In any experiment, formulation of certain
hypotheses (called as null hypothesis) about the population
under study form a basis for making all possible pairwise
comparisons among treatments.  If the seeds of the test
treatments are scarce or limited in quantity, as in the case
of breeding trails, the experiment cannot afford to
sufficiently replicate the treatments in the design.  In any
crop improvement programme, an essential activity is to
evaluate the germplasm accessions (test treatments) with a
set of standard/commercial varieties (check). While
evaluating larger number of test treatments in a field, use
of traditional complete block designs (such as RBD) will
directly increase within block homogeneity leading to
erroneous conclusions.  Moreover, as the number of test
treatments increases the experimental area and all other

Augmented BIB Design – An alternative statistical design in germplasm
evaluation trials

R. Venugopalan, K. R. M. Swamy1 and M. K. Chandraprakash
Section of Economics and Statistics

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Bangalore-560089, India

E-mail : venur@iihr.ernet.in

ABSTRACT

Randomized Block Design (RBD) is commonly employed to evaluate a set of germplasm accessions (test
treatments) along with local checks.  In such a trial, if the test treatments under evaluation are more in number
and the availability of the seeds is limited, then an alternate experimental design has to be employed. As a
remedy, Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which estimates treatments contrasts with more precision
and the treatments are not repeated in all the blocks, unlike RBD, may be used.  Such a constructed layout, not
only saves the precious seed material of the test treatments, but also directly reduces the cost of all the related
inputs such as labour, water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. Foregoing thoughts were elucidated in the evaluation of
100 accessions of okra along with four check varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and PB-
7) evaluated using Augmented BIB Design with six blocks in the Division of Vegetable crops at I.I.H.R., Bangalore
during Kharif 2005. Results showed that by adopting BIB experimental design, instead of regular complete
block design 60.2% of the land area required for conducting germplasm evaluation in Okra had been reduced.

Key word: Accessions, Augmented Balanced Incomplete Block Design, control, germplasm, Okra, test treatments

related inputs, such as, labour, water, fertilizers, pesticides,
etc will also increases. In such a situation, there is a need
to adopt a design to test the new material with the local
checks without loosing the precision of the experimental
results. This could be possible by adopting a new
experimental set up, wherein the scarce material are singly
replicated in the design, and the local checks or the control
treatment(s) is (are) added in each block at least once.  Such
a design is called an augmented design. A general theory of
augmented design is well explained in the literature
(Federer, 1963; Federer and Raghavarao, 1975; Federer,
1998; May et al, 1989; Puri et al, 1984; Schaalje et al,
1987; Tania and Street, 2002).

One hundred accessions of okra were evaluated
along with four check varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay,

1 Division of Vegetable Crops

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 3 (1): 84-88, 2008

Short communication

Table 1. Layout plan of okra 100 accessions:(4 Checks : A, B, C and D)

Block 1 1 10 12 A 2 9 11 B 3 5 14 18 C 4 13 17 15 D 6 19 7
Block 2 21 33 22 27 D 26 34 C 23 25 32 A 24 35 28 31 B 29 30 36
Block 3 A 38 39 45 50 B 37 44 49 C 40 46 48 D 41 51 43 42 47 52
Block 4 53 60 D 54 61 59 A 58 65 66 C 56 57 69 64 67 B 55 70 62 63
Block 5 71 72 A 78 B 73 85 C 75 77 84 90 80 89 86 88 D 74 81 82 76
Block 6 92 96 C D 91 95 A 94 99 B 93 98 97 100 8 16 20 83 87 68

Note: Sl. No. 1-100 are the test treatments (Okra accessions) ; A, B, C and D are check varieties

page 84



85

Augmented BIB Design for germplasm evaluation trails

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 3 (1): 84-88, 2008

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86
J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 3 (1): 84-88, 2008

Venugopalan et al

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(K
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)



87

Augmented BIB Design for germplasm evaluation trails

J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 3 (1): 84-88, 2008

B
-5

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88
J. Hortl. Sci.
Vol. 3 (1): 84-88, 2008

Venugopalan et al

Parbhani Kranti and PB-7) using Augmented BIB design
with 6 blocks in the Division of vegetable crops at IIHR,
Bangalore during Kharif 2005. Check varieties were
replicated in each of the six blocks once and the 100 test
treatments were randomly allotted to six blocks. The Plot
size maintained was 3m x 1.2m; Spacing provided was 60
x 30 cm. Recommended cultural practices were adopted in
raising the crop. The layout plan of the experimental plan
is given in Table 1.

