J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012

Packaging technology for export of jasmine (Jasminum sambac Ait.) flowers

M. Jawaharlal, S.P. Thamaraiselvi and M. Ganga
Department of Floriculture and Landscaping
Horticultural College and Research Institute

TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003 India
E-mail:  jawaharflori@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to standardize packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers. Experiments were laid out

in FCRD in three replications, with 12 chemical treatments, and packing with unit packing boxes and thermocol
boxes under gel-ice cold condition. Effects of various chemical treatments and their interaction with packaging were
studied and observations were recorded on visual quality (freshness index, flower-opening index, colour retention
index and fragrance score) of flowers and physiological parameters associated with post harvest quality of flowers.
Export suitability of the package was also studied and Cost:Benefit ratio (CBR) worked out. Chemical treatment of
flowers with 4% boric acid, packing in aluminum-foil lined boxes and further packaging in thermocol boxes under
gel-ice cold condition was found to be significantly superior to Control, and recorded a shelf life of 42.88h. This
package also recorded maximum freshness index (70 to 90%), minimum flower-opening index (10.5 to 50%) and
maximum colour retention index (77.77 to 88.88%) of flowers. CBR was 1:2.5.

Key words: Jasmine flowers, J. sambac, chemical treatment, packing, packaging, export suitability

INTRODUCTION

Jasmine (Jasminum sambac Ait.) is the oldest of
fragrant flowers cultivated by man. The flowers are used
for various purposes, viz., making garlands and bouquets,
for religious offerings, etc. These are also used for production
of essential oils in the form of ‘concrete’ and ‘absolute’ used
in cosmetic and perfumery industries. J. sambac, called
‘Gundumalli/Madurai malli’ in Tamil Nadu, has several
cultivars, namely, Motia, Single Mogra, Double Mogra,
Ramanathapuram Local, Oosimalli, Soojimalli, Ramabanam
and Iruvatchi (Abdul Khader and Kumar, 1995). Though
cut flowers constituted a major share of flower exports over
the past two decades, recently, export of the traditional group
of flowers, especially jasmine flowers, has picked up. This
is because of increasing demand for these from the Indian
population settled in Middle East countries and the United
States of America. Strung flowers of J. sambac have good
export demand in long distance markets like the US. It takes
around 36–48h from India to New York market by air. The
flowers are very delicate and show signs of wilting with
abrupt loss of fragrance within 24 -36 h after harvest. One
of the major problems faced by exporters is lack of suitable
packaging technology for export. In view of the increasing
demand for fresh flowers and the need for developing

reliable export packaging technology catering to distant
overseas markets, the present study was undertaken. The
objective was to standardize export packaging technology
in jasmine flowers.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Unopened, fresh flower-buds of J. sambac
constituted the experimental material. Investigations on
packaging were carried out under gel-ice cold conditions.
The design adopted was CRD with 2 factors (chemical
treatment and packaging material). Chemical treatments used
were based upon earlier, published results (Nirmala and
Reddy, 1994; Madhu, 1999; Karruppaiah et al, 2006). Details
of chemical treatments are: T

1
 - Sucrose 2%, T

2
 - Sucrose

4%, T
3
 - Boric acid 2%, T

4
 - Boric acid 4%, T

5
 - Salicylic

acid 25 ppm, T
6
 - Salicylic acid 50 ppm, T

7
 - Ascorbic acid

50 ppm, T
8
 – Ascorbic acid 100 ppm, T

9
 - NAA 50 ppm,

T
10

 - NAA 100 ppm,  T
11

 - Distilled water,  T
12

 - No soaking
(Control). Three types of packing boxes were used: Box A
– Aluminium-foil lined cardboard boxes of dimensions 14 x
11 x 14cm; Box B - 0.5mm thick polypropylene boxes of
dimensions 16 x 11 x 4cm, and Box C - 0.3mm thick
Polypropylene boxes of dimension 10 x 7 x 4 cm. Thermocol
box of dimension 60 cm x 45 cm x 30 cm capable of holding
50, 40 and 50 Boxes A, B & C, respectively, was used for



181

Packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers

packaging. Butter paper was used as the lining material inside
boxes A, B and C. Aluminum-foils and butter paper were
used for lining between boxes packaged in Thermocol boxes.
Ten grams of fresh-flower buds of uniform size were treated
with the chemicals, air dried and packed in boxes A, B, and
C lined with butter papers. These boxes, in turn, were packed
in thermocol boxes with intermittent gel-ice layers, lined with
aluminum-foil and butter paper. This package was stored
under ambient conditions and observations were recorded
at 24h and 36h after storage.

