Using genetic resources for developing sustainable solutions to basic crop-constraints has been suggested from time to time but these resources have not been exploited fully due to the inherent problem of their large size and lack of adequate evaluation and classification (Dahlberg, 1995). Germplasm exploration, maintenance, evaluation and characterization with reference to economically important traits is a pre-requisite for improvement programmes in any crop. The yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) is one of the tastiest wild fruits, growing in abundance throughout the North-Western Himalayas. Besides providing essential nutrients required in the human diet, this fruit has great potential in agro-processing industries as squash, jam, yoghurt and ice-cream (Singh and Kumar, 2001; Singh et al, 2009). Due to cross-pollination coupled with predominance of sexual propagation, the wild population exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity for economically important characters. Improvement in yield and quality of highly cross-pollinated crops like wild raspberry is generally achieved by selecting from naturally occurring populations genotypes with desirable characters. Assessment of genetic diversity in wild raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) native to North-Western Himalayan region Dinesh Singh, K. Kumar and Vikas Kumar Sharma Department of Fruit Science, University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan - 173230, India E-mail: dinesh_hort@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Nature and magnitude of genetic diversity was assessed in 170 wild raspberry genotypes based on eight quantitative characteristics, viz., fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, TSS, acidity, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and Vitamin C. A survey was conducted in three north-western Himalayan states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand. The species was found to be distributed between 760 and 1950m AMSL, 30O10’159" to 33O04’693"N and 74O44’076" to 78O25’681"E. The non-hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in 12 clusters of genotypes. The cluster pattern did not exhibit any interrelation between geographical isolation and genetic diversity. Of the 170 genotypes, 31 fell in Cluster XII, 27 in Cluster V, 19 in Cluster I, 17 in Cluster IX, 16 in Cluster VIII, 15 in Cluster XI, 13 in Cluster II, 12 in Cluster VII, 10 in Cluster III, six in Cluster X, three in Cluster VI and one genotype in Cluster IV. Genotypes falling under Clusters III, VI , VI can be used as parents in hybridization programmes for improving important traits like TSS, fruit weight and acidity respectively. Key words: Raspberry, genetic diversity, cluster analysis Mahalanobis (1936) D2 statistics based on multivariate analysis of quantitative traits is a powerful tool for measuring divergence in a set of population. Therefore, an attempt was made to study geographical distribution vis-a-vis multivariate analysis of genetic divergence of wild raspberry naturalized in the North-Western Himalayas. An exploration in the North-Western Himalayas was undertaken during the years 2007 and 2008 in the sub- tropical to wet-temperate areas of Solan, Shimla, Mandi, Kullu and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh; Kathua, Udhampur, Samba, Jammu and Reasi