Holy Spirit 1650 The basis of the museum-temple interior is the Renaissance five- tier iconostasis of the 16th C. Rogatyn 8 Ethnographic Museum „Boykivshchyna” 1998 The museum exhibition „Boykivshchyna” introduces the nature, history and culture of the Carpathian Boikivshchyna. Dolyna 9 Historical and Ethnographic Museum „Beregynya” 1987 The museum exposition presents the ethnography and culture of historical and geographical area – Opillya. Burshtyn 10 Kosovo museum of folk art and crafts of Gutsulshchina 1969 The museum’s collection includes about five thousand exhibits. The museum exhibition presents the folk art of the 19th and 20th centuries. Kosiv 11 Carpathian Regional Museum of the liberation struggle 1963 Today the museum presents the historical process stages of Yaremchanshchina. Yaremche 12 History Museum of Nad- virnyanshchyna 1995 The museum was created to play back the historical truth about the heroic struggle of Ukrainian people for their independence on the territory of Nadvirnyanshchyna. Nadvirna 13 Starostyn Castle 14th-18th C To this day pentagon tower and the walls with loopholes are partially preserved. Traces of hasty repairs, laid with bricks loopholes and entrances to the basements can be seen in some places. Galych 14 Pniv castle 16th C A niche for the drawbridge, the remains of a wooden block, on which chains were wound are preserved on the facade of the tower until today. Nadvirna Source: Туризм в Івано-Франківській області, 2015. Tourist resources of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region and their use 67 Fortifications of the small historic towns are closely linked to their historical past, they have wit- nessed many events. By our time the former mighty castles have turned into ruins and castles in Rohatyn and Snyatyn disappeared altogether. Protection and restoration of existing fortifications is necessary for the purpose of their use in tourism and for the pres- ervation of these historic sites for future generations. A certain number of architectural monuments, registered for the accounting and protection of the state, are the objects of civil engineering, which include administrative and public buildings as well as residential and commercial buildings. The highest building of this type with height of over 50 meters is built in Snyatyn (City Hall). Other facilities of this type include the railway station in Galych, Burshtyn TPS building. With the construction of Burshtyn TPS (1962–1969) the appearance of Burshtyn itself was radically changed: the high-rise residential and pub- lic buildings were built there (Малюк,1997). The tourist centers «Hutsulshchyna» in Yaremche and Kosovo, built in Hutsul style, attract the atten- tion among the public buildings of wood. They indicate the artistic tradition, taste and talent of architects. In addition, the study of all architectural monuments of small historic towns of the region has considerable importance for the study of life and household, occupation of population, especially its culture and spirituality (Грабовецький, 2001). De- spite the fact that the number of civil construction is not so great, they can be used in tourism, including in tourist routes. Museums, which are numerous in the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region, occupy an important role in the structure of architectural attractions. History of Ukrainian museums begins in the sec- ond half of the 19th century when there was the for- mation of nations period in Europe. There were great political and social changes laid in the recognizing an important cultural past of their own people by the national elite. Small historical towns of Ivano- Frankivsk region attract tourists not only with its his- tory, attractions of wooden, stone and sacred archi- tecture, but also with collected numerous museum collections of materials related to the peculiarities of people’s life, their culture, traditions, art (tab. 3). Tab. 2. List of the fortification buildings of the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region No Object name Date of creation Location Brief description 1 Starostyn castle 14th C Galych Located on Castle Hill, on the right bank of the Dniester, where the pier was located in the past. 2 Pniv castle 17th C Nadvirna Located in the foothills of the Carpathians. Castle resembles a quadrangle with towers. 3 Castle in Gorodenka 17th C Gorodenka Built in the early 17th century by Christopher Strzhemskyi, the nobleman. Located in the northern part of the downtown, on the high right bank of the Yamhoriv river. 