Visual observations like freshness index, flower-
opening index, colour retention index, fragrance index and
shelf life were recorded based on hedonic scale scoring
(1999). Physiological paramaters such as moisture content,
physiological loss in weight (PLW), membrane integrity (MI)
(Barrs and Weatherley, 1962), relative water content
(RWC), peroxidase activity (Srivastava, 1987) and catalase
activity (Diby Paul and Sharma, 2005) were analyzed. Shelf
life of flowers was recorded as time taken to wilting of
50% of flowers. Export suitability of the best package
developed was evaluated for US market (New Jersey) and
Cost : Benefit Ration (CBR) was worked out. Standard
procedure of Sukhatme and Amble (1985) was adopted for
statistical scrutiny of data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Visual and physiological parameters 24 hours after
packaging

Among packing boxes, no significant differences
were noticed for freshness index, moisture content, RWC
and total carbohydrates 24h after packaging. Flowers packed
in Box A (aluminium-foil lined box) recorded the least flower-
opening index of 39.69% (Table 1) and maximum colour-
retention index  of 74.07%  (Table 2) as also the lowest
PLW of 2.24% (Table 3) and maximum membrane integrity
of 58.51% (Table 4). Activity of peroxidase and catalase
was found to be non-significant.

With regard to chemical treatments, boric acid at
4% (T

4
) recorded maximum freshness index (81.63%),

followed by boric acid at 2% (T
2
) at 81.41% (Table 1). The

same treatments were at par with each other and recorded
the least flower-opening index (5%) and maximum colour-
retention index (88.88%) (Table 2).  In the case of
physiological parameters, treatments with boric acid at 4%
(T

4
) and 2% (T

2
) recorded the least PLW (1.83 and 1.85,

respectively), maximum moisture content (57.14 and
56.99%) (Table 3),  maximum RWC (85.72 and 85.49%)
and  maximum membrane integrity (47.14 and 47.31%

respectively) (Table 4). Activities of enzymes such as
peroxidase (17.96 change in OD/g/min.) (Fig. 1) and
catalase (40.96µg H

2
O

2
/g/min.) (Fig. 2) were found to be

highest in boric acid 4% treatment.

In the case of B x T (packing box and chemical
treatment) interaction, except for flower-opening index and
PLW, all other parameters recorded non-significant values.
Data on fragrance score indicated that the Control recorded
higher fragrance score of ‘3’ (strong) while all other
treatments recorded a score of ‘2’ (mild).

Visual and physiological parameters 36 hours after
packaging

In the case of chemical treatments, boric acid at
4% (T

4
) recorded maximum freshness index (71.75%) (Table

1), lowest flower-opening index (29.17%) and maximum
colour-retention index (77.77%) (Table 2). The same
treatment also recorded the least PLW (2.83%) and
maximum values for moisture content (50.23%), RWC
(75.34%) and membrane integrity (53.08%). Highest activity
of the enzymes peroxidase (38.21 change in OD/g/min.)
and catalase (37.73µg H

2
O

2
/g/min.) were also recorded in

treatment T
4 
compared to all other treatments and Control.

Among packing boxes, Box A (aluminium-foil lined
boxes)  exhibited significance and recorded maximum
freshness-index  of 52.42% (Table 1) and maximum colour
retention index of 57.40% (Table 2). As for physiological
parameters, Box A recorded the least PLW of 4.76% (Table
3) and highest values for moisture content (36.69%), RWC
(55.04%) and membrane integrity (68.74%) (Table 4).
Highest activity of enzymes like peroxidase (26.21 change
in OD/g/min.) (Fig. 1) and catalase (39.60µg H

2
O

2
/g/min.)

(Fig. 2) were also registered in flowers packed in Box A.

