INTRODUCTION The term ‘Gladiolus’ is derived from the Latin word “gladius”, meaning a sword-shape (leaves of the plant). It belongs to the family Iridaceae and is native to the Cape region of South Africa. It is also known as the queen of bulbous ornamentals, with majestic cut-spikes having florets of a massive form, brilliant colours, attractive shapes, varying sizes and excellent keeping-quality. It is excellent for beds, rockeries, pots, herbaceous borders and cut- flowers. Gladiolus can be cultivated on all types of soil having a good soil-texture and drainage facility. Soil pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 is ideal for growth and development of cut-spike production. It is a winter-season crop, but can be grown during the rainy season in low-rainfall areas experiencing a mild climate. Increase in cut-flower production and quality cut-spikes can be achieved by adopting advanced techniques like using plant growth regulators (GA 3 ) and adjusting the planting date. Not much work has been done on working out suitable planting date and GA 3 requirement in gladiolus under North-West Gujarat conditions. The present investigation was undertaken to arrive at the most suitable planting date and gibberellic acid concentration in gladiolus cv. ‘Yellow Frilled’ for optimal growth and flowering. Influence of gibberellic acid and planting date on growth and flowering in gladiolus cv. Yellow Frilled Suman Kumari, B.S. Patel1 and L.N. Mahawer Department of Horticulture Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur -313001, Rajasthan, India E-mail : mahawer68@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The present investigation was conducted during 2004-05 rabi season to test the influence of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and planting date on growth and flowering in gladiolus cv. Yellow Frilled, at S.D.A.U., S.K. Nagar (Gujarat). This was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and analysed under factorial setup to study the interaction. Results revealed that the earliest sprouting in corm, maximum plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, early spike emergence, number of spikes plant-1 plot-1, spike length, rachis length, number of florets spike-1, and flowering duration were recorded in the earliest planting date, i.e., 25th October. Dipping corm in GA 3 (100pm) also proved to be the best leading to earliest corm sprouting, and various growth/flowering parameters. From these results, it is concluded that in gladiolus, planting on 25th October along with dipping of corms in gibberellic acid (100ppm) at the time of planting, is most effective for improved growth and flowering. Key words: Gladiolus, corm-dipping, gibberellic acid, flowering, planting date, growth MATERIAL AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out at Hi-Tech Horti-Park, Department of Horticulture, Chimanbhai Patel College of Agriculture, Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar (Gujarat) located at 24º.19' North latitude and 72º.19’ East longitude at an elevation of 154.52m above MSL. It represents North Gujarat Agroclimatic region. The experiment was conducted on sandy-loam soil with pH 7.8, organic carbon 0.23%, available N 128kg ha-1, P 2 O 5 37kg ha-1 and K 218kg ha-1 under irrigated conditions in a plot size 0.9m x 1.8m, with a spacing of 45cm x 30cm in three replications with randomized complete block design. Before planting, the corms were treated with various levels of GA 3, viz., 0, 50 and 100ppm for 30 minutes. The corms were sown on different planting dates, viz., 25th October, 2004 (D 1 ), 5th November, 2004 (D 2 ) and 15th November, 2004 (D 3 ). Data was recorded for various parameters, viz., days taken to corm-sprouting, plant height and number of leaves plant-1 at 60 and 90 DAP; leaf area plant-1, days taken to spike-emergence, number of spikes plant-1, number of spikes plot-1, spike length, rachis length, numbers of florets spike-1, duration flower of and vase life of cut-flowers. Data were statistically analyzed as per Panse and Sukhatame (1985) at 5% level of significance. 