Comparative performance of mango varieties grafted on Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock M.S. Gawankar, B.R. Salvi, S.A. Chavan and N.V. Dalvi Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle - 416 516, India E–mail: gawankarms@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Research on rootstock in mango is very limited in our country. Kalapady was reported to be a dwarfing rootstock. Recent trend among mango growers is to high density orcharding with dwarfening nature of the varietie. Efforts were made at Agriculture Research Station, Mulde, to study comparative performance of Ratna, Alphonso and Kesar mango on Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock i.e., heterozygous seedling stock and the effect of rootstock on a scion under high density of 5m x 5m spacing. Results indicated that use of Vellaikolamban rootstock reduced plant volume in scion cv. Alphonso by 39.1%, followed by 24.9% in Ratna and 26.5% in cv. Kesar. As volume of the canopy was reduced, it directly influenced fruit yield cvs. Alphonso and Ratna. However, reduction in canopy volume had a positive influence on yield in cv. Kesar. Net returns of Rs.38,629/- per ha were maximum for Kesar with the rootstock Vellaikolamban. Key words: Mango, Ratna, Alphosno, Kesar, Vellaikolamban, Mixed rootstock, polyembryonic, dwarfing, volume, yield INTRODUCTION Konkan region of Maharashtra is a traditional belt of mango cultivation particularly, cv. Alphonso which occupies an area of 1,64,000 ha. Though Alphonso is the chief commercial variety of the region, cultivars Kesar and Ratna are gaining popularity with the concept of high density orcharding. However, the weather of the region favours crop viguor. Wide variation in performance of the same variety within an orchard using grafts prepared out of heterozygous seedling stocks restricts establishment of high density orchards. Rootstock research work in mango is still in its infantly. Good work was done on selection criteria for dwarfness, way back in 1985 at IARI (Bose, 1985). Studies conducted at various places indicated that the varieties Kalapady (Sen, 1939), Olur, Ambalavi (Jauhari et al, 1972), Vellaikolamban (Singh and Singh, 1976) and Belkhas and Parikhas (Mukherjee and Das, 1976) have the potential for imparting dwarfness. Avilan et al (1996) reported influence of rootstock on fruit size and shape of the grafted cultivars, showing strong scion/rootstock relationship. Singh and Singh (1976) recorded maximum reduction in height of Dashehari scion when grafted to Vellaikolamban rootstock. With this in view, the present study was carried out to study comparative performance of Ratna, Alphonso and Kesar mango varieties on Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock, i.e., heterozygous seedling stock, and, to study the effect of rootstock within a scion variety under a high density orchard with a spacing of 5m X 5m. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study on comparative performance of different, leading varieties namely Alphonso, Ratna and Kesar grafted onto Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock under high density viz., 5m x 5m spacing was carried out at Agriculture Research Station, Mulde, from September, 1992 to May, 2007. The experimental station is located at 16o2’ latitude, 73o42’ longitude and at 17m above msl in Konkan region of Maharashtra, which is a coastal region with annual rainfall of 3000mm. Soils are well drained sandy loam with pH 6.01. Treatment combinations are detailed below: T 1 Ratna on Vellaikolamban T 2 Ratna on Mixed rootstock (heterozygous seedling stock) T 3 Alphonso on Vellaikolamban T 4 Alphonso on Mixed rootstock (heterozygous seedling stock) T 5 Kesar on Vellaikolamban T 6 Kesar on Mixed rootstock (heterozygous seedling stock) T 4 trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with five replications and two plants per replication as a unit. The experimental material was prepared by stone grafting and one year old grafts were planted at 5m x 5m J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 5 (2): 114-116, 2010 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. Applied Color Management Settings: Output Intent (Press Profile): ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc RGB Image: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no RGB Graphic: Profile: RGB2CMYK.