1. Introduction In Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic caused tempo- rary shortages in supply drug chains due to restric- tion measures. In some cases, the process went higher with lower purity. The wholesale movement of drugs continued in the EU-member states due to commercial transportation in the region. Or- ganized crime tried to adapt to the situation. As a result, in some cases, violence increased in this environment, especially among mid-level suppliers and distributors. The role of darknet and internet markets increased. Experts noted less home deliv- ery, face-to-face contacts and cash transactions that may influence the behavioural patterns of users in the future (Europol, EMCDDA, 2020). Shortages of cannabis that resulted in inflated retail prices were observed in some EU states. Due to shortages in heroin supply, the substance was substituted with synthetic opioids, NPS, crack cocaine, amphetamine Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2022, 12(1), 59–64 https://doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2022.1.07 ImPact of tHE coVID-19 PanDEmIc on DruG markEtS, PrEVEntIon anD trEatmEnt In ukraInE Maria Bevz Research, Monitoring and International Cooperation Department, National Center for Prevention of Addiction, Dereniowa 52/54, 02–776 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: maria.bevz@kcpu.gov.pl citation Bevz M., 2022, Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug markets, prevention and treatment in Ukraine, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 12(1), 59–64. abstract This paper aims to highlight some issues, challenges and trends caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the drug scene and the system of drug prevention in Ukraine. This article is based on the official statistics, available qualitative and quantitative studies conducted by the Institute for Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Ukrainian National Focal Point), the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Ukrain- ian researchers. Of course, some studies are not representative of the general population; however, they give some information on the drug scene in Ukraine during the pandemic. The data used in the article were collected mainly in 2019–2020. Every ac- tor on the drug scene had to adapt to the new reality caused by anti-pandemic measures. Drug sellers proposed “stable work” during lockdown; drug dealers dropped ordered substances closer to the customer’s place. At the same time, OST facilities implemented home-treatment, and many private facilities appeared. OST patients misused methadone and sold it on the illicit market, while drug users started to find substitutes of their main drug and notably increased drug-related deaths. key words pandemic, drug prevention, restrictions, Ukraine. received: 25 February 2022 accepted: 11 April 2022 Published: 27 May 2022 mailto:artur.malczewski@kcpu.gov.pl 60 Maria Bevz or synthetic cathinones. Cocaine maritime traffick- ing continued at the same level and sometimes even increased in comparison to 2019. However, due to travel restrictions, air trafficking dramatically de- creased. Synthetic drug production continued in the main European countries, like the Netherlands and Belgium. However, demand for those substances de- creased due to the closure of the main distribution areas: discotheques, festivals and other entertain- ment venues (Europol, EMCDDA, 2020). This paper is an attempt to analyse the impact of the pandemic on drug-related issues in Ukraine. In Ukraine, the first case of COVID-19 was detect- ed on the 3rd of March 2020. In March–April 2020, the state of emergency was declared. The boarder was closed for foreign citizens, transportation ceased, and mandatory facial masks were required. On the 11th May, the first lockdown release was introduced with opening of stores, parks, and recreational plac- es. In May, the boarder was partially opened, public transportation was restored and small gatherings were allowed. Lockdown release continued in June. Intercity transportation, sport and educational fa- cilities were opened, air transportation was allowed. In August 2020, so-called “adaptive lockdown” was introduced. Anti-pandemic measures depended on the situation in the region. In November, some “week- end lockdown” was implemented. In August–De- cember some restrictions were restored (e.g. limita- tion of recreational activities and public gatherings) (Dumchev et al., 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic also affected the drug market, drug use and treatment availability. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the drug-related issues in Ukraine. This paper is based on the data and reports provided by the Institute for Psychiatry, Fo- rensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Ukrainian Na- tional Focal Point), the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and other stakeholders involved in drug supply and demand in this country. The Report on the Drug and Alcohol Situation in Ukraine will be the basic source of quan- titative data. For the purposes of this article, the term “national drug report” will be used alternately. The most recent available data are form 2020 (Institute..., 2021). In 2020, EMCDDA published a trendspotter briefing dedicated to the impact of COVID-19 on drug-related issues in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) countries. The methodology was based on a search of peer-reviewed articles in international journals. Two online surveys on drug-related health and security were conducted; the European Web Survey on Drugs: COVID-19 (EWSD-COVID) was con- ducted in ENP countries, and a virtually facilitated group of experts from ENP countries was involved in the study (EMCDDA, 2020). A total of 111 respond- ents residing in the ENP region completed the online EWSD-COVID questionnaire (with around 30 ques- tions) in one of the 21 languages, including Russian and French, made available between 8 April and 25 May 2020. The authors of the briefing underline that web-surveys are not representative of the general population. However, they show us some highlights of drug users’ behaviour. Respondents from Ukraine accounted for 86% of the sample (EMCDDA, 2020). Another study entitled “Impact of the COVID-19 epi- demic on drug markets, substance use patterns, and delivery of harm reduction and treatment services in Ukraine” used in this paper was conducted in Kyiv by Ukrainian researchers. In order, to evaluate and describe drug-related behaviour and service use, 51 adult people who used drugs (PWUD) in the last 30 days were recruited and followed for six months. An online survey was conducted for data collection. Interviews were also conducted with people who work in the sphere of treatment services to explore changes in the drug scene and service provision. This research is also not representative for the gen- eral population but it highlights some findings in the sphere of treatment (Dumchev et al., 2021). This paper is an attempt to compare quantitative data in the years 2018–2020 and explain the differ- ences. It will also try to highlight the response of the Ukrainian drug treatment system to the pandemic. 2. Data sources Secondary data analysis was used to collect statis- tics on drug markets, prevention and treatment in Ukraine (see: Boslaugh, 2007; Johnston, 2014). Of the three data sources used in this procedure (Hea- ton, 2008), only official databases from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and from Ukrainian institutions (Institute for Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine) were used. 3. Drug markets The Ukrainian drug market has some distinguishing features. Illicit substances like methadone and am- phetamine-type stimulants are distributed without meeting with a dealer in person. Usually, a drug user contacts the dealer through a trusted phone number or encrypted messenger Telegram, transfers money Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug markets, prevention and treatment in Ukraine 61 for a dose, receives the information on the place where the drug is hidden (so-called “dead drops”) (Dumchev et al., 2021). Usually, a drug is hidden in a public place and the consumer receives the photo where to find it. The addresses of Telegram-channels are written in the public space as graffiti, and po- lice runs campaigns of removing them (Ministry…, 2021). There are also virtual drug forums that work as a marketplace. People can also share their opin- ions on the substances and complain about sellers if needed. Such marketplaces started to use pandemic as a promotion of stable work in the sphere of drug production and sales. According to journalist inves- tigation, drug-related “professions” are not limited to “chemists” and dealers. There are also administrators, warehousemen, and packers. People involved in the drug trade or production have to pay deposit in or- der to avoid abuse (Garasim, 2021). Another distin- guishing feature of the Ukrainian market is the pop- ularity of acetylated opium (“shyrka”) among people who inject drugs (PWID), made by dealers and users at home from locally grown poppy (EMCDDA, 2020). According to the EMCDDA publication, drug pric- es have increased during the pandemic in Ukraine. A survey among national law enforcement experts shows that prices of cannabis (herbal and resin), heroin, amphetamines and NPS have slightly in- creased. However, prices of cocaine and MDMA have increased by more than 20%. The only data regard- ing changes of drug purity is available for cocaine showing its decrease (EMCDDA, 2020). The availabil- ity of MDMA and cocaine has decreased; however, a slight increase in amphetamines and NPS has been noticed (EMCDDA, 2020). EMCDDA together with Europol monitored data on online drug distribution. Data from Ukraine indicated that the number of de- tected drug sales on darknet markets in the first few months of 2020 was substantially higher that the number of detected drug sales for the same period in 2019. However, almost half of EWSD-COVID respond- ents from Ukraine reported no change in the way in which they had obtained illicit substances, with only a small number indicating that they had purchased