1Department of Horticulture, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwara Agricultuarl University (S.A.D.U.), Sardar Krushinagar, Dantiwara-385506 (Gujarat) J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):114-117, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. Applied Color Management Settings: Output Intent (Press Profile): GrayCoated_hdm.icc RGB Image: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no RGB Graphic: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no CMYK Image: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no CMYK Graphic: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Turn R=G=B (Tolerance 0.5%) Graphic into Gray: yes Turn C=M=Y,K=0 (Tolerance 0.1%) Graphic into Gray: no CMM for overprinting CMYK graphic: no Gray Image: Apply CMYK Profile: no Gray Graphic: Apply CMYK Profile: no Treat Calibrated RGB as Device RGB: no Treat Calibrated Gray as Device Gray: yes Remove embedded non-CMYK Profiles: no Remove embedded CMYK Profiles: yes Applied Miscellaneous Settings: Colors to knockout: yes Gray to knockout: yes Pure black to overprint: no Turn Overprint CMYK White to Knockout: yes Turn Overprinting Device Gray to K: no CMYK Overprint mode: set to OPM1 if not set Create "All" from 4x100% CMYK: no Delete "All" Colors: no Convert "All" to K: no 115 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of planting date and gibberellic acid on vegetative growth parameters: Observations on days taken to corm-sprouting, plant height (30, 60 and 90 DAP), number of leaves plant-1 (30, 60 and 90 DAP) and leaf area per plant are presented in Table 1. Days taken to corm-sprouting: Earliest corm-sprouting was observed in corms planted on 25th October (8.76 days), while planting on 15th November delayed corm-sprouting. Application of 100ppm GA 3 resulted in increased spike- length and this is in agreement with Moazzam et al (2011) in tuberose; Bhattacharjee (1984) Awad and Hamid (1985), Mukhopadhyay and Bankar (1986) and Ravidas et al (1992) in gladiolus. The effect of GA 3 in increasing rachis length was in agreement with findings of Bhattacharjee (1984) and Ravidas et al (1992) in gladiolus. Number of days taken to corm-sprouting increased with delay in planting date, which may perhaps be due to low winter-temperatures. Similar results were obtained by Saini et al (1988) who observed that late planting took significantly longer to induce corm- sprout compared to early planting, due to low temperature and this was further supported by Laskar and Jana (1994) in gladiolus. Corm-sprouting was significantly affected by gibberellic acid. Number of days taken to sprout was inversely proportional to the concentration of gibberelic acid. Sprouting was early with GA 3 100ppm (8.36 days). Similar results were reported by Janowska et al (2009) in Anemone coronaria L. Plant height: Maximum plant height at 90 days after planting was recorded in corms planted on 25th October (103.30 cm). Significant increase in plant height was achieved with gibberellic acid treatment. Greater plant height gained in early planting may be due to favourable climatic conditions, particularly higher temperature, prevailing during this period under Sarkar Krushinagar conditions. Similar observations were also recorded by Dod et al (1989) in gladiolus. Gaastra (1980) reported that with soil moisture and light as non-limiting, higher temperatures accelerated growth. This response is in agreement with results obtained in gladiolus by Mahesh and Misra (1993), Mohanty et al (1994) and Delvadia et al (2009) with application of 250 ppm GA 3 in Gaillardia pulchella. Number of leaves per plant: Number of leaves plant-1 was significantly higher in 25th October planted corms compared to the other two treatments (Table 1). Gibberellic acid treatment too increased leaf number significantly. Leaf area per plant: Data reveal that leaf area plant-1 was significantly greater in corms planted on 25th October (161.36 cm2), while delayed planting reduced leaf area in 5th November (153.25 cm2) and 15th November (150.21cm2) plantings, respectively. The present results are in close conformity with Misra (1997) who found higher leaf length in 30th October plantings in gladiolus. Leaf area plant-1 was also higher in GA 3 100ppm (160.72 cm2) application, followed by GA 3 50ppm (156.53 cm2), while, minimum leaf area plant-1 was observed in the Control. GA 3 @50-100ppm as foliar spray 40 days after bulb-planting in tuberose resulted in increased leaf length, as reported by Moazzam et al (2011). Effect of planting date and gibberellic acid on flowering characters: In Table 2, data indicates various flower characters like days taken to spike-emergence, number of spikes plant-1, number