districts of Jammu and Kashmir; and, Dehradun, Rishikesh, Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal districts of Uttarakhand. GIS data of the areas surveyed were recorded with the help of GPS (GPS MAP- 76, Germin, Taiwan) (Table-1). As many as 170 raspberry genotypes, growing scattered, were marked in different geographical regions (Fig.1) for exploration with the local inhabitants. A random sample of 30 fruits in three replicates were taken from each genotype marked and observations were recorded on fruit quality characters, viz., berry weight (g), berry length (mm), berry breadth (mm), TSS (0B), acidity (%), reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugars (%), Vitamin Short communication J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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Geographical distribution of Rubus ellipticus genotypes in some location of North-Western Himalayas Genotype Location Altitude Latitude Longitude Distribution Majhgaon-1 Majhgaon 1482 30o53’115" 77o07’081" Abundant Majhgaon-2 Majhgaon-3 Oachhghat-1 Oachhghat Kiar-1 Kyar 1258 30o52’076" 77o07’646" Frequent Dhillon-1 Dhillon 1411 30o52’816" 77o04’216" Frequent Kumarhatti-1 Kumarhatti 1590 30o53’431" 77o03’127" Frequent Shaktighat-1 Shaktighat 1442 30o56’266" 76o57’739" Frequent Garkhal-1 Garkhal 1621 30o54’085" 76o58’922" Occasional Garkhal-2 Gangli-1 Ganglimour 1415 30o56’847" 76o57’199" Frequent Khariyana-1 Khadiyana 1328 30o56’356" 77o01’589" Frequent Khariyana-2 Khariyana-3 Khariyana-4 Khariyana-5 Bhimboot-1 Bhimboot 1330 30o56’276" 77o01’641" Abundant Deothi-1 Deothi 1390 30o56’447" 77o02’300" Frequent Deothi-2 Deothi-3 Dedhghrat-1 Dedhghrat 1482 30o57’314" 77o06’827" Abundant Dedhghrat-2 Dedhghrat-3 Dedhghrat-4 Dedhghrat-5 Dedhghrat-6 Dedhghrat-7 Salogra-1 Salogra 1443 30o56’005" 77o07’906" Frequent Salogra-2 Salogra-3 Padag-1 Padag 1480 30o55’411" 77o06’320" Occasional Padag-2 Kiarighat-1 Kyari 1627 30o59’488" 77o05’670" Occasional Kiarighat-2 Kiarighat-3 HRSK-1 HRSK 1476 30o57’320" 77o06’850" Abundant HRSK-2 HRSK-3 Vaknaghat-1 Vaknaghat 1697 31o00’520" 77o05’519" Abundant Vaknaghat-2 Vaknaghat-3 Kandaghat-1 Kandaghat 1415 30o58’154" 77o06’334" Frequent Kandaghat-2 Kandaghat-3 Kandaghat-4 Kandaghat-5 Kandaghat-6 Kaithleghat-1 Kaithleghat 1710 30o58’198" 77o06’206" Frequent Kaithleghat-2 Kaithleghat-3 Shamlech-1 Shamlech 1513 30o54’650" 77o06’591" Frequent Shoghi-1 Shoghi 1804 31o02’519" 77o07’631" Frequent Shoghi-2 Shoghi-3 Shoghi-4 Shoghi-5 Shoghi-6 Contd. Genetic diversity of native wild-raspberry in NW Himalayas J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. Applied Color Management Settings: Output Intent (Press Profile): GrayCoated_hdm.icc RGB Image: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no RGB Graphic: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no CMYK Image: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no CMYK Graphic: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Turn R=G=B (Tolerance 0.5%) Graphic into Gray: yes Turn C=M=Y,K=0 (Tolerance 0.1%) Graphic into Gray: no CMM for overprinting CMYK graphic: no Gray Image: Apply CMYK Profile: no Gray Graphic: Apply CMYK Profile: no Treat Calibrated RGB as Device RGB: no Treat Calibrated Gray as Device Gray: yes Remove embedded non-CMYK Profiles: no Remove embedded CMYK Profiles: yes Applied Miscellaneous Settings: Colors to knockout: yes Gray to knockout: yes Pure black to overprint: no Turn Overprint CMYK White to Knockout: yes Turn Overprinting Device Gray to K: no CMYK Overprint mode: set to OPM1 if not set Create "All" from 4x100% CMYK: no Delete "All" Colors: no Convert "All" to K: no 150 Panthaghati-1 Panthaghati 1979 31o04’214" 77o10’930" Occasional Panthaghati-2 Panthaghati-3 Hiranagar-1 Hiranagar 1805 31o07’119" 77o06’104" Occasional Hiranagar-2 Hiranagar-3 Ghanahatti-1 Ghanahatti 1700 31o08’127" 77o05’285" Abundant Ghanahatti-2 Ghanahatti-3 Nadokhar-1 Nadokhar 1529 31o09’093" 77o01’352" Frequent Kalani-1 Kalani 1591 31o09’782" 77o02’178" Abundant Kalani-2 Kalani-3 Bithari-1 Bithari 1700 31o24’540" 77o08’074" Abundant Bithari-2 Sanarali-1 Sanarali 1610 31o20’265" 77o11’130" Occasional Sanarali-2 Nalagali-1 Nalagali 1750 31o21’345" 77o12’016" Occasional Nalagali-2 Badhu-1 Badhu 1813 31o29’535" 77o00’580" Abundant Badhu-2 Badhu-3 Badhu-4 Kukarigalu-1 Kukarigalu 1764 31o31’518" 76o59’648" Abundant Kukarigalu-2 Gumma-1 Gumma 1506 31o57’916" 76o51’155" Abundant Gumma-2 Maigal-1 Maigal 1171 31o45’702" 76o56’973" Frequent Maigal-2 Chhaprahan-1 Chhaprahan 1138 31o37’962" 77o03’712" Frequent Chhaprahan-2 Chhaprahan-3 Chailchowk-1 Chailchowk 1435 31o33’985" 77o00’013" Abundant Pandoh-1 Pandoh-2 Ghatasani-1 Ghatasni 1650 31o56’705" 76o50’000" Frequent Ghatasani-2 Balichowki-1 Balichowki 1115 31o41’723" 77o16’617" Abundant Balichowki-2 Chihuntapul-1 Chihuntapul 1276 31o39’125" 77o20’315" Frequent Chihuntapul-2 Chihuntapul-3 Targali-1 Targali 1238 31o39’593" 77o19’081" Frequent Targali-2 Targali-3 Sidhwan-1 Sidhwan 1283 31o39’021" 77o20’419" Frequent Seobag-1 Seobagh 1225 31o59’460" 77o08’056" Occasional Seobag-2 Karasu-1 Karasu 1432 32o02’108" 77o08’218" Frequent Karasu-2 Raison-1 Raison 1460 32o03’234" 77o08’209" Frequent Raison-2 Chhattenseri-1 Chhattenseri 1373 32o03’213" 77o07’722" Occasional Bandrol-1 Bandrol 1342 32o01’506" 77o07’393" Occasional Bandrol-2 Bandrol-3 Bandrol-4 Contd. Genotype Location Altitude Latitude Longitude Distribution Dinesh Singh et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. Applied Color Management Settings: Output Intent (Press Profile): GrayCoated_hdm.icc RGB Image: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no RGB Graphic: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no CMYK Image: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no CMYK Graphic: Profile: ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Preserve Black: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Turn R=G=B (Tolerance 0.5%) Graphic into Gray: yes Turn C=M=Y,K=0 (Tolerance 0.1%) Graphic into Gray: no CMM for overprinting CMYK graphic: no Gray Image: Apply CMYK Profile: no Gray Graphic: Apply CMYK Profile: no Treat Calibrated RGB as Device RGB: no Treat Calibrated Gray as Device Gray: yes Remove embedded non-CMYK Profiles: no Remove embedded CMYK Profiles: yes Applied Miscellaneous Settings: Colors to knockout: yes Gray to knockout: yes Pure black to overprint: no Turn Overprint CMYK White to Knockout: yes Turn Overprinting Device Gray to K: no CMYK Overprint mode: set to OPM1 if not set Create "All" from 4x100% CMYK: no Delete "All" Colors: no Convert "All" to K: no 151 Sarali-1 Sarali 1060 32o17’549" 76o06’986" Abundant Sarali-2 Sarali-3 Sarali-4 Sarali-5 Lahru-1 Lahru 770 32o24’343" 75o58’607" Occasional Lahru-2 Lahru-3 Koti-1 Koti 