Final SPH -JHS Coverpage 17-1 Jan 2022 single 41 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 41-50, 2022 This is an open access article d istributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer cial-ShareAl ike 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, d istribution, and reproduction in any med ium, provide d the original author and source are credited. Original Research Paper INTRODUCTION Br injal (Solanum melongena L.) is among the foremost important and popular vegetables consumed globally as well as in India. It consists of a significant amount of anthocyanin pigments (purple types), phenols, amide proteins as well as free reducing sugars. Brinjal is widely utilized for its medicinal properties and has also been prescribed for diabetic patients and liver complaints (Sabolu et al., 2014). Although brinjal is one of the prime members of the Solanaceae family, minimal breeding attempts have been undertaken for the development of potential hybrids/hybrid as well as for crop improvement by the exploitation of local germplasm in comparison to the remaining Solanaceous crops. Yield being a highly complex trait gets fluctuated by genetic as well as environmental factors, (Foolad and Lin, 2001) and applied agro technical methods (Kaşkavalci, 2007). The selection of suitable parental material is of utmost importance during crop improvement program to a chieve the inher ent yield potentia l of a cr op (Koutsika-Sotiriou et al., 2008). In brinjal, the number of marketable fruits per plant, the number of branches, and the average fruit weight are the major yield attributing traits. In brinjal, yield per plant directly correlates with average fruit weight and number of fruits (Kaffytullah et al., 2011; Angadi et al., 2017); and these traits are highly influenced by several genetic and environmental components (Karki et al., 2020). T he extent of the success a chieved in a cr op impr ovement pr ogr a m r elies solely upon the accessibility to the information concerning nature as well as the measure of gene action governing the traits of commercial significance. Yield being a complex trait relying upon several other parameters along with their interactions, understanding the alliance of these traits with fruit yield will supplement the selection procedure Genetics of growth and yield attributing traits of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) through six generation mean analysis Barik S., Naresh P., Acharya G.C.*, Singh T.H., Kumari M. and Dash M. Central Horticultural Experiment Station, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bhubaneswar, India. *Corresponding author E-mail : Gobinda.Acharya@icar.gov.in ABSTRACT Understanding gene action of different traits is of utmost importance for formulating successful breeding programs. The population was developed involving Arka Neelachal Shyama and CARI-1 to inquire the gene actions controlling the inheritance of several growth as well as yield attributing parameters through six-generation mean analysis. Three parameter model revealed the insufficiency of the simpler additive dominance model for the evaluated traits, referring to the existence of inter-allelic interactions. Six parameter model was implemented to better understand gene actions. Most of the yield and attributing traits under study except number of branches showed a high estimate of dominance as well as environmental variance, disclosing a lower extent of heritability. The number of branches was observed to be controlled by duplicate epistasis. Hence, for the fixation of this trait, the best strategy is to exercise minimal selection during advance generations, followed by intense selection during later generations (F4­ population onwards). The preponderance of the narrow sense type of heritability revealed that dominant effects were predominantly accountable for the existing genetic variation. Hence, recurrent selection followed by bi-parental mating and selection during the later stage of generations is advised to increase the occurrence of favorable alleles and accumulation of desirable genes. Keywords: Brinjal, gene action, genetics, six-generation mean analysis and yield. 