illicit drugs online and on the darknet more often than they had before the COVID-19 pandemic (EM- CDDA, 2020). EMCDDA reported a decrease in drug availability. This also affected the behaviour of drug users. The research showed that nearly a quarter of people who use drugs did not change their drug use habits, while three out of 10 indicated using fewer drugs and one in 10 reported stopping drug use following the emergence of the COVID-19 pan- demic (EMCDDA, 2020). The available data show that during the pandemic cannabis was used more frequently or in greater quantity. Cannabis was also reported as a substance that was substituted by al- cohol. MDMA/ecstasy, which is considered a typical nightlife drug, was used less frequently (EMCDDA, 2020). Data from experts and targeted studies indi- cate that some MDMA users may have discontinued use, while others may have opted for alternatives, such as ketamine (EMCDDA, 2020). Some users may have returned to the home-based production of stimulants, such as the production of a substance known locally as ‘vint’. However, the scale of this ac- tivity, as well as its potential to significantly affect local markets, remains unknown (EMCDDA, 2020). The research indicated misuse of opioid substitu- tion treatment medicines (methadone) in Ukraine prescribed by private practitioners (EMCDDA, 2020). According to the survey, the most cited explanation for reductions in drug use was fewer social opportu- nities, constraints on living arrangements and loss of income/less money to buy drugs. Health concerns, financial uncertainty and reduced ability to buy and collect drugs have also been mentioned. On the other hand, one in five participants of the online survey reported increasing their drug use during the period under study, with reasons reported being boredom, anxiety, need to cope with COVID-19 and stockpiled drugs. A small proportion of respondents were unable to assess a change in their illicit drug use pattern since the start of the COVID-19 pandem- ic (EMCDDA, 2020). According to the research conducted in Kyiv, prior to March 2020 the main source of illicit metha- done were so-called “dead drops”. However, till the end of September people bought less from this source. The available data show that people started to buy the substance more frequently form dealers and intermediaries. In the case of illicit methadone, the importance of the internet has totally decreased. However, prior to March, some people used it as the main source. The most popular source of medical methadone was pharmacy, sometimes dealers and intermediaries. The role of the internet increased in August. However, it was not declared as the main source of this substance (Dumchev et al., 2021). The authors of the research notice: Importantly, the decreasing trend in the use of il- licit methadone, and the compensatory increase in the use of medical methadone obtained by prescrip- tion did not reverse after the restrictions for public transportation, and other epidemic control meas- ures were released. This suggests that this change in the drug scene became sustainable, at least during the study period, due to the convenience and other perceived advantages of the prescription source (Dumchev et al., 2021). 62 Maria Bevz Ukrainian research showed that some patients in the governmental opioid substitution treatment (OST) facilities were transferred to 10-day take-home doses. However, there were indicators that medi- cal opioids were sold on the illicit market. Moreo- ver, PWUD and service providers tried to adapt to the challenges of the pandemic. Private physicians started to open new sites (at least 40 in Kyiv), offer- ing discounts for new customers. In this way, one person could be a client of several such treatment methadone sites, buying the substance cheaper and more than needed, and in fact, reselling it after- wards. Dealers made “dead drops” closer to consum- er’s place. With the renewal of public transportation, drug availability gradually returned to the pre-pan- demic situation (Dumchev et al., 2021). The official statistics show a rise in drug-related administrative offences in 2020 (compared to 2019) and a decline in criminal offences (Table 1, Table 2) (Institute..., 2021). The following tables show the dy- namics of registered and judicially charged cases of drug-related administrative and criminal offences. Table 1. Drug-Related Administrative Offences in 2017– 2020 Year Number of registered cases Number of judged cases 2017 7 879 6 775 2018 7 190 6 094 2019 6 377 5 408 2020 7 567 6 348 Source: Institute..., 2021; based on Judicial Statistics. Table 2. Number of Registered Drug-Related Criminal Of- fences in 2016–2020* Year For selling pur- poses (cases) For not selling purposes (cases) People charged (persons) 2016 2 293 17 398 10 357 2017 5 029 20 071 15 440 2018 5 453 18 022 13 160 2019 6 382 18 623 13 309 2020 8 392 15 735 13 249 * Illegal production, manufacture, purchasing, storage, transportation, shipment of drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues not for selling purposes and for selling purposes) Source: Institute..., 2021; based on Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine. 2016, 2017, 2018 – data updates based on the in- formation from all the law enforcement authorities. 