Among B x T interaction effect, B
1
T

4
 (packing box

A + boric acid 4%) was found to be significantly better for
maximum freshness index (74.15%), least flower-opening,
highest colour-retention index (88.88%), least PLW (2.59%)
along with maximum moisture (51.91%), RWC content
(77.86%) and membrane integrity (51.90%) and highest
activities of peroxidase (37.08 change in OD/g/min.) and
catalase (31.06µg H

2
O

2
/g/min.). Decrease in fragrance level

was noticed in the Control. All treatments recorded a
fragrance score of ‘2’ (mild) at 36 hours after packaging.

Shelf-life of jasmine flowers

Among packing boxes, Box A (B
1
) exhibited maximum

shelf life of 35.63h. Among chemical treatments, boric
acid 4% (T

4
) recorded higher shelf life of 40.96h

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



182

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Jawaharlal et al

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



183

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rm

ed

Packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



184

T
ab

le
 3

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E

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P
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 (
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)
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m

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(T
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V
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n

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ar

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th

es
es

 a
re

 a
rc

si
n

e 
tr

an
sf

o
rm

ed

Jawaharlal et al

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



185

T
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Packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



186

Packaging technology adopted for export of jasmine flowers

Loose flower of
harvested jasmine

Strung flowers
of jasmine

Treating flowers with
boric acid 4%

Packing in aluminium-foil lined
boxes

Packaging in thermocol boxes
with intermittent gel-ice layers

Aluminium-foil lining

Thermocol packages ready for
air lifting

Export packages loaded onto
reefer vans

[This technology has been filed for patenting (Patent application

No.1370/CHE/2010)]

Jawaharlal et al

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



187

(Table 5 and Fig. 3). Interaction of B x T indicated that
B1T4 (Box A + boric acid 4%) was better, with a shelf life
of 42.88h (Table 5, Fig. 3) which was on par with B

1
T

3

(42.60h) compared to other treatment interactions and the
Control, B

1
T

12
 (32.00h).

In the present investigation, it was observed that
treatments differed significantly in extending shelf life of
Jasminum sambac flowers. Among chemical treatments,
boric acid proved effective by registering higher levels of
moisture, relative water content, lowest rates of PLW, three
to six fold increase in activity of peroxidase and catalase,

and maximum accumulation of carbohydrates. This, in turn,
reduced solute leakage from flowers, indicating increased
membrane integrity of flowers. All these factors proved
effective in retaining freshness index of flowers, thus
delaying wilting. Boric acid was used earlier as a mineral
salt that could increase osmotic concentration and pressure
potential of petal cells, thus improving their water balance
and longevity in cut flowers (Halevy, 1976; Van Meeteren,
1989). In agreement with present findings, the potential of
boric acid in prolonging post harvest life of flowers has also
been reported in jasmine earlier (Mukhopadhyay et al, 1980),
Oncidium (Tatt, 1982), rose cv. Grussen Teplitz (Kumar
and Bhattacharjee, 2002) and carnation (Serrano et al, 2006).

In the present study, experiments carried out under
gel-ice cold condition in thermocol boxes proved beneficial
in maintaining low temperature around the flowers. Among
the packaging boxes, aluminium-foil lined boxes proved
effective in significantly extending shelf life of jasmine
flowers. Cumulative effects of these treatments in thermocol
packaging can be summarized as follows:

Treatment Beneficial effect

Chemical treatment Anti-oxidant effect, improving water
(boric acid) balance, delayed ethylene production

Aluminium-foil Impermeability to water vapor and
lined box gases

Gel-ice pads Creation and maintenance of low
temperature in the package;
Temperature as measured by hand
held hygrometer in the thermocol
package: 4.2oC (initial)  16.5oC
(final, 36h  after packaging)

Thermocol boxes Thermal insulation, resistance to
 moisture and weathering

Physiological loss in weight (PLW), moisture content,
relative water content (RWC) and membrane integrity of
flowers are traits inter-related to each other. Increased PLW
leads to decline in fresh weight of flowers, which expresses
visually as  symptoms of wilting of flowers, as reported in
carnation (Nichols, 1966) and Rosa damascena (Sharma,
1981). Relative water content of flowers manifests water
status of petals. It is obvious that when moisture content is
higher and weight loss is lower, relative water content stays
high. In the present study, moisture levels of 40 to 50%
resulted in ‘nil’ PLW which, in turn, registered higher relative
water content of 70 to 90%. Rapid decline in moisture
content of flowers four days after vase-holding was identified
as the main cause of flower senescence in Rosa hybrida