42 Barik et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 41-50, 2022 with enhanced accuracy and precision (Deb and Khaleque, 2009). Keeping the above-mentioned points in view, the extent of hybrid vigour and inbreeding depression as well as the gene action governing various growth and yield attributing characters in brinjal was assessed though six generation mean analysis, as this is highly efficient technique providing the accurate evaluation of chief genetic components governing the manifestation of the quantitative traits (Mather and Jinks, 1982). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental site The present research work was commenced during the period from 2018 - 2020 at CHES, IIHR-ICAR, Bhubaneswar, India. The experimental soil was red laterite soil with very low pH (4.4) containing organic car bon in a medium a mount. T he soil contained be 296 Kg/ha, 39.2 Kg/ha, and 157kg/ ha of nit r o gen, p hos p hor u s a nd p ot a s s iu m, respectively. Plant materials For development of the population, two parents viz, Arka Neelachal Shyama (Large, round, green with purple stripes) and CARI-1 (Large, oblong, light green) were selected. Arka Neelachal Shyama was used as female parent, while CARI-1 was used as pollen parent. The two parents were artificially c r os s ed f or t he p r odu c t i on of F 1 hyb r id. Subsequently, F1 generation plants were selfed to obtain F2 generation seeds as well as backcrossed with Arka Neelachal Shyama (P1) and CARI-1(P2) to obtain B1 and B2 generations respectively. Evaluation of populations under field growing conditions The seeds of six generations including two parents, their F 1 hybr id, segr egating F 2 popula tion a nd backcross populations with each of the parents were sown and proper nursery management practices were followed. During the tra nsplanting of the seedlings, a spacing of 60 x 60 cm2 was adopted. The number of plants evaluated differed according to the gener a tion. For the a s sessment of t he inheritance of growth and yield attributing traits, 30 plants each of female and pollen parents and their F1’s, 259 plants of F2 population, 50 plants of B1 population and 58 plants of B2 population wer e pla nted in the open field. Recommended package of practices such as fertilizer application, intercultural operations, crop protection measures a nd ir r iga t ion wer e ca r r ied out for r a ising a successful crop. Freshly harvested and marketable fruits of individual plants were utilized for genetic inheritance study. The mode of inheritance of various traits including plant height, number of branches, number of fruits and yield per plant, as well as average fruit length, girth, and weight were recorded. Statistical analysis In the current experiment, the scaling test was per formed on means of each gener ation as per Mather and Jinks, 1982. The joint scaling test along with χ2 test were utilized for the determination of the sufficiency of the additive-dominance model (Ca valli, 1952; Fowler et al., 1998; Singh and Chaudhary, 1977). Similarly, the χ2 values for all the tr a its wer e checked to fit into the thr ee- parameter model (m, d, h) and significant values implica ted the epista tic gene inter a ct ion. By exer cising the s ix-pa r a meter model, six gene components including mean (m), pooled additive component (d), dominance component (h), additive × additive component (i), additive × dominance c omp onent ( j ) , a nd domina nc e × domina nc e component (l) were calculated (Jinks and Jones, 1958).The magnitude of scales was estimated by the formulae: A=2B1 - P1 - F1=0; B=2B1 - P2 - F1 =0; C=4F2 - 2F1 - P1 - P2 = 0 and D = 2F2 - B1 - B1 =0. Significance of any of these scales indicated the involvement of epista sis in gover ning the respective traits (Mather and Jinks, 1982). The estimate of heterosis over parents as well as mid- par ent value was calcula ted as % incr ease or decrease of F1 mean over the parental and mid- parental means, respectively. Heritability (narrow- sense) wa s ca lculated by method suggested by Warner (1952). Potence ratio was estimated as per Smith (1952) to analyze the extent of dominance, which is given below: 43 Genetics of growth and yield attributing traits of brinjal Where, P = +1, suggest complete dominance, -1 j> h> i l> j> h> i l> i> j> h l> j> i> h j> i> l> h l> i> j> h j> i> l> h E pi st as is - D up lic at e - - - - - Po te nc e ra tio ( F 1 ) -7 .3 8 -0 .3 8 -2 .2 0 0. 87 1. 08 3. 00 0. 23 *a nd * *s ig ni fi ca nt a t p - “0 .0 5” a nd “ 0. 