Effect of pruning intensity on leaf tissue micronutrient status in three mango
(Mangifera indica L.) cultivars under high density planting

Sanjay Kumar Singh1 and S.K. Singh
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology,

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi -110 012, India
E-mail: sanjayhor@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pruning on leaf micro nutrient (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) status in non-
floral and floral shoots of three mango cultivars (‘Amrapali’, ‘Mallika’ and ‘Dashehari’) under high density planting
during 2005-2007. All the three cultivars differed significantly in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn content in leaves of non- floral
as well as floral shoots. Pruning showed marked influence only on Cu and Zn content in the leaves of non- floral and
floral shoots. Leaf nutrient status in terms of Fe and Mn also varied in cultivars irrespective of pruning intensity, and
pruning did not have significant impact on Fe and Mn status in leaf tissue. Non-floral shoots had greater concentration
of Cu and Zn than floral shoots in both the years of experiment. Highest Cu, Fe and Mn content was recorded in
‘Mallika’ mango, while, Zn content was highest in ‘Dashehari’ mango. Severe pruning (90 cm from apex) improved Cu
and Zn content in leaves of non-floral shoots as well as floral shoots. The lowest amount of Cu and Mn was noted in
‘Dashehari’ leaves, while, ‘Amrapali’ had the lowest Zn and Fe content in both non-floral and floral shoots. Severely
pruned ‘Mallika’ trees registered the highest amount of Cu, while lightly pruned ‘Dashehari’ trees had highest Zn
content in their floral and non-floral leaves. Moderate pruning in’ Mallika’ enhanced Mn content in leave of non-floral
and floral shoots. No-pruning in ‘Dashehari’ trees led to lower Cu content but Zn content was the least in lightly
pruned ‘Amrapali’ trees. Severe pruning in ‘Dashehari’ trees drastically reduced Mn content. Thus, severe pruning
in old mango trees may be advisable to improve micronutrient status in floral and non floral shoots.

Key words: Mango, Mangifera indica, pruning, micronutrients, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn

INTRODUCTION

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), member of the
family Anacardiaceae, is the most important fruit crop of
both subtropical and tropical regions of the world. There is
ample scope for enhancing production and productivity of
mango through pruning under high density planting (HDP).
Pruning is also practised to avoid overlapping/ intermingling
of branches, improve light interception, increase
photosynthetic rate, reduce relative humidity within the plant
canopy, etc. (Lal et al, 2000). Not much work has been
reported on determining optimum pruning intensity in close
spaced orchards compared to wider spaced (traditional)
ones. The practice of mango pruning is followed immediately
after harvest (heading back branches) which encourages
shoot growth just beneath the site of the first bud break
(Sauco, 1996). These shoots [newly emerged] have different
physiological responses post-pruning, i.e., changes in
biochemical, physiological and nutritional status, which
subsequently affect overall performance of the trees in the

long run. Pruning decreases yield in the initial years due to
simulative growth of shoots, while minerals absorbed by roots
are readily available to a few fruits only (Mika, 1986). Root
shortening  coupled with stem pinching, followed by spray
of PBZ or TIBA on shoots is the most effective treatment
enhancing root and shoot branching and also for increasing
leaf content of N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn (Helail and Eissa,
1997). Hence, the present work was carried out to study
effect of pruning intensity on micronutrient status in leaf
tissues of mango obtained from non-floral (vegetative) and
floral (reproductive) shoots, which may reflect futurie
performance of trees, especially under high density planting.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The field experiment was conducted at the Main
Orchard of the Division of Fruits and Horticultural
Technology, IARI, New Delhi, during 2005-2007. Three
mango cultivars, viz., ‘Amrapali’ (23-year-old), ‘Mallika’
(24-year-old) and ‘Dashehari’ (26-year-old) were selected

1 Present address: Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner - 334 006

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 5 (2): 120-123, 2010

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121

Pruning intensity on leaf micronutrients in mango

for the present study. These cultivars were planted under
high density with spacings of 2.5m x 2.5m, 3.0m x 4.0m and
3.0m x 2.0m for cvs. Amrapali (V