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Turn R=G=B (Tolerance 0.5%) Graphic into Gray: yes Turn C=M=Y,K=0 (Tolerance 0.1%) Graphic into Gray: no CMM for overprinting CMYK graphic: yes Gray Image: Apply CMYK Profile: no Gray Graphic: Apply CMYK Profile: no Treat Calibrated RGB as Device RGB: no Treat Calibrated Gray as Device Gray: yes Remove embedded non-CMYK Profiles: no Remove embedded CMYK Profiles: yes Applied Miscellaneous Settings: Colors to knockout: no Gray to knockout: no Pure black to overprint: no Turn Overprint CMYK White to Knockout: yes Turn Overprinting Device Gray to K: yes CMYK Overprint mode: set to OPM1 if not set Create "All" from 4x100% CMYK: yes Delete "All" Colors: no Convert "All" to K: no 115 Table 1. Growth and yield of ‘Alphonso’, ‘Kesar’ and ‘Ratna’ mango varieties grafted onto Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock during 2003 - 2006 and data pooled over the years Treatments Pooled Pooled over the years (m3) Pooled % Reduction Yield (t/ha) Pooled % Decrease/ mean 2003 2004 2005 2006 over the in volume 2003 2004 2 005 2006 over the increased in height year yield over (m) (m3) mixed rootstock Ratna / 3.6 289.0 263.3 270.6 320.7 285.9 24.9 13.4 4.2 2.8 3.1 5.9 (-) 24.4 Vellaikolamban Ratna / 3.7 360.8 334.6 329.5 498.0 380.8 13.8 5.8 4.4 6.9 7.8 Mixed rootstock Alphonso / 3.8 306.1 303.1 270.7 414.2 323.5 39.1 5.1 1.7 3.9 1.0 2.9 (-) 21.6 Vellaikolamban Alphonso / 4.7 582.6 465.4 483.3 593.9 531.3 7.4 2.6 3.8 1.1 3.7 Mixed Rootstock Kesar / 4.6 512.4 397.2 406.1 599.5 478.8 26.5 17.8 8.0 4.5 3.9 8.6 (+) 10.3 Vellaikolamban Kesar/ 4.6 679.5 569.0 576.0 781.4 651.5 15.7 8.5 3.6 3.2 7.8 Mixed rootstock C.V. 8.2 28.1 27.7 28.7 32.0 44.0 35.3 75.2 50.6 SE + 0.17 57.3 48.2 50.0 76.5 27.9 2.4 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.8 CD (P=0.05) 0.5 169.0 142.2 147.4 225.7 78.4 7.1 2.4 N. S. 2.1 2.3 Performance of mango varieties on different rootstocks spacing during September, 1992. Annual growth (height and spread) was recorded in the month of May every year since 1994. However, data on growth and yield from year 2003 to 2006 only have been used here. Low spreading branches upto 60cm height above ground and overcrowded branches in the canopy of the tree were chopped by way of light pruning in the year 2004. Plant volume was calculated using the following formula: Plant Volume (m3) = Πr2 x h Where h = plant height and r = E - W + N - S spread 4 Data on growth and yield attributes were subjected to statistical analysis (Panse and Sukhatme, 1989). Cost of cultivation was calculated using standard cost concepts applied by Gorivale et al (1997) and Nikam et al (2004). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth and yield observations for the years 2003 to 2006 are presented in Table 1. It is evident from the data (Table 1) that significant difference between treatments was observed for pooled data on plant height, plant volume and yield. Grafts of Ratna variety on Vellaikolamban showed significantly lower plant height (3.6 m) compared to Kesar on Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock (4.6 m), Alphonso on mixed rootstock (4.7 m) and was on par with Alphonso on Vellaikolamban, and Ratna, on mixed rootstock. Effect of rootstock on plant height within a scion variety was significant only in Alphonso variety. Alphonso grafts on Vellaikolamban showed marked reduction in plant height (3.8 m) over the mixed rootstock (4.7 m). Singh and Singh (1976) recorded maximum reduction in plant height in Dashehari grafted on Vellaikolamban rootstock. However, rootstock did not show any effect on plant height in Kesar variety. Data on average plant volume from 2003 to 2006 and pooled data over the years revealed that Ratna grafts on Vellaikolamban had reduced plant volume compared to that in other treatments. Similarly, grafts of all varieties on Vellaikolamban rootstock showed reduction in plant volume over the mixed rootstock. Data on average plant volume pooled over the years revealed that Ratna variety on Vellaikolamban had recorded the lowest plant volume (285.9 m3) compared to the grafts on mixed rootstock and other scion varieties, irrespective of the rootstock. Maximum plant volume (651.5 m3) was recorded in ‘Kesar’ on mixed rootstock. In the present study, reduction in plant volume was observed in cv. Alphonso (39.1%), followed by ‘Kesar’ (26.5%) and ‘Ratna’ (24.9%) when grafted onto Vellaikolamban rootstock. These results are in line with earlier results reported by Avilan et al (1996), Singh and Singh (1976) and Reddy et al (2003). Vellaikolamban rootstock not only important reduced plant volume to the scion variety, but four year pooled yield data revealed that it also reduced the yield by 24.4% in ‘Ratna’ and 21.6% in ‘Alphonso’ scions. Similar effect of Vellaikolamban rootstock on yield of Dashehari plants was reported by Singh and Singh (1976), whereas, Reddy et al (2003) reported higher yields with the dwarfing Vellaikolamban rootstock. However, J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 5 (2): 114-116, 2010 Prinect Color Editor Page is color controlled with Prinect Color Editor 4.0.70 Copyright 2008 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG http://www.heidelberg.com You can view actual document colors and color spaces, with the free Color Editor (Viewer), a Plug-In from the Prinect PDF Toolbox. Please request a PDF Toolbox CD from your local Heidelberg office in order to install it on your computer. Applied Color Management Settings: Output Intent (Press Profile): ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc RGB Image: Profile: eciRGB.