23 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Himsagar H. D. Talang*, P. Dutta, C. Mukhim and S. Patil Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal - 741 252 *Email: hammylliende@gmail.com ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out for two years (2012-13 and 2013-14) to study the effect of integrated nutrient management comprising of biofertilizers (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas) conjointly with chemical fertilizers and organic manures on growth, yield and quality as well as soil chemical properties of mango cv. Himsagar at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur. Result revealed that treatment with half (1000:500:1000 g NPK/tree) + 50 kg FYM + Azospirillium (250 g) + 100 g potassium mobiliser (T6) recorded maximum plant height (5.79 m), girth (64.91 cm) and plant spread in east-west (5.63 m) and north-south direction (5.46 m) than the other treatments. The treatment T8 consisting of half (1000:500:1000 g NPK/tree) + 50 kg FYM + 5 kg vermicompost + 100 g potassium mobiliser recorded maximum number of fruits (230.31 / tree), fruit weight (261.48 g), yield (60.22 kg /tree) and also have a significant improvement in terms of TSS (19.66 0Brix), total sugars (16.48 %), ascorbic acid (33.56 mg/100 g pulp), â-carotene (6935 µg/100g pulp) and shelf life (9 days) at room temperature as compared to other treatments, concomitant with higher values of soil (N-198.22 kg/ha, P-58.44 kg/ha and K-326.93 kg/ha) and leaf nutrient (N- 1.77 %, P-0.67 % and K-1.08 %) contents. Key words: bio-fertilizers, organic mulching, fruit quality, shelf life. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experiment was conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, West Bengal. Twelve years old trees of mango cv. Himsagar of uniform vigor and size, planted at 10x10 m distance and maintained under uniform cultural practices were selected for study. The experiment comprised ten (10) treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments are as follows: T1: 1000 : 500 : 1000 g NPK/tree/year (control) T2: T1 + Zn (0.5 %) + B (0.2 %) + Mn (0.1 %) + Ca (0.6 %) as foliar spray twice (August and October) T3: T1 + Organic mulching (10 cm thick) T4: T2 + Organic mulching (10 cm thick) INTRODUCTION Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crops of India because of its wide adaptability, delicious taste and high nutritive value. India is the largest producer of mango in the world with an area of 25.16 lakh ha and production of 184.31 lakh tonnes, share 45.1 % of total mango production in the world with a productivity of 7.3 MT/ha. Chemical fertilizers are mostly in use for supplying nutrient elements for proper growth and yield of mango. Owing to increasing cost of fertilizer, their short supply and sustainability issues, it is felt desirable to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to identify the suitable integration of different sources of nutrients viz. chemical fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers with respect to plant growth, yield and quality of mango fruits. *Scientist (Fruit Science), ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umroi road, Umiam-793 103, Meghala ya Original Research Paper 24 Talang et al T5: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Trichoderma (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) T6: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Azospirillum (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) T7: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Azotobacter (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) T8: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + 5 kg Vermicompost + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) T9: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Pseudomonas florescence (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) T10: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Trichoderma (250 g) + Pseudomonas florescence (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) The vegetative growth parameters like plant height (m), plant girth (cm) and canopy spread (east- west a nd north-south directions in meter ) were recorded by standard methods. For yield parameters, average number of fruits per tree, average yield per tree (kg) and average weight of fruit (g) were recorded. The yield was recorded by weighing the fruits at the time of each picking. Fifty uniform mature fruits from each tree were used for recording of various fruit quality parameters. Bio-chemical composition like total sugars, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were estimated using standard procedures as described by Ranganna, 1986. Acidity was analyzed following standard methods (A.O.A.C. , 1990). The T SS of fruit pulp was determined with the help of Zeiss hand refractometer. Shelf-life of fruit at room temperature was recorded by keeping ten mature fruits per treatment in three replicates for each treatment at room temperature for ripening without deterioration of fruits. The soil and leaf mineral content (N, P and K) were also estimated using standard procedure viz. soil available nitrogen by alkaline permanganate method (Jackson, 1973), phosphorous (P2O5) by Bray and Kurtz No. 1 method (Bray and Kurtz, 1945) and potassium by Flame photometry (Black, 1965) using ammonium acetate as an extractant; leaf nitrogen was determined by Micro- Kjeldahl method as described by Black (1965), phosphorous by Vanadomolybdate phosphoric