1
), Mallika (V

2
) and

Dashehari (V
3
), respectively. Trees were provided with

uniform agronomic and cultural practices during the course
of investigation. Pruning was done in mid August, 2005 and
pruning intensities were: I0 (Control): un-pruned, I1 (Light):
30 cm from the apex, I2 (Moderate): 60 cm from the apex,
and I3 (Severe): 90 cm from the apex. Each cultivar had
three replications with four levels of pruning intensities. Thus,
the total number of treatment combinations was 12, with
one tree per replication. Balanced pruning was performed
in all directions by removing the inner and a few peripheral
branches of the canopy that were dense and overcrowded.
The control trees were maintained without pruning. As a
result of pruning, trees did show some flowering and fruiting
during 2006, i.e. the first year (presumed to be an ‘off’
year) and the second year (2007, the ‘on’ year). The leaves
(7-8 month old) from non-flowered (vegetative), flowered
(reproductive) shoots were collected from all directions and
immediately shifted to the laboratory where these were
washed quickly and rinsed with distilled water. The samples
were air dried, cut into small pieces and oven dried at 700C
for 48h in paper bags until gaining constant weight and milled
to a powder in a stainless steel grinder. The powder was
stored in paper bags at room temperature. The powdered
plant material (500 mg) was digested in 20 ml di-acid mixture
[nitric acid (HNO

3
):perchloric acid (HClO

4
) 3:1] and the

volume was made up to 100 ml with distilled water. Micro-
nutrient concentration was determined on an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer directly from the di-acid
digest, using an air-acetylene flame. Content of Cu, Fe, Mn
and Zn was measured at 386 nm (Lamp current 7 mA),
22.6 nm (Lamp current 3 mA), 403.1 (Lamp current 5 mA)
and 213.9 nm (Lamp current 5 mA) wavelength,
respectively.  The sensitivity was 0.05, 0.008, 0.02, and 0.025
µg/ ml for Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively. Final
concentration (in ppm) was calculated by multiplying the
concentration with a suitable dilution factor. Experimental
data were subjected to statistical analysis in factorial
Randomized Block Design and two years data from non-
floral and floral shoots were analyzed as per methods
suggested by Gomez and Gomez, 1984. Interpretation of
results was based on ‘F’ test and critical difference (CD)
at P=0.05 was worked out for comparing means.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Role of micronutrients in plant nutrition is vital
because several deficiency symptoms occur in plants due

to which performance of the entire tree declines markedly.
Although micronutrient deficiencies produce characteristic
symptoms, the symptoms are very confusing under field
conditions, especially, when more than one nutrient is
deficient. Mango cultivars, irrespective of pruning intensity,
had significantly different concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe and
Mn in the leaves in the ‘off’ as well as the ‘on’ year of our
experiment. Highest concentration of Cu and Mn was
observed in ‘Mallika’, and lowest in ‘Dashehari’ (Table 1)
which may be due to the biennial nature of ‘Dashehari’
mango (Thakur et al, 1981).  It was also noted that in the
‘on’ year, Cu and Mn content leaves was lower than in the
‘off’ year (Thakur et al, 1973) because fruiting terminals
numbered more in the ‘on’ year than in the ‘off’ year which
acted as a sink for mineral nutrients (Thakur et al, 1981).
Similarly, pruning intensity showed marked influence on Cu
and Zn content in mango leaves. Severely pruned trees (I

3
)

had the highest Cu content, followed by moderately pruned
(I

3
) trees and the least Cu content was observed in un-

pruned trees (I
0
), as, pruning destabilizes the root:shoot ratio.

In addition, defoliation along with root pruning and stem
pinching invariably increases Cu content in shoots as noted
by Helail and Eissa, 1997. In contrast, Mn content in leaves
did not differ significantly (Table 1). Content of Zn in mango
leaves improved after severe pruning (I

3
), followed by light

pruning while, moderate pruning reduced Zn level in mango
leaves of  both non-floral and floral shoots.