01 ”, r es pe ct iv el y. Ta bl e 4. E st im at es o f ge ne e ff ec ts f or v ar io us t ra its in t he c ro ss b et w ee n A rk a N ee lc ah al S hy am a x C A R I- 1 de ri ve d po pu la tio n us in g si x pa ra m et er m od el Barik et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 41-50, 2022 47 These results are consistent with the result obtained by Timmapur et al., (2008), Chowdhury et al., (2010), Sahajahan et al., (2016) and Sujin and Karuppaiah (2018). Nega tive r ela tive heter osis a s well a s heterobeltiosis/over P2 were observed for fruit weight. The pronounced negative heterosis for fruit weight revealed dominance of negative alleles contributed by the lower scoring parent (Patil et al., 2001; Das et al., 2009). East (1908) and Shull (1909, 1910) demonstrated that a decrease in heterozygosity results in a corresponding decline in vigour due to inbreeding (Crow, 1952), which also fully satisfies the dominance hypothesis. Inbreeding depression was resulted to the extent of 40.60 % (fr uit yield per pla nt) in our br inja l population. However, the inbreeding depression reports of this research work is also supported by the findings of recent research workers like Sao and Mehta (2010), Singh and Rai (1990) and Kumar and Pathania (2003), who reported positive inbreeding depression for a number of traits of brinjal. Gene action Significant variability among the means of populations were recorded suggesting that the choice of parents was appropriate. Plant height: Additive x additive (-i) component contributed significantly towards the plant height similar to additive x dominance (j) component, which suggested the pr eponder a nce of non-a dditive components; hence should be considered immensely in Fig 1. Segregation of fruit traits in populations derived from cross between Arka Neelchal Shyama x CARI-1 the crop improvement programs. The magnitude of dominance x dominance (l) was higher than additive × dominance (j), dominance (h) and additive × additive (i), suggesting heterosis breeding is the best strategy to for improvement programs for enhancing plant height. Non-additive gene action governing the plant height trait in brinjal was also recorded by Singh et al. (2002) as well as Patel (2003). Number of branches: The significant value of the additive (-d), dominance (-h) as well as additive x additive (-i) components pointed towards the existence of additive and non-additive gene actions controlling this trait. The contrasting signs of h and l showed the existence of duplicate epistasis interaction among the alleles. The estimate of dominance x dominance (l) component was superior to the additive × dominance (j), dominance (h) a nd a dditive × a dditive (i) components. Significa nt estima te of a dditive component in negative direction was observed, hence revealed that the trait could not be fixed via simple selection. The involvement of non-additive gene action in governing number of branches in brinjal was reported by Dharwad et al. (2011), Reddy and Patel (2014) and Sujin and Karuppaiah (2018). However, in our study, association of additive along with non- additive gene actions suggested that the population improvement through reciprocal recurrent selection should be considered as the best breeding scheme to increase the accumulation of fa vora ble alleles (Ramalho et al., 2001). Again, duplicate class of inter- allelic interrelationship is operating (Patel, 2003; Genetics of growth and yield attributing traits of brinjal J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 41-50, 2022 48 Mistry et al., 2016) indicating the reduction in variability in segregating generations which obstruct the selection activity (Kumar and Patra, 2010). Hence, mild selection during earlier generations, followed by bi-parental mating and intense selection in the later generations should be done for improving the trait. Number of fruits per plant: In the current study, dominance x dominance (l) was playing major role in the governance of this trait. For the given trait, additive gene action (Dixit et al., 1982; Joshi and Chadha, 1994) and non-additive gene action (Rao 2003; Aswani and Khandelwal 2005) have been reported. The estimate of dominance x dominance (l) was higher than additive × additive (i), dominance (h) and additive × dominance (j).Thus, recombination breeding and hybridization accompanied by selection during early generations could be performed for the improvement of this trait. Non-significant value was recorded for additive (d) along with dominance (h), additive x additive (i) as well as additive x dominance (j) components. Yield per plant: Additive x dominance (j) in addition to dominance