4 The remains of the castle-fortress 16th C Burshtyn The famous architectural monument of the 16th C. Source: Малюк,1997. Tab. 3. The museum heritage of the small towns in Ivano-Frankivsk region No Name of museum Location Date of foundation 1 Museum of Galych history Galych 1960 2 Museum of the Carpathians Architecture and Everyday Life Galych 1979 3 Museum of wooden architecture Rogatyn 1650 4 Ethnographic Museum „Boikivshchina” Dolyna 1998 5 Historical and Ethnographic Museum „Bereginya” Burshtyn 1987 6 Museum of Gutsulschina Folk Art and Everyday Life Kosiv 1969 7 Carpathian Regional Museum of the liberation struggle Yaremche 1963 8 Museum of Nadvirnyanshchyna history Nadvirna 1995 9 State Museum of Bolekhiv history Bolekhiv 1967 10 Marko Cheremshyna Museum Snyatyn 1949 11 Snyatyn art and memorial museum of V. Kasian Snyatyn 1982 12 Museum-Estate of Mykola Uhryniv-Bezhrishnyi Rogatyn 2001 13 Museum of Tysmenytsya history named after Stepan Gavryliuk  Tysmenytsya 1992 Source: Туризм в Івано-Франківській області, 2015. 68 Natalia Pankiv More than 380 thousand of exhibits are pre- served in 35 museums of the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region. During the year they are visited by nearly 560 thousand people. In total in the museums of small historic towns of the region are opened more than 240 exhibitions, organized more than 7000 tours. Due to the lack of display space the museums exhibit only 2% of their collections, so an issue of the museum collections show remains urgent. Number of visits to museums in the small towns varies annually (tab. 4). Tab. 4. Museum fund dynamics of the small towns of Iva- no-Frankivsk region Year Number of museums (including branches) [units] Number of visits to museums for the year [thousand] 1995 8 199.2 1996 10 242.9 1997 11 228.4 1998 12 267.3 1999 13 280.0 2000 15 326.4 2001 15 347.3 2002 15 375.7 2003 15 402.0 2004 16 505.9 2005 18 447.5 2006 17 426.5 2007 17 448.3 2008 16 431.2 2009 18 422.1 2015 21 449.1 Source: Статистичний щорічник Івано-Франківської облас- ті, 2015 Small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region have quite a large number of typical museums. Among them are historical, architectural, literary, of local history and others. The systematization of all museums by their type was carried for a more de- tailed analysis (fig. 1). Thus, it is clear that the historical museums form the largest number then go the museums on local history, and the same number of literary memorial and art museums. Popularity of historical museums is related to the history of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region and the evidence of histori- cal events that took place in the area. Most of the monuments of architecture and urban planning are included in the tourist routes and are actively visited by tourists. However, there are those that require res- toration and reconstruction, but due to the lack of budgetary funds are still in the state of emergency. Small historical towns are very interesting for the tourist with their numerous attractions of the spir- itual religious architecture. Age of the architectural monuments does not serve so much as an impor- tant values indicator as the style signs, which hide the age of the building or the artistic value of the ob- ject. Complexes of the religious buildings are mainly located in the big cities. The beginnings of the Ukrainian churches emer- gence date back to the princely times. Clearly, there were fraternities at the churches who conducted the cultural and educational work among the Ukrainian population. Uniting around churches, the Ukrainians defended the sacred rights to their own language, religion, way of life and cultural environment. Small town are rich in historical monuments of sacred ar- chitecture which is a real historical, cultural and reli- gious value. The church architecture of small historic towns of the region is the embodiment of the na- tional experience for centuries (tab. 5). Fig. 1. The museums typical characteristics of the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region Source: Музеї Івано-Франківської області, 2015. Tourist resources of small historical towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region and their use 69 The church architecture of the small histori- cal towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region which is the embodiment of national experience for centuries, traditionally proves the perfect technique of the craftsmen. Thus, the historical and cultural tourism resourc- es occupy an important place in the structure of tourism resources, which is the basis for the devel- opment of tourism of each territory. Historical and cultural sites of the small historic towns practically are not evaluated as the tourist resources, many attractions are not included in the tourist routes, which leads to their use in the limited extent. This significantly affects the national tourism industry, which with the proper advertising can provide the significant economic and social impact. The