of spikes plot-1, spike length, rachis length, number of florets spike-1, flower-duration and vase life of cut-spikes. Results are discussed under sub-heads. Days taken to spike-emergence: Number of spikes, number of florets, length of rachis and length of spike were significantly higher in 25th October planting, and in GA 3 (100 ppm) treated corms, compared to late plantings or in other GA treatments. These findings are in line with those of Saini et al (1988) and Dod et al (1989) in gladiolus. Stimulating effect of gibberellins in flower development has also been described by Mittal (1967), Biswas et al (1983) and Jana and Biswas (1982). Table 1. Effect of planting date and GA 3 concentration on vegetative growth in gladiolus cv. Yellow Frilled Gibberellic acid conc. Days Plant No. of Leaf taken to height leaves area (cm2) sprout (cm) 90 DAP 90 DAP Control (0ppm) 10.24 95.70 8.78 147.57 G 1 (50ppm) 9.00 97.79 9.33 156.53 G 2 (100ppm) 8.36 99.03 9.51 160.72 SEm ± 0.11 0.66 0.12 1.23 CD (P=0.05) 0.33 1.98 0.37 3.70 Planting date D 1 (25th Oct.) 8.76 103.30 10.26 161.36 D 2 (5th Nov.) 9.23 96.20 9.04 153.25 D 3 (15th Nov.) 9.61 93.02 8.32 150.21 SEm ± 0.11 0.66 0.12 1.23 CD (P=0.05) 0.33 1.98 0.37 3.70 D x G SEm ± 0.19 1.14 0.22 2.14 C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS = Non-significant Growth and flowering in gladiolus J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):114-117, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. 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The present findings are closer to results of Bankar and Mukhopadhyay (1980) who reported that October – November planting of gladiolus resulted in the best quality cut-spikes (spike length, rachis length, number and size of florets). This is further supported by Khanna and Gill (1983). Positive effect of gibberellic acid on number of florets per spike, flower-size and flower uniformity was reported by Runkle (2006), Ravidas et al (1982) and Mahesh and Misra (1993) in gladiolus, while, Jana and Biswas (1982) and Biswas et al (1983) reported the same in tuberose. Flower duration: Longer duration was observed in October 25th planting, followed by November 5th planting. The present findings are in conformity with those of Misra (1997) and Mahesh and Misra (1993), also in gladiolus. Spike emergence was earlier in 25th October planting and with 100ppm GA 3 treatment. Vase life of cut-spikes: Highest vase-life of cut-spikes was obtained in early planting, viz., 25th October (7.44 days) compared to late planting, ie., 15th November (6.56 days). Vase life of cut-spikes significantly improved with increasing levels of GA 3 in corm-dipping treatment. Vase life of cut- spikes was also associated with maintenance of fresh weight, size of opened floret, uptake of water, longevity of open floret, pulsing, biocide and number of open florets per spike. Mohanty et al (1994) reported increased vase-life in gladiolus in corms treated with growth regulators. GA3 reduced water loss and had anti-senescence properties, leading to enhanced shelf-life of flowers (Singh et al, 1994). Interaction effect between planting date and gibberellic acid on various growth and flowering characters in gladiolus was found to be non-significant. From the present investigation, it is concluded that gladiolus planting on 25th October along with corm-dip in gibberellic acid @ 50ppm for 30 minutes at the time of planting, is the most effective for improved the growth and flowering under North Gujarat conditions. REFERENCES Arora, J.S. and Sandhu, G.S. 1987. Effect of two planting dates on the performance of fifteen gladiolus cultivars. Punjab Hort. J., 27:243-249 Awad, A.R.E. and Hamied, A.A. 1985. Anatomical study on gladiolus stem apex as affected by kinetin, gibberellin, Ethephon concentrations and gamma- irradiation doses. Acta Hort., 167:177-185 Bankar, G.J. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1980. A note on effect of time of planting on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Ind. J. Hort., 37:305-308 Bhattacharjee, S.K. 1984.The effects of growth regulating chemicals on gladiolus, Gartenbauwissenschaft, 49:103-106 Biswas, J., Bose, T.K. and Maiti, R.G. 1983. Effect of growth substances on growth and flowering of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.). South Ind. Hort., 31:129-132 Cocozza, M. 1971. Gladiolus production and quality. Pepinieristes Horticultures, Maraichers, 119:31- 36 Delvadia, D.V., Ahlawat, T.R. and Meena, B. J. 2009. Effect of different GA 3 concentrations and frequency on growth, flowering and yield in gaillardia cv. Lorenziana. J. Hort. Sci., 4:81-84 Table 2. Effect of planting date and gibberellic acid concentration on flowering in gladiolus cv. Yellow Frilled Gibberellic acid conc. No. of spikes Length of Length of Days taken to No. of florets Duration of Vase life per plant spike (cm) rachis (cm) spike emergence per spike flower (days) G 1 (0 ppm) 1.04 56.26 30.51 78.32 8.28 9.44 6.22 G 2 (50 ppm) 1.16 61.08 32.56 76.44 8.88 10.11 7.44 G 3 (100 ppm) 1.33 65.02 34.86 74.61 9.63 10.56 7.67 SEm ± 0.05 1.84 0.65 0.53 0.23 0.17 0.25 C.D. (P=0.05) 0.16 5.50 1.95 1.58 0.68 0.51 0.76 Planting date D 1 (25th Oct.) 1.38 66.21 37.50 75.00 10.36 10.78 7.44 D 2 (5th Nov.) 1.18 62.53 31.77 76.59 8.93 10.33 7.33 D 3 (15th Nov.) 0.98 53.61 28.66 77.79 7.50 9.00 6.56 SEm ± 0.05 1.84 0.65 0.53 0.23 0.17 0.25 C.D. (P=0.05) 0.16 5.50 1.95 1.58 0.68 0.51 NS D x G SEm ± 0.09 3.18 1.13 0.92 0.39 0.29 0.44 C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS = Non-significant Suman Kumari et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):114-117, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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Effect of dates of planting and size of corm on growth and flower yield of gladiolus. P.K.V. Res. J., 13:164-165 Gaastra, P. 1980. Climatic control of photosynthesis and respiration. In Environmental Control of Plant Growth. Evans, L.T. (ed.), Academic Press, New Delhi, pp. 113-118 Jana, B.K. and Biswas, S. 1982. Effect of growth regulators on growth and flowering of tuberose. South Ind. Hort., 30:163-165 Janowska, B., Schroeter-Zakrzewska, A. and Rybus-Zaj¹c, M. 2009. Effect of benzyladenine and gibberellic acid on the growth and flowering of Anemone coronaria L. ‘Sylphide’. Electonic J. Polish Agril. Univ., 12: pp 2 Khanna, K. and Gill, A.P.S. 1983. Effect of planting time of gladiolus corms on flower and cormel production. Punjab Hort. J., 23:116-120 Laskar, M.A. and Jana, B.K. 1994. Effect of planting time and size of corms on plant growth, flowering and corm production of gladiolus. Ind. Agri., 38:89-97 Mahesh, K.S. and Misra, R.L. 1993. Effect of growth regulators on gladiolus. J. Orn. Hort., 1:12-15 Misra, R.L. 1997. Residual effect of previous planting seasons on growth and flowering of gladiolus in the following growing season. Ann. Agril., Res. 18:222- 224 Mittal, S.P. 1967. Studies on the effect of gibberellin on growth and flowering of dahlia. Madras Agri. J., 54:103-107 Mohanty, C.R., Sena, D.K. and Das, R.C. 1994. Studies on the effect of corm size and pre-planting chemicals treatment of corms on growth and flowering of gladiolus. Orissa J. Hort., 22:1-4 Moazzam, H.A., Zeynab, R. and Jafar, A. 2011. Response of tuberose to gibberellic acid and benzyladenine. Hortl. Environ. Biotechnol., 52:46-51 Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bankar, G.J. 1986. Pre-planting soaking of corms with gibberellic acid, modified growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. ‘Friendship’. Ind. Agri., 30:317-319 Panse, V.G. and Sukhtame, P.V. 1985. Statistical methods for agricultural workers, ICAR Publication, New Delhi, pp. 145-156 Ravidas, L., Rajeevan, P.K. and Valsala Kumari, P.K. 1992. Effect of foliar application of growth regulators on the growth, flowering and corm yield of gladiolus cv. Friendship. South Ind. Hort., 40:329-335 Roychoudhauri, N., Biswas, J., Dhua, R.S. and Mitra, S.K. 1985. Effect of chemicals on germination, growth, flowering and corm yield of gladiolus. Ind. Agri., 29:215-217 Runkle, E. 2006. Recovering from a PGR overdose. Greenhouse Production News, 16:78 Saini, R.S., Gupta, A.K. and Yamdagni, R. 1988. Effect of planting time on the flowering and cormel production of gladiolus (Gladiolus floribundus L.). South Ind. Hort., 36:248-251 Shillo, R. and Halevy, A.H. 1981. Flower and corm development in gladiolus as affected by photoperiod. Sci. Hort., 15:187-196 Singh, J.N., Singh, D.K. and Sharma K.K. 1994. Effect of GA 3 and Alar on growth, flowering and seed production of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.). Orissa J. Hort., 22:10-12 (MS Received 8 July 2009, Revised 7 June 2010) Growth and flowering in gladiolus J. Hortl. Sci. 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