834 32o39’704" 77o01’736" Frequent Koti-2 Koti-3 Koti-4 Daintha-1 Daintha 914 32o19’664" 76o03’956" Frequent Sihunta-1 Sihunta 928 32o18’084" 76o05’383" Frequent Sihunta-2 Patka-1 Patka 1086 32o20’292" 76o02’250" Frequent Patka-2 Drumnalla-1 Drumnalla 1096 32o17’337" 76o07’337" Frequent Drumnalla-2 Bhatoli-1 Bhatoli 1360 32o31’273" 75o56’460" Frequent Kudera-1 Kudera 1126 32o37’755" 75o53’968" Frequent Kudera-2 Saroga-1 Saroga 1277 32o37’249" 75o52’166" Frequent Koharnala-1 Koharnala 1298 32o37’405" 75o51’454" Frequent Pepari-1 Pepari 1370 32o37’812" 75o53’518" Frequent Pepari-2 Ranichauri-1 Ranichauri 1737 30o19’335" 78o24’395" Frequent Ranichauri-2 Ranichauri-3 Ranichauri-4 Hill Campus-1 Hill Campus 1846 30o18’834" 78o24’507" Frequent Badshahithol-1 Badshahithol 1804 30o20’264" 78o24’326" Abundant Badshahithol-2 Badshahithol-3 Badshahithol-4 Dharkot-1 Dharkot 1340 30o23’244" 78o23’685" Frequent Chamba-1 Chamba 1598 30o20’711" 78o23’678" Frequent Chamba-2 Chamba-3 Chamba-4 Than-1 Than 1470 30o19’911" 78o23’561" Frequent Than-2 Hindola-1 Hindola 1367 30o11’016" 78o18’771" Frequent Kot Maniar-1 Kot Maniyar 1430 30o22’017" 78o23’605" Frequent Ramgarh-1 Ramgarh 1395 30o24’015" 78o24’831" Occasional Baurgaon-1 Baurgaon 1438 30o24’338" 78o24’881" Occasional Chopdiyal-1 Chopdiyal 1923 30o22’465" 78o22’296" Frequent Chopdiyal-2 Sabali-1 Sabali 1370 30o19’276" 78o23’702" Abundant Sabali-2 Sabali-3 Sabali-4 Chopdiyali-1 Chopdiyali 1290 30o19’866" 78o22’690" Frequent Kotigad-1 Kotigad 1355 30o22’383" 78o23’660" Frequent Guldi-1 Guldi 1600 30o21’346" 78o23’598" Frequent Kirgani-1 Kirgani 1319 30o24’243" 78o23’913" Occasional Genotype Location Altitude Latitude Longitude Distribution Genetic diversity of native wild-raspberry in NW Himalayas J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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Map showing areas surveyed for biodiversity studies in Rubus ellipticus Smith in North-Western Himalayas Areas surveyed Location of selected R. ellipticus genotypes LEGENDS INDIA Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Dinesh Singh et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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Berry size was measured with digital Vernier Calipers (Mitutoyo, Japan-CD-6"CS), berry weight with an electronic balance, TSS by digital refractometer and acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid as per standard procedures of Ranganna (1986). Mean data of eight quantitative traits of 170 genotypes were subjected to non-hierarchical cluster analysis (through the statistical software SPSS 10.0) for studying the pattern of genetic divergence, using Mahalanobis D2 statistics, and grouping the genotypes as per the method suggested by Tocher (Rao, 1952). On the basis of the extensive survey conducted in three Indian states of the North-Western Himalayas, the species under study (Rubus ellipticus Smith) was found to be geographically located between 760m and 1950m AMSL, at 30 010’159" to 33 004’693"N and 74 044’076" to 78025’681"E (Table 1). Analysis of variance for eight quantitative traits showed significant differences among the 170 genotypes, indicating the existence of genetic diversity (Table 5). These 170 genotypes fell into 12 Clusters (Table 2). It was apparent that 31 genotypes were in Cluster XII, 27 in Cluster V, 19 in Cluster I, 17 in Cluster IX, 