x dominance (l) components were recorded to be significant. The higher estimate of domina nce x domina nce (l) wa s obser ved in comparison with the additive × dominance (j), additive × additive (i), as well as dominance (h). Thus, additive along with non-additive interactions were involved in governing the trait. Hence, trait improvement strategy consisting of recurrent selection as well as bi-parental mating could be highly fruitful for the accumulation of the favorable genes and/or to remove the existing undesirable and unfavorable linkages (Mistry et al., 2016). Shafeeq et al. (2013) in their study involving genetic inheritance of yield and yield attributing traits found the similar report concluding the fruit yield per plant to be governed by both additive and non-additive gene actions. Non-significant value was found for additive (d), dominance (h), additive x additive (i) components. Fruit length: Predominance of additive gene action was concluded towing to the significance of additive x additive (i) and additive x dominance (j) components. The magnitude of additive × dominance (j), was grea ter as compared to additive × additive (i), dominance x dominance (l) and dominance (h). Hence, selection would be the best strategy in the improvement of fr uit length. T his finding however wa s in contradiction to Mistry et al. (2016) who reported the fruit length trait to be governed by additive-dominance interaction. The non-significant estima tes were observed for additive (d), dominance x dominance (l) and dominance (h) components. Fruit girth: In the current study, only dominance x dominance (l) components were observed to be significant and the estimate of dominance x dominance (l) was higher than additive × additive (i), additive × dominance (j), and dominance (h). For fruit girth, both additive gene action and non-additive gene action have been reported by the researchers (Kumar and Ram, 1987; Vaghasiya et al., 2000; Rao, 2003; Patel, 2003).Thus, due to the involvement of the non-additive gene action, recombination breeding and hybridization accompanied by selection during later generations could be performed for the improvement of this trait (Mistry et al., 2016). The non-significant estimate of additive (d), additive x additive (i), dominance (h) and additive x dominance (j) were recorded. Fruit weight: The additive x dominance (j) component was found to be significant. The additive × dominance (j) estimate was shown to be more in comparison with the additive × additive (i), dominance x dominance (l) and dominance (h) components. Hence, reciprocal recurrent selection can be adopted. Meanwhile, selection process needs to be delayed until required homozygosity is achieved in the inbred lines (Mistry et al., 2016).The additive (d) component in addition to additive x additive (i), dominance (h) as well as dominance x dominance (l) components, were recorded to be non-significant. CONCLUSION In the current study, the growth and yield attributing traits were identified/reported to be governed by additive and non-additive gene action along with the preponderance of combination of both the gene actions. A higher order of non-allelic interaction (involvement of more than 2 genes) was exhibited by most of the traits except number of branches in which duplicate type of epistasis was recorded. Due to the existence of a higher estimate of interactions, the frequency of the non-fixable gene effects was more as compared to the fixable gene effects. Of all the traits, only fruit length was reported to be governed by additive gene action, which can be fixed by simple selection. 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Vol. 17(1) : 41-50, 2022 (Received: 14.11.2021 ; Revised: 18.01.2022; Accepted : 05.02.2022) 00 A Final SPH -JHS Coverpage First 2 pages.pdf 00 Content and in this issue.pdf 01 Mohan Kumar G N.pdf 02 Meera Pandey.pdf 03 Biradar C.pdf 04 Varalakshmi B.pdf 05 Vijayakumari N.pdf 06 Barik S.pdf 07 Sajid M B.pdf 08 Ranga D.pdf 09 Usha S.pdf 10 Manisha.pdf 11 Amulya R N.pdf 12 Akshatha H J.pdf 13 Adak T.pdf 14 Sujatha S.pdf 15 Gowda P P.pdf 16 Subba S.pdf 17 Dhayalan V.pdf 19 Ahmed S.pdf 20 Vishwakarma P K.pdf 21 Deep Lata.pdf 22 Udaykumar K P.pdf 23 Nayaka V S K.pdf 24 Sahel N A.pdf 25 Bayogan E R V.pdf 26 Rathinakumari A C.pdf 27 Yella Swami C.pdf 28 Saidulu Y.pdf 29 Sindhu S.pdf 30 Neeraj.pdf 31 Sivaranjani R.pdf 32 Rashied Tetteh.pdf 34 Sangeetha G.pdf 35 Shareefa M.pdf 36 Last Pages.pdf