4. trends The number of drug users who applied for a treat- ment during the COVID-19 pandemic has not signifi- cantly changed. However, we can observe a signifi- cant decrease after 2014. It can be explained by the Russian occupation of Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions and a lack of data availability on the occu- pied territories (Institute..., 2021). The most preva- lent group of substances is opioids (about 40,000 cases). Cannabinoids is the second group (about 4,700 cases) (Institute..., 2021). However, the avail- able data show us a significant increase in patients who applied for treatment of cocaine addiction. In 2018, there were 40 patients, in 2019 – 346 and in 2020 – 274 cases. We can observe some increase among stimulant users after 2017 (1,184 in 2017, 1,557 in 2018, 1,457 in 2019 and 1,441 in 2020) (In- stitute..., 2021). According to the Ukrainian national drug re- port, in 2018, the data collection form and method changed, and Ukraine started collecting data on in- fectious diseases of only people who inject drugs. Comparing to 2019, in 2020 the number of HIV, HCV, HBV detections increased (Institute..., 2021). The number of deaths related to drug use and poisoning has been increasing since 2017 (in 2017 – 251, 2020 – 589 cases). In 2020, 90% of deaths were among males. The most frequent deaths are among people at the age of 30–39. Half of the deaths were caused by opioids (50.2%) (Institute..., 2021). A similar situ- ation was in 2018: 84% of male deaths (Institute..., 2019). However, looking at the comparison between 2019 and 2020, drug related deaths increased al- most in every age group (Institute..., 2021). The Ukrainian research “Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on drug markets, substance use patterns, and delivery of harm reduction and treatment ser- vices in Ukraine” showed that 55% of the partici- pants, increasing to 76% in late July and to 80% by late September were employed and declared full- or part-time job as their main source of income (Dum- chev et al., 2021). Prior to March 2020, over 71% of the PWUD cohort used illicit methadone. This num- ber decreased till the end of September 2020. How- ever, the situation is totally opposite with medical methadone: the use in the same period significantly increased. People switched from illicit methadone to medical one. Quantitative results of the cited re- search showed that the use of amphetamine fluctu- ated and mostly remained low at about 10%, then reduced to 4–7% in July–August and September. There was a noticeable decline in the use of canna- bis (from 20% in April to 13% in September). Anti- histamines, mostly used as an adjuvant to injected Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug markets, prevention and treatment in Ukraine 63 opioids, decreased from 20% in April to 13–15% in September. The use of heroin, homemade opioids and other drugs (MDMA, LSD, others) was negligi- ble. Alcohol consumption increased in April to 46% compared to the pre-COVID level (37%), but then steadily decreased to about 30% in the last rounds of the survey (Dumchev et al., 2021). According to qualitative data, the subjective availability of drugs changed during the pandemic. At the beginning of COVID-19, PWUD noted harder access to their pri- mary drug. However, the number of users who de- clared harder access was gradually decreasing and at the end of September it declined to 0% (Dumchev et al., 2021). At the beginning of the lockdown, the prices slightly increased. However, in June they returned to the previous rates. Some users claimed that sellers decreased the process or proposed some bonuses (Dumchev et al., 2021). The available data suggest that the trend in over- dose notably increased with the beginning of the pandemic. The main substances that caused over- dose were mainly illicit and medical methadone, sometimes street buprenorphine, rarely ampheta- mine, alcohol, antihistamines (Dumchev et al., 2021). These data prove misuse of substitution treatment substances during COVID-19. 5. Prevention and treatment The prevention system in Ukraine covers certain so- cial and age groups of the population. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the prevention of use of psychoactive substances is integrated into secondary education and is a part of the school curriculum. The Government Standard is approved in Ukraine; Centres for Social Services for Families, Children and Youth (under the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine) provide services for families who are in difficult life circumstances related to al- cohol and narcotic drug or psychotropic substances use. The Ministry of Youth and Sport of Ukraine in partnership with non-governmental organisations organises national and regional events to popularise and promote healthy lifestyles. In 2018, the most fre- quent preventive measure were individual sessions (550,382 sessions – 95% of overall events). Lectures