Observations  on yield and yield related characters,
namely, plant height (cm), stem diameter at base (cm), inter
nodal length (cm), number of branches / plant, first
flowering node on the main stem, number of fruits/plant,
fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), number of ridges /
fruit, average fruit weight (g) and fruit yield / plant (kg)
were recorded. Statistical analysis of the data was performed
using standard augmented design procedure (Federer, 1963;
Federer and Raghavarao, 1975; Federer, 1998; May et al,
1989; Schaalje et al, 1987; Tania and Street, 2002).

The mean performance of the test entries (Okra
accessions) and the check varieties for different characters
is presented in Table 2 along with standard error of mean
(SEM) and Coefficient of Variation, CV%. Perusal of the
results showed that 45 accessions outperformed all the four
check varieties in terms of yield/ plant (kg). Remaining test
treatments (55, out of which three did not germinate)
performed below normal as compared to local checks.
Among the four checks, Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay,
Parbhani Kranti were on par in terms fruit yield (300 g/
plant) and they differed significantly from PB-7 (200 g/
plant). The highest fruit yield of 503 g/plant was recorded
in accession T 29: TCR 789 (IC  282233), followed by 499
g/plant in the accession T 28: TCR 783 (IC  218877), which
exceeds the average check varieties performance by 67.6%
and 66.3%, respectively. These two accessions could be
used as a potential parent in future hybridization
programme.

Utility of BIB design vs complete block designs

The advantage of using this Augmented BIB
Design is that there is a considerable reduction in
experimental area, as the entire layout (total of 124 entries;
100 test treatments each repeated once in the entire set up
and four check varieties repeated in all six blocks) was
accommodated in an area of 1004 m2. On the contrary, if

RBD was used for evaluating these 104 entries with a
minimum of three replications, the area required would have
been 2527 m2. Thus, by adopting this experimental
augmented BIB design, about 60.2% of the land area
required for the experiment is reduced. This, in turn, reduces
the cost of all the related inputs, such as labour, water,
fertilizers, pesticides etc. To conclude, the utility of such
an incomplete block design in breeding trials, instead of
regular complete block design is to  optimize the use of
inputs like seeds, water, labour, nutrients and pesticides in
field experiments and subsequently useful for improving
input use efficiency in crop production

Keeping in view the importance of the experimental
design, a user-friendly program in C language is also
developed to perform statistical analysis of the data. The
programme takes care of both equal and unequal number
of test treatments across different blocks. The efficacy of
the programme in producing consistent results is tested by
running and debugging the codes using data for different
characters.

REFERENCES

Federer, W. T. 1963. Procedures and designs useful for
screening material in selection and allocation with a
bibliography. Biometrics, 19: 553-587.

Federer, W. T. 1998. Recovery of interblock, intergradient,
and intervarietal information in incomplete block
and lattice rectangle designed experiments.
Biometrics, 54:471-481.

Federer, W. T. and Raghavrao, D. 1975. On Augmented
Design. Biometrics, 31:29-35.

May, K. W., Kozub, G. C. and. Schaalje, G. B. 1989. Field
evaluation of a modified augmented design (type 2)
for screening barley lines. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 69:9-15.

Puri, P. D., Sharma, V. and Gulati, R. C. 1984.  Augmented
balanced factorial experiments, Sankhya B. 46:
36-43.

Schaalje, G. B., Lynch, D. R. and Kozub, G. C. 1987. Field
evaluation of a modified augmented design for early
stage selection involving a large number of test lines
without replication. Potato Res.,  30:35-45.

Tania Prvan and Street D. J. 2002. An annotated
bibliography of application papers using certain
classes of fractional factorial and related designs. J.
Stat. Planning and Inference. 106:245-269.

(MS Received 29 June 2007, Revised 26 May 2008)