The interaction effect of cultivar and pruning
intensity also affected Cu (except flowered shoots in the
‘off’ year), Zn and Mn content in leaves of non-floral and
floral shoots. Cu and Mn content were highest in severely
(V

2
I

3
) and moderately pruned ‘Mallika’ (V

2
I

2
) trees,

respectively, while the lowest Cu concentration was
estimated in un-pruned ‘Dashehari’ mango. In contrast,
severely pruned ‘Dashehari’ had the lowest Mn in leaves
(Table 2). Cultivar ‘Mallika’ encouraged greater vegetative
growth (and produced substantial number of non-fruiting
terminals in the beginning) /and non-fruiting terminals had
higher Cu and Mn content (Thakur et al, 1979). Un-pruned
trees had slow growth (less number of new shoots), thus
resulting in deficiency of Cu.

Among the three cultivars, ‘Dashehari’ leaves had
highest Zn content (Kumar et al, 1985), while ‘Amrapali’
had the lowest concentration of  both Zn and Fe due to
continuous production of fruiting terminals in both the years
of experiment (Thakur et al, (1981). On the other hand,
severely pruned tree had the lowest Zn content (26.66, 23.25;
25.64, 22.35 ppm) probably due to higher number of new

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 5 (2): 120-123, 2010

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122

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J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 5 (2): 120-123, 2010

Sanjay Kumar Singh and Singh

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123

(MS Received 23 March, 2010, Revised 17, November 2010)

leaves and perhaps due to Zn regulating enzymes
synthesized after pruning and then rapid translocation due
to high activity of cytokinins in leaves. The lowest level of
Zn in moderately pruned trees (I2) may be due to existence
of old leaves and fruiting leading to exhaustion of nutrients
(Table 1). The rest of the treatments were at par. Lightly
pruned ‘Dashehari’ recorded maximum Zn content (37.33,
33.33, 35.60 and 32.16 ppm) due to varietal characters,
while lowest was seen in lightly pruned ‘Amrapali’ (17.08,
14.20, 17.06 and 13.0 ppm) may be due to a higher number
of fruiting terminals (Table 2) (Thakur et al, 1981). During
the ‘on’ year, Zn and Fe content decreased in mango leaves
compared to the‘off’ year (Mishra and Dhillon ,1978;
Thakur et al, 1979). Highest Fe content was noted in leaves
of ‘Mallika’, while the minimum in ‘Amrapali’. Effect of
pruning intensity and its interaction with cultivar on Fe
content was non-significant, which could be due to the
several factors regulating nutrient composition in plant
tissues. It is also clear from the data (Tables 1 and 2) that
‘on’ year had low levels of all the micronutrients studied in
leaves than in the ‘off’ year. Similarly micronutrient content
declined during the reproductive stage compared to the
vegetative stage. The result of this study indicates that
severe pruning in old mango trees may be preferred to
improving micronutrient status, especially Cu and Zn, in
flowering and non-flowering shoots.

REFERENCES

Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical
Procedures for Agricultural Research (2nd edition),
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA

Helail, B.M. and Eissa, M.A. 1997. Effect of some cultural
practices and growth regulator treatment on growth
of mango seedlings. Ann. Agril. Sci., 35:883-894

Lal, B., Rajput, M.S., Rajan, S. and Rathore, D.S. 2000.
Effect of pruning on rejuvenation of old mango trees.
Ind. J. Hort., 57:240-242

Mika, A. 1986. Physiological response of fruit trees to
pruning. In: Hort. Rev., Janick, J (ed.), AVI Publishing.
House, West Port, Connecticut, 88:337-338

Mishra, K.A. and Dhillon, B.S. 1979. Level of endogenous
gibberellins in the healthy and malformed panicles of
mango (Mangifera indica L.). Ind J. Hort, 37:35-
40

Sauco, V.G. 1996. Horticultural practices of mango. Acta
Hort., 455:391-400

Thakur, R.S., Samra, J.S. and Chadha, K.L. 1973.
Assessment of micronutrient status in the foliage of
mango trees around Malihabad, Lucknow. Ind. J.
Hort., 37:120-123

Thakur, R.S., Samra, J.S. and Chadha, K.L. 1981. The
nutrient levels in fruiting and non-fruiting terminals
of three mango cultivars. Sci. Hort., 15:355-361

Pruning intensity on leaf micronutrients in mango

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 5 (2): 120-123, 2010

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