were in the second place (17,208 events) (Institute..., 2019). In 2020, according to the Ministry of Educa- tion and Science of Ukraine, the most popular pre- ventive measure were trainings (288,224 events – 51.6%), in the second place there were individual interviews (115,702 – 20.7%), then educational hours (80,115 events – 14.3%) (Institute..., 2021). A number of families in difficult life circumstances that were provided with support of social services has slightly decreased: 12,924 families in 2018, 9,600 – in 2020 (Institute..., 2019, 2021). The governmental OST programs quickly adapt- ed to the epidemic. Before COVID-19, about 50–60% of the OST patients received substitution therapy every day on-site. However, in March, 90% of the clients were transferred to take-home administra- tion of methadone/buprenorphine for up to 10 days (Dumchev et al., 2021). According to the qualitative interviews, governmental narcological clinics in Kyiv stopped accepting new patients to treatment pro- grammes. So, some people were unable to receive services, despite their motivation, and were placed on the waiting list. Those patients who were sus- pected of methadone misuse at home were taken back to on-site treatment. Overall, OST facilities re- turned to their normal work, providing standard ser- vices. Moreover, free COVID-tests were provided for people who wanted to start treatment (Dumchev et al., 2021). 6. conclusions A case of Ukraine is not very different from the EU- member countries. Anti-pandemic measures made every actor on the drug scene adapt to the new re- ality. Limitations imposed in the transportation sys- tem caused shortages in supply chains. This caused a lack of availability of some drugs and, naturally, an increase in the prices. PWUD started to find substi- tutes of their primary drug that caused risky behav- iours, such as the use of acetylated opium (“shyrka”), misuse of the substances and overdose. Darknet markets offered sales of their goods. The importance of internet decreased. A distinguishing feature of the Ukrainian market is use of Telegram messenger for contactless drug trade. Such “marketplaces” started to use the pandemic as a promotion of a “stable job” during lockdown. PWUD started to buy more frequently form dealers and intermediaries. Sellers made so-called “dead-drops” more convenient for consumers and closer to their places. However, with the renewal of public transportation drug availabili- ty gradually returned to the pre-pandemic situation. There is also a notable change in the Ukrainian prevention system. In 2020, trainings and individ- ual interviews became a more popular preventive measure. However, the number of families in dif- ficult life circumstances that were provided with support of social services slightly decreased. It may be explained with the lockdown. OST facilities changed their operating mode and did not accept 64 Maria Bevz new clients. Home-treatment was introduced. The patients were provided with medical methadone for 10 days. Private facilities appeared rapidly. However, some facts indicate methadone misuse. Private phy- sicians abused methadone prescriptions, and PWUD could be the patients of several facilities, buying the substance several times and reselling it. Nonethe- less, patients who were suspected of such misuse were treated on-site in an OST facility. To summarise, at the very beginning of the pan- demic, there were problems with access to sub- stances and treatment. However, those challenges were gradually eliminated with the restriction meas- ures. Sellers treated lockdown as a chance to attract new workers and clients. Physicians used pandemic as a chance to open a private facility, attract new pa- tients and give them a chance to buy medical metha- done. Nowadays, the majority of those problems are not relevant as the restrictions are gradually being suspended. The system has adapted to the situation and has returned to the pre-pandemic life. references Boslaugh S., 2007, Secondary data sources for public health: A practical guide, Cambridge University Press, New York. Dumchev K., Kiriazova T., Chernova, O., 2021, Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on drug markets, substance use pat- terns, and delivery of harm reduction and treatment servic- es in Ukraine, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in collaboration with Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, https://www.uiphp.org.ua/uk/ resursnyi-tsentr/item/download/125_9e69da736687021 4605a593b1b737ce6 (accessed 07 April 2022). EMCDDA, 2020, Ukraine country overview, European Monitor- ing Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, https://www. emcdda.europa.eu/countries/ukraine_en (accessed 07 April 2022). EMCDDA, 2021, EMCDDA trendspotter briefing. Impact of COV- ID-19 on drug markets, drug use, drug-related harms and re- sponses in east European Neighbourhood Policy countries, 2021, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/ publications/13263/EU4MD_Trendspotter_East_ENP_FI- NAL.pdf (accessed 07 April 2022). Europol, EMCDDA, 2020, EU Drug Markets Impact of COVID-19, 2020, Europol & European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, https://www.europol.europa.eu/ cms/sites/default/files/documents/eu_drug_markets_ covid19_impact_final.pdf (accessed 07 April 2022). Garasim A., 2021, Narkoforumi: tut kupuûť narkotyki gurtom ì vrozdrìb, najmaûťsâ na robotu ì provodâť konkursi po- ezìï (Eng. Drug forums: buy drugs in bulk and retail, hire and hold poetry contests), 2021, TEXTY.ORG.UA, https:// texty.org.ua/articles/104210/mav-koksu-5-hramiv-chym- zhyvut-i-pro-sho-pyshut-na-ukrayinskyh-narkoforumah/ (accessed 07 April 2022). Heaton J., 2008, Secondary analysis of qualitative data: an overview, Historical Social Research / Historische Sozial- forschung, 33(3), 33–45. Institute for Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examination and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2021, Report on Drug and Alcohol Situation in Ukraine for 2021 (Based on data 2020), https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp- content/uploads/2022/02/national-drug-and-alcohol- report-20212020.pdf (accessed 07 April 2022). Institute for Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatric Examina- tion and Drug Monitoring of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2019, Report on the Drug and Alcohol Situation in Ukraine 2019 (Based on data 2018), https://cmhmda. org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ukraine_Country- report_2019_EMCDDA.pdf (accessed 07 April 2022). Johnston M.P., 2014, Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has come, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 3, 619–626. Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, 2021, Polìcejs’kì razom z aktivìstami po vsìj deržavì proveli akcìû z protidìï vuličnìj reklamì narkotikìv (Eng. Police together with activists across the country held a rally to counter street drug ad- vertising), https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/narkozlochini/ policzejski-razom-z-aktivistami-po-vsij-derzhavi-proveli- akcziyu-z-protidiji-vulichnij-reklami-narkotikiv/ (accessed 07 April 2022). Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine, 2020, Statystyka pro zarejestrovani kryminaľni pravoporušennia ta rezuľtaty jich dosudovoho rozsliduvannia; pro osib, jaki včynyly kryminaľni pravoporušennia (Eng. Statistics on the reg- istered criminal offenses and results of their pre-judicial investigation; on the persons who committed criminal offenses), https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/statistika (accessed 07 April 2022). https://www.uiphp.org.ua/uk/resursnyi-tsentr/item/download/125_9e69da7366870214605a593b1b737ce6 https://www.uiphp.org.ua/uk/resursnyi-tsentr/item/download/125_9e69da7366870214605a593b1b737ce6 https://www.uiphp.org.ua/uk/resursnyi-tsentr/item/download/125_9e69da7366870214605a593b1b737ce6 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/ukraine_en https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/countries/ukraine_en https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13263/EU4MD_Trendspotter_East_ENP_FINAL.pdf https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13263/EU4MD_Trendspotter_East_ENP_FINAL.pdf https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13263/EU4MD_Trendspotter_East_ENP_FINAL.pdf https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/eu_drug_markets_covid19_impact_final.pdf https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/eu_drug_markets_covid19_impact_final.pdf https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/eu_drug_markets_covid19_impact_final.pdf https://texty.org.ua/articles/104210/mav-koksu-5-hramiv-chym-zhyvut-i-pro-sho-pyshut-na-ukrayinskyh-narkoforumah/ https://texty.org.ua/articles/104210/mav-koksu-5-hramiv-chym-zhyvut-i-pro-sho-pyshut-na-ukrayinskyh-narkoforumah/ https://texty.org.ua/articles/104210/mav-koksu-5-hramiv-chym-zhyvut-i-pro-sho-pyshut-na-ukrayinskyh-narkoforumah/ https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/national-drug-and-alcohol-report-20212020.pdf https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/national-drug-and-alcohol-report-20212020.pdf https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/national-drug-and-alcohol-report-20212020.pdf https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ukraine_Country-report_2019_EMCDDA.pdf https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ukraine_Country-report_2019_EMCDDA.pdf https://cmhmda.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ukraine_Country-report_2019_EMCDDA.pdf https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/narkozlochini/policzejski-razom-z-aktivistami-po-vsij-derzhavi-proveli-akcziyu-z-protidiji-vulichnij-reklami-narkotikiv/ https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/narkozlochini/policzejski-razom-z-aktivistami-po-vsij-derzhavi-proveli-akcziyu-z-protidiji-vulichnij-reklami-narkotikiv/ https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/narkozlochini/policzejski-razom-z-aktivistami-po-vsij-derzhavi-proveli-akcziyu-z-protidiji-vulichnij-reklami-narkotikiv/ https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/statistika