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no RGB Graphic: Profile: RGB2CMYK.icc Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent RGB/Lab Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Image: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Device Independent CMYK/Gray Graphic: Rendering Intent: Perceptual Black Point Compensation: no Turn R=G=B (Tolerance 0.5%) Graphic into Gray: yes Turn C=M=Y,K=0 (Tolerance 0.1%) Graphic into Gray: no CMM for overprinting CMYK graphic: yes Gray Image: Apply CMYK Profile: no Gray Graphic: Apply CMYK Profile: no Treat Calibrated RGB as Device RGB: no Treat Calibrated Gray as Device Gray: yes Remove embedded non-CMYK Profiles: no Remove embedded CMYK Profiles: yes Applied Miscellaneous Settings: Colors to knockout: no Gray to knockout: no Pure black to overprint: no Turn Overprint CMYK White to Knockout: yes Turn Overprinting Device Gray to K: yes CMYK Overprint mode: set to OPM1 if not set Create "All" from 4x100% CMYK: yes Delete "All" Colors: no Convert "All" to K: no Vellaikolamban rootstock showed beneficial effect on ‘Kesar’ variety, where the yield increased by 10.3% over mixed rootstock. Per hectare cost of cultivation of different mango varieties grown on Vellaikolamban and mixed rootstock is presented in Table 2. Data reveale that ‘Ratna’ variety on mixed rootstock exhibited 1.32 benefit to cost ratio as against 1.06 in ‘Ratna’ on Vellaikolamban rootstock. Cultivation of ‘Alphonso’ on Vellaikolamban suffered a loss by recording only 0.93 benefit to cost ratio compared to ‘Alphonso’ on mixed rootstock (1.15). Maximum net returns (Rs. 38,629/ -) per hectare were recorded in ‘Kesar’ on Vellaikolamban, exhibiting B:C ratio of 1.43 as against that on mixed rootstock with, Rs. 28,779 and 1.33 B:C ratio. The present study revealed that plant height, plant volume and yield decreased by use of Vellaikolamban rootstock in ‘Alphonso’ and ‘Ratna’ whereas, Vellaikolamban rootstock reduced the plant volume of ‘Kesar’ variety with increased per hectare yield under high density planting of 5m x 5m. REFERENCES Avilan, L.F., Leal, M., Rodariguez, J.R. and Marin.C, 1996. Mango rootstocks and their influence on fruit shape and size. Proceedings of the 5th International Mango Symposium. Acta Hort., 455:479–488 Bose, T.K. 1985. Fruits of India: tropical and subtropical, First Edition., p 85 Gorivale, P.B. Gumaste, A.K. and Wadkar, S.S. 1997. Profitability of Alphonso mango in Konkan region of Maharashtra State. Agriculture Banker, July-Sept., p. 24-26 Jauhari, O.S., Teaotia, S.S. and Upadhyay, S.K, 1972. Acta Horti., 24:107-109 Mukherjee, S.K. and Das, D. 1976. Screening of mango seedlings for use as dwarfing rootstock. Prog. Hort., 8:5-11 Nikam, V.V., Wadkar, S.S., Mulik, S.M. and Vaidya, K.P. 2004. Betelvine cultivation in Thana District of Maharashtra; Ind. J. Arecanut, Spices & Medicinal Plants 6:16-20 Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 1989. Stastical methods for agricultural workers. 5th edn., ICAR, New Delhi Reddy, Y.T.N., Kurian, R.M., Ramachander, P.R., Singh, G. and Kohli, R.R. 2003. Long term effect of rootstocks on growth and fruit yielding patterns of Alphonso mango (Mangifera indica L.). Sci. Hort., 97:95- 108 Sen, P. K. 1939. Annual Report, Fruit Research Satation, Sabour (Bihar), India Singh, U.R. and Singh, A.P. 1976. Rootstock studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Prog. Hort., 8:13- 19 Table 2. Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha) of mango varieties on rootstocks Particulars R x V R x M A x V A x M K x V K x M Hired labour 21,775 21,775 21,775 21,775 21,775 21,775 Manures and fertilizers 18,640 18,640 18,640 18,640 18,640 18,640 Plant protection 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 Input cost (Rs.) 47,415 47,415 47,415 47,415 47,415 47,415 Depreciation on implements 500 500 500 500 500 500 and machinery Land revenue & other cesses 50 50 50 50 50 50 Interest on working capital 7,682 7,682 7,682 7,682 7,682 7,682 for 12 months @ 13% Interest on fixed capital @ 10% 500 500 500 500 500 500 Rental value of land (1/6th) 14,700 19,400 9,733 12,400 21,400 19,400 of the gross value. land revenue Amortization value 7,482 7,332 7,482 7,332 7,482 7,332 Supervision charges @ 10% 4,742 4,742 4,742 4,742 4,742 4,742 of input cost Total cost (Cost C) 83,071 87,621 78,104 80,621 89,771 87,621 Yield (t/ ha) and Gross Returns 5.88 7.76 2.92 3.72 8.56 7.76 Sale price of ‘Alphonso @ Rs.25/kg 88,200 1,16,400 73,000 93,000 1,28,400 1,16,400 Ratha and kesar @ Rs.15/kg Net returns at Total Cost 5,129 28,779 (-) 5,104 12,379 38,629 28,779 Benefit:Cost ratio 1.06 1.32 0.93 1.15 1.43 1.33 R= ‘Ratra’, V= ‘Vellaikolumban’, A= ‘Alphonso’, M= Mixed rootstock’, K= Kesar (MS Received 9 March 2010, Revised 26 October, 2010) Gawankar et al J. 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