16 in Cluster VIII, 15 in Cluster XI, 13 in Cluster II, 12 in Cluster VII, 10 in Cluster III, six in Cluster X, three in Cluster VI and only one in Cluster IV. Clustering pattern of the genotypes showed that a genotype from a particular area did not necessarily belong to the same cluster. From a study of genetic divergence among the 170 genotypes, it appears that genetic drift and natural selection under different environmental conditions could cause considerable diversity compared to that caused by geographical distance. Upon divergence, some of the genotypes belonging to different eco-geographic regions could be grouped under one Cluster while genotypes belonging to a particular geographic origin were distributed under different clusters suggesting, that, geographic distances do not necessarily represent genetic diversity (Dwivedi and Mitra, 1995; Maiti et al, 2002). To start a breeding programme involving selection of parents from a large number of genotypes, it is necessary to first classify the genotypes into groups based on their distinguishing characteristics. Such grouping of genotypes is useful for efficient selection of parents in a hybridization programme. Clustering of the 170 genotypes based on eight quantitative traits using non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis gives an idea of extent of similarities and dissimilarities among the genotypes. Inter-and intra-cluster distances thus obtained enable the breeder to decide on the Table 2. Clustering pattern of 170 pre-selected genotypes of raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) based on eight quantitative characters of horticultural importance Cluster No. of Name of genotype genotypes I 19 Garkhal-2, Deothi-1, Deothi-3, Dedhghrat-1, HRSK-2, Kandaghat-2, Kandaghat-4, Kaithleghat-3, Shoghi-2, Nadokhar- 1, Kalani-1, Kalani-2, Sanarali-1, Nalagali-1, Gumma-2, Maigal-1, Pandoh-2, Sarali-1, Ramgarh-1 II 13 Vaknaghat-2, Shoghi-6, Pandoh-1, Targali-2, Sidhwan-1, Sihunta-1, Ranichauri-1, Badshahithol-2, Hindola-1, Chopdiyal- 1, Chopdiyal-2, Sabali-1, Sabali-2 III 10 Majhgaon-3, Kandaghat-1, Kandaghat-6, Shoghi-5, Sanarali-2, Ghatasani-1, Chihuntapul-1, Sarali-5, Kudera-2, Pepari-2 IV 1 Dharkot-1 V 27 Majhgaon-2, Dhillon-1, Khariyana-1, Bhimboot-1, Deothi-2, Dedhghrat-5, Dedhghrat-7, Padag-2, Vaknaghat-3, Shamlech-1, Shoghi-1, Shoghi-3, Shoghi-4, Bithari-2, Badhu-3, Maigal-2, Balichowki-2, Targali-1, Seobag-2, Karasu-1, Raison-1, Bandrol-2, Bandrol-3, Sarali-4, Lahru-2, Lahru-3, Drumnalla-1 VI 3 Hill Campus-1, Badshahithol-1, Sabali-4 VII 12 Kumarhatti-1, Kaithleghat-1, Panthaghati-3, Bithari-1, Badhu-1, Badhu-2, Badhu-4, Kukarigalu-2, Chhaprahan-2, Chhaprahan-3, Chailchowk-1, Sarali-3 VIII 16 Oachhghat-1, Khariyana-2, Dedhghrat-4, Salogra-2, Padag-1, Kiarighat-1, Ghatasani-2, Seobag-1, Sarali-2, Daintha-1, Bhatoli-1, Badshahithol-3, Badshahithol -4, Chamba-3, Chamba-4, Kotigad-1 IX 17 Khariyana-4, Khariyana-5, Salogra-1, Kiarighat-2, Kiarighat-3, HRSK-1, Balichowki-1, Koti-3, Kudera-4, Than-1, Than-2, Kot Maniar-1, Baurgaon-1, Sabali-3, Chopdiyali-1, Guldi-1, Kirgani-1 X 6 Shaktighat-1, Garkhal-1, Dedhghrat-2, Dedhghrat-6, Kandaghat-5, Pepari-1 XI 15 Majhgaon-1, Gangli-1, Dedhghrat-3, Vaknaghat-1, Hiranagar-2, Ghanahatti-3, Kukarigalu-1, Chhaprahan-1, Raison-2, Chhattenseri-1, Bandrol-1, Ranichauri-2, Ranichauri-3, Chamba-1, Chamba-2 XII 31 