problematic aspect in the towns of Ivano- Frankivsk are the regional differences in the histori- cal and cultural resources locations, their inefficient and wasteful use, the inadequacy of existing tour- ism industry and its development potential. The volume of services does not meet the capabilities of the small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region, since they concede the optimal estimated number of tourists, which the regional towns can host. The territorial differentiation of cultural and his- torical resources is to allocate the main zones of tour- ist demand. Small historical towns have a sufficiently large number of historical and cultural objects that are or may be used in the tourist routes. However, there are many small towns that have a small num- ber of historical and cultural sites, which reduces their demand in the regional tourism market. It is advisable to divide towns into three main types to analyze the regional differences: 1) Towns with many historical and cultural sites. 2) Towns with an average number of historical and cultural sites. 3) Towns with a small number of historical and cul- tural sites. All the small historical towns that are investigated have a different number of historical and cultural sites (fig. 2). So the towns with many historical and cultural sites – Galich, Snyatyn, Kosiv, Rohatyn, Dolyna. Towns with the average number of historical and cultural sites - Tlumach, Bolekhiv, Gorodenka, Yaremche. Towns with a small number of historical and cultural sites – Tysmenitsya, Burshtyn. Tab. 5. Sacral heritage of the small towns in Ivano-Frankivsk region No Name of the church Location Date of foundation 1 St. Panteleimon’s Church Galych 1194 2 The Assumption Cathedral Galych 1586 3 Christ Nativity Church Galych 10th C 4 The Nativity of the Virgin Church Rogatyn 1642 5 St. Nicholas Catholic Church Rogatyn 1666 6 St. Spirit Church Rogatyn 1598 7 The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Catholic Church Gorodenka 1760 8 The Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary Church Gorodenka 1763 9 Armenian Catholic Church Gorodenka 18th C 10 St. Nicholas Church Gorodenka 1879 11 The Holy Trinity Church Tlumach 2000 12 Nicholas Catholic Church Snyatyn 15th C 13 Nativity of the Virgin Mary Church Dolyna 1648 14 Catholic Church of Holy Panna Maria Navity Dolyna 1835 15 Heart of Jesus Church, Heart of Mary Dolyna 1904 16 Pious Assumption Cathedral Dolyna 17 All Saints Church and PriestMartyr Josaphat Burshtyn 2001 18 Church of the Holy Cross Exaltation Burshtyn 1802 19 Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity Burshtyn 1770–1774 20 Transfiguration of the Lord Cathedral Burshtyn 2002 21 Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumption Yaremche 1938 Source: Туризм в Івано-Франківській області, 2015. 70 Natalia Pankiv 3. Conclusions Tourism potential is the basis for the formation of strategic directions of the tourism development in small historic towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region, cre- ating the new tourism products (including the nec- essary infrastructure), environmental conservation, upgrading the existing tourist offer. Analyzing the historical, cultural and sacred heritage localization in the region the attention should be focused on its uneven spatial distribution with the greatest poten- tial in Galych, Kosiv, Snyatyn and Rohatyn. However, the main reasons that complicate and impede the development of tourism in the small towns include the insufficient socio-economic development of set- tlements, poor quality of modern transport, social and tourist infrastructure. This situation sometimes makes it impossible to use the tourism potential of the small towns of Ivano-Frankivsk region. Considering the foregoing, it is evident that a sig- nificant cultural and historical heritage of small his- toric towns of the region is a leading factor in the development of the tourism industry. However, the irrational use of the small towns tourism potential, poor level of tourist infrastructure in general and the lack of a comprehensive approach to the cultural and historical heritage makes it difficult to acceler- ate the development process of the tourist and ex- cursion area of the small historic towns of the inves- tigated region. References Бейдик О.О., 2001, Рекреаційно-туристичні ресурси України, ВПЦ «Київський університет», Київ. Голіков А.П., Олійник Я.Б., Степаненко А.В., 1996, Вступ до економічної і соціальної географії, Либідь, Київ. Грабовецький В., 2001, Івано-Франківськ в пам’ятках історії і культури, Лілея-НВ, Івано-Франківськ. Гуменюк Г.М., 2000, Формування національної свідомості серед учнів засобами туристично-краєзнавчої роботи, Галичина, Івано-Франківськ. 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