Table 5 . Effect of chemical treatment and thermocol packaging on
shelf life (hours) of J. sambac under gel-ice cold  condition

Packing B
1

B
2

B
3

Mean
Treatment

T
1

34.22 34.00 34.00 34.07
T

2
34.62 34.00 34.00 34.21

T
3

42.60 40.00 39.00 40.53
T

4
42.88 40.00 40.00 40.96

T
5

32.22 32.00 32.00 32.07
T

6
32.26 32.00 32.00 32.09

T
7

32.40 32.00 30.00 31.47
T

8
32.10 32.00 30.00 31.37

T
9

40.20 38.22 38.00 38.81
T

1 0
40.00 38.40 38.00 38.80

T
1 1

32.00 30.00 30.00 30.67
T

1 2
32.00 30.00 30.00 30.67

Mean 35.63 34.39 33.92 34.64

SED CD 5% CD1%
Packing (B) 0.65 1.31* 1.73**
Treatment (T) 1.31 2.62* 3.47**
BXT 2.27 3.54* 5.02**

Table 6.  Economics of export packaging technology per kilogram
of J. sambac flowers (tested for Long distance market - New
Jersey, US)

Particulars of packaging per kg of flowers Cost (Rs.)

Best Package
Boric acid 4% + Aluminum foil lined box Packing +  Thermocol
packaging + gel-ice cold condition
1. Average cost of flowers/kg 100/-
2. Cost of packaging technology

2.1. Chemical treatment with 4% boric acid/kg 20/-
of flowers

2.2. Packing (Aluminium foil lined boxes) 36/-
2.3. Packaging (Thermocol box) 540/-
2.4. Lining (aluminium foil, gel-ice pads and 27/-

butter paper)
2.5. Transport cost (Handling, Clearing & 153/-

Forwarding and Freight)
3. Total expenditure (1+2) 876/-
4. Income / kg of flowers 2115/-

( Average: $ 47 per kg of flowers)
CBR 1 : 2.5

Packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012



188

‘Samantha’ by Xue and Lin, (1999). Similar reduction in
moisture content due to rapid water loss in petals was
reported in Rosa hybrida too (Carpenter and Rasmussen,
1973) and anthurium cv. Ozaki Red (Paull et al, 1985). It
has been reported in gladiolus flower senescence that
decrease in RWC (Relative Water Content) of tepals caused
dehydration of tissues and, in turn, wilting (Zahed Hossain
et al, 2006).

Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities
result in reduced production of H

2
O

2
 and play a key role in

plant antioxidative system (Monk et al, 1989). Senescence
symptoms are characterized by increased activity of
peroxidase enzyme which, in turn, leads to increased
production of peroxides and free radicals (Fridovich, 1975).
These free radicals are involved in ethylene production
(Beauchamp and Fridovich, 1970) and promotion of
senescence (Mishra et al, 1976). Increased activity of
peroxidase and catalase during wilting of florets has been
reported earlier in gladiolus (Yamane et al, 1999).

Testing suitability of packaging material for export of
J. sambac and its economics

The best package, B
1
T

4
,
 
for J. sambac was tested

for export suitability by M/S Vanguard Exports, located at
Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India, to the US market and
was found to be suitable, with acceptable levels of flower
freshness, colour and fragrance. This packaging technology
for export to a long-distance market (New Jersey) was also
found to be economically feasible, with cost:benefit ratio of
1:2.5 (Table 6).

Conclusion

From the present investigation, it may be concluded
that for the export of J. sambac flowers, a packaging
technology of treatment with 4% boric acid + packing in
aluminum-foil lined boxes and, further packaging in
Thermocol under gel-ice cold condition, was found to be
highly suitable. Flowers in this package recorded shelf life
of 42.88h, with a cost:benefit ratio of 1:2.5.

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Packaging technology for export of jasmine flowers

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 7(2):180-189, 2012