Kiar-1, Khariyana-3, Salogra-3, HRSK-3, Kandaghat-3, Kaithleghat-2, Panthaghati-1, Panthaghati-2, Hiranagar-1, Hiranagar-3, Ghanahatti-1, Ghanahatti-2, Kalani-3, Nalagali-2, Gumma-1, Chihuntapul-2, Chihuntapul-3, Targali-3, Karasu-2, Bandrol-4, Lahru-1, Koti-1, Koti-2, Koti-4, Sihunta-2, Patka-1, Patka-2, Drumnalla-2, Kudera-1, Kudera-3, Ranichauri-4 Genetic diversity of native wild-raspberry in NW Himalayas J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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Average inter-cluster distance was maximum (10.77) between Clusters IV and VI, whereas, it was minimum (1.97) between Cluster II and XII indicating, that, hybridization among genotypes under Clusters IV and VI can be made to get high heterotic effects, and expect desirable segregants. Whereas, low inter-cluster distance between Clusters II and XII would recommend non-inclusion of genotypes falling under these clusters in any hybridization programme. Similar conclusions were drawn by Rai and Misra (2005), Kaushal and Sharma (2005) and Shah et al (2010) in their respective studies based upon cluster analysis of 17 genotypes of bael, 229 genotypes of pecan, and 13 genotypes of almond. Intra-cluster distance was maximum (7.02) within Cluster X, and minimum (1.90) within Cluster XII (Table 3). Low range of distances within a cluster depicts lesser diversity among genotypes. Highest average fruit weight (0.67g) and non-reducing sugars (11.2%) were observed in Cluster VI. Average fruit TSS was maximum (17.2%) in Cluster III. Cluster IV showed the highest values for reducing sugars (4.9%), acidity (1.42%) and Vitamin C (5.1mg/100g). Fruit acidity was minimum (1.29%) in Cluster VII. Fruit length and breadth were maximum in Cluster XI (12.29 mm) and Cluster V (12.76 mm), respectively (Table 4). Genotypes falling under Cluster VI can be used as parents in breeding for improvement in fruit weight. Similarly, genotypes under Cluster III can be used as a potential source for higher TSS content in berries. Genotypes of Clusters IV and VII can lend themselves as parental sources for the chemical characters of fruit like Vitamin C, sugars and acidity. Conclusions on similar lines were drawn by various workers in their studies (Singh et al. 2003 in pomegranate, Roy and Misra, 2005 in bael, Gohil and Pandya, 2006 in salicornia and Nagar and Fageria, 2006 in lehsua). Table 3. Average inter-and intra-cluster distance (D2) among 170 genotypes of raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) Cluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I 3.92 3.30 2.22 6.92 4.18 5.17 3.93 2.04 4.54 3.61 5.61 2.65 II 3.02 3.97 8.10 2.64 3.45 3.75 2.37 3.34 4.60 3.29 1.97 III 3.16 7.90 5.47 4.73 2.85 3.61 5.94 5.50 5.85 3.35 IV 5.34 6.75 10.77 8.36 6.89 6.35 6.81 7.90 6.50 V 4.17 6.03 4.99 3.11 2.07 4.33 2.94 2.29 VI 6.19 5.03 4.62 6.18 6.66 5.86 4.89 VII 6.10 4.77 6.19 7.06 4.06 3.32 VIII 4.11 2.83 2.52 4.98 2.16 IX 6.26 3.32 4.31 2.94 X 7.02 6.90 4.20 XI 6.40 3.21 XII 1.90 Figures in the diagonal represent intra-cluster distance Table 4. Cluster means for eight characters in 170 genotypes of raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) Character Cluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Fruit weight (g) 0.51 0.55 0.52 0.51 0.54 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.5 0.45 0.63 0.53 Fruit length (mm) 8.7 10.26 10.19 10.05 9.95 10.96 11.51 9.09 10.05 7.68 12.29 10.63 Fruit breadth (mm) 11.55 12.63 11.8 10.41 12.76 12.01 14.17 10.93 10.85 9.28 14.36 12.12 Fruit TSS (0B) 15.63 13.67 17.2 12.9 11.84 15.51 16.36 13.99 11.39 13.02 12.4 13.92 Acidity (%) 1.34 1.32 1.33 1.42 1.31 1.33 1.29 1.33 1.32 1.34 1.31 1.34 Reducing sugars (%) 2.91 3.27 2.75 4.9 2.81 3.93 2.72 3.46 3.45 2.92 3.11 2.87 Non-reducing sugars (%) 6.69 8.52 7.02 1.03 6.74 11.2 6.95 7.45 6.87 6.87 7.11 6.72 Vitamin C (mg/100g) 3.98 4.01 3.94 5.1 3.68 3.97 3.76 3.74 3.82 3.9 3.92 3.86 Table 5. Analysis of variance for some quantitative traits of horticultural importance for pre-selected genotypes of raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) Character Mean squares Replication Treatment Error Degree of Freedom (d.f.) 2 169 338 Berry weight (g) 0.003 0.048* 0.001 Berry length (mm) 0.062 5.462* 0.039 Berry breadth (mm) 0.053 5.851* 0.044 TSS (0B) 0.0001 10.594* 0.06 Acidity (%) 0.0004 0.050* 0.002 Reducing sugars (%) 0.076 1.079* 0.032 Non- reducing sugars (%) 0.048 2.996* 0.04 Vitamin C (mg/100g) 0.096 0.602* 0.027 CD at (P = 0.05) Dinesh Singh et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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REFERENCES Dahlberg, J.A. 1995. Operators’ Handbook for Sorghum Germplasm Maintenance. ARS Special Publication. Beltsville, MD, USA Dwivedi, A.K. and Mitra, S.K. 1995. Genotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Ind. Agri., 39:57-61 Gohil, R.H. and Pandya, J.B. 2006. Genetic divergence in salicornia (Salicornia brachiata Roxb.). Ind. J. Genet., 66:75-76 Mahalanobis, P.C. 1936. On the generalized distance in statistics. Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. (India), 2:49-55 Maiti, C.S., Wangchu, L. and Mitra, S.K. 2002. Genetic divergence in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Ind. J. Genet., 62: 369-370 Nagar, B.L. and Fageria, M.S. 2006. Genetic divergence in lehsua (Cordia myxa Roxb.). Ind. J. Genet., 66:67-68 Rai, D. and Misra, K.K. 2005. Studies on genetic divergence in bael (Aegle marmelos Correa). Ind. J. Hort., 62:152-54 Rajan, S., Yadava, L.P., Kumar, R. and Saxena, S.K. 2009. Genetic divergence in mango varieties and possible use in breeding Ind. J. Hort., 66:7-12 Ranganna, S. 1986. Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruit and vegetable products (2nd ed.), Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi Rao, C.R. 1952. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York Shah, S., Sharma, G. and Sharma, N. 2010. Heritability, genetic variability, correlation and non- hierarchical cluster analysis of different almond ( Prunus dulcis) genotypes. Ind. J. Agril. Sci, 80:576-583 Singh, R., Meena, K.K. and Singh, S.K. 2003. Genetic divergence for yield and its component traits in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Ind. J. Pl. Genet. Resources, 16:133-34 Singh D., Kumar, K. and Sharma, V.K. 2009. Evaluation of raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) genotypes growing wild in the North-Western Himalayas for berry quality traits. Ind J. Agril. Sci., 79:913-916 (MS Received 02 September 2010, Revised 13 April 2011) Genetic diversity of native wild-raspberry in NW Himalaya J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 6(2):148-155, 2011 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. 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