acid method as described by Jackson (1973) and potassium with the help of photometer (Piper, 1956). The data were analyzed statistically as described by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect on plant growth All the growth parameters, viz. plant height, plant girth and canopy spread (east-west and north-south directions) were significantly influenced by the treatments (Table 1). However, T6 showed maximum plant height (5.79 m), plant girth (64.91 cm) and canopy spread (5.63 m in east-west and 5.46 m in north-south direction) and the minimum was recorded with control. These findings are similar with the findings of Shulka et al. (2009). The higher increase in plant height and spread may be due to the build up of colonies of the applied bio-fertilizer inoculates and their growth promoting effects including the synthesis of plant growth promoting substances as mentioned by Tien et al. (1979) and Sharma and Bhutani (1998). Effect on fruit set, fruit weight and yield Fruiting wa s significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management. Fig.1 showed that maximum number of fruits (230.31/tree) harvested was in T8 whereas; the least nos. of fruits (176.71/tree) was recorded in control (T1). The highest average fruit weight (261.48 g) was in T8 which was at par with T7 whereas; the lowest (211.57 g) was in T3 (Fig.2). T8 recorded the highest fruit yield (60.22 kg/tree) and T3 the lowest (39.27 kg/tree) as indicated in Fig.3. These results are in line with the findings of Gautam et al. (2012) in mango and Bhutani et al. (2012) in banana. The significant improvement in fruiting on account of vermicompost application along with inorganic sources of NPK may be attributed to the translocation of nutrients from soil and enhanced supply of macro and micro-nutrients during entire growing seasons and microbial deposition (Mishra et al., 2011). J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 25 Ta bl e 1: E ff ec t o f i nt eg ra te d nu tr ie nt s m an ag em en t o n gr ow th o f m an go c v. H im sa ga r T 1: 10 00 : 50 0 : 1 00 0 g N PK /tr ee /y ea r ( co nt ro l); T 2: T 1 + Z n (0 .5 % ) + B (0 .2 % ) + M n (0 .1 % ) + C a (0 .6 % ) a s fo lia r s pr ay tw ic e (A ug us t a nd O ct ob er ); T 3: T 1 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 4: T 2 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 5: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 6: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo sp ir ill um ( 25 0 g) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 7: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo to ba ct er (2 50 g ) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 8: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + 5 k g V er m ic om po st + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 9: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + P se ud om on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 10 : ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Ps eu do m on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ) INM on mango cv. Himsagar J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 26 Fig.1: Effect of integrated nutrient management on no. of fruits/tree Fig.2: Effect of integrated nutrient management on fruit weight (g) Fig.3: Effect of integrated nutrient management on fruit yield (kg/tree) Talang et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 27 Effect on bio-chemical composition of fruits Variation in TSS, total sugars, acidity, ascorbic acid and β-carotene of mango cv. Himsagar were significant among the treatments. It is clear from Table 2 that lowest acidity content (0.25 %) was recorded in T8 which was at par with T2 and T7 whereas, the highest content (0.34 %) of acidity in the fruit was in T4 which was statistically at par with T6 and T3. T8 recorded the highest TSS (19.66 °Brix), which was however at par with T7 (19.27 °Brix) whereas the minimum TSS (17.81 °Brix) was recorded in T4. Similarly, T8 recorded the highest total sugars (16.48%), ascorbic acid (33.56 mg/100 g pulp) and beta-carotene (6935 µg/100g pulp) content. This can be attributed to better growth of plants due to vermicompost, which might have favored the accumulation of higher sugars, less acidity and better ascorbic acid content. These findings are in line with the findings of Patel and Naik (2010) in sapota and Singh et al. (2010) in papaya. Effect on shelf life of fruits It was observed from Fig.3 that T8 recorded maximum shelf life (9 days) whereas T2 reduced the shelf life (5 days) at room temperature. These findings are in conformity with Hazarika and Ansari (2010) in banana where they pointed out that treatments with 50 % inor ga nic fer tilizer s, ver micompost a nd biofertilizers improved the shelf life which may be due to beneficial effect of vermicompost. Patel and Naik (2010) also noted that application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers proved best in respect of extending post harvest shelf-life of sapota. Fig.4: Effect of integrated nutrient management on shelf life of fruits at room temperature (no. of days) INM on mango cv. Himsagar J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 28 Ta bl e 2: E ff ec t o f i nt eg ra te d nu tr ie nt m an ag em en t o n bi o- ch em ic al p ar am et er s o f m an go c v. H im sa ga r T 1: 10 00 : 50 0 : 1 00 0 g N PK /tr ee /y ea r ( co nt ro l); T 2: T 1 + Z n (0 .5 % ) + B (0 .2 % ) + M n (0 .1 % ) + C a (0 .6 % ) a s fo lia r s pr ay tw ic e (A ug us t a nd O ct ob er ); T 3: T 1 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 4: T 2 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 5: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 6: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo sp ir ill um ( 25 0 g) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 7: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo to ba ct er (2 50 g ) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 8: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + 5 k g V er m ic om po st + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 9: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + P se ud om on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 10 : ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Ps eu do m on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ) Talang et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 29 INM on mango cv. Himsagar J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 Ta bl e 3: E ff ec t o f i nt eg ra te d nu tr ie nt s m an ag em en t o n so il nu tr ie nt st at us in m an go c v. H im sa ga r T 1: 10 00 : 50 0 : 1 00 0 g N PK /tr ee /y ea r ( co nt ro l); T 2: T 1 + Z n (0 .5 % ) + B (0 .2 % ) + M n (0 .1 % ) + C a (0 .6 % ) a s fo lia r s pr ay tw ic e (A ug us t a nd O ct ob er ); T 3: T 1 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 4: T 2 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 5: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 6: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo sp ir ill um ( 25 0 g) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 7: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo to ba ct er (2 50 g ) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 8: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + 5 k g V er m ic om po st + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 9: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + P se ud om on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 10 : ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Ps eu do m on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ) 30 Ta bl e 4: E ff ec t o f i nt eg ra te d nu tr ie nt s m an ag em en t o n le af n ut ri en t s ta tu s o f m an go c v. H im sa ga r T 1: 10 00 : 50 0 : 1 00 0 g N PK /tr ee /y ea r ( co nt ro l); T 2: T 1 + Z n (0 .5 % ) + B (0 .2 % ) + M n (0 .1 % ) + C a (0 .6 % ) a s fo lia r s pr ay tw ic e (A ug us t a nd O ct ob er ); T 3: T 1 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 4: T 2 + p ad dy s tr aw m ul ch in g (1 0 cm th ic k) ; T 5: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 6: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo sp ir ill um ( 25 0 g) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 7: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + A zo to ba ct er (2 50 g ) + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 8: ½ T 1 + 5 0 kg F Y M + 5 k g V er m ic om po st + P ot as si um m ob ili se r ( 10 0 g) ; T 9: ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + P se ud om on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ); T 10 : ½ T 1+ 5 0 kg F Y M + T ri ch od er m a (2 50 g ) + Ps eu do m on as fl or es ce nc e (2 50 g ) + Po ta ss iu m m ob ili se r (1 00 g ) Talang et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 31 INM on mango cv. Himsagar J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 12(1) : 23-32, 2017 Table 5: Effect of integrated nutrients management on benefit:cost ratio of mango cv. Himsagar T1: 1000 : 500 : 1000 g NPK/tree/year (control); T2: T1 + Zn (0.5 %) + B (0.2 %) + Mn (0.1 %) + Ca (0.6 %) as foliar spray twice (August and October); T3: T1 + paddy straw mulching (10 cm thick); T4: T2 + paddy straw mulching (10 cm thick); T5: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + Trichoderma (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g); T6: ½ T1+ 50 kg FYM + Azospirillum (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g); T7: ½ T1+ 50 kg FYM + Azotobacter (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g); T8: ½ T1 + 50 kg FYM + 5 kg Vermicompost + Potassium mobiliser (100 g); T9: ½ T1+ 50 kg FYM + Pseudomonas florescence (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g); T10: ½ T1+ 50 kg FYM + Trichoderma (250 g) + Pseudomonas florescence (250 g) + Potassium mobiliser (100 g) Effect on soil and leaf nutrient content The results from two years clearly indicated that the soil and leaf nutrient status were significantly influenced by integrated nutrient management. Table 3 revealed that maximum nitrogen (198.22 kg/ha), phosphorus (58.44 kg/ha) and potassium (326.93 kg/ ha) content in the soil was recorded in T8 whereas, the lowest nitrogen (182.35 kg/ha), phosphorus (43.92 kg/ha) and potassium (288.78 kg/ha) in the soil was for T3. The increased soil N,P,K might be due to accelerated decomposition of native soil organic matter by addition of organic material, leading to higher mineralization and release of nutrient elements. This is in line with the finding of Raina et al. (2011) who also obtained higher soil N, P and K status with the application of FYM, vermicompost and chemical fertilizers. Similarly, maximum nitrogen (1.77 %), phosphorus (0.67 %) and potassium (1.08 %) content in the leaf was observed in T8 and minimum in T3 (Table 4). This may be due to the improvement in the physical conditions of soil, root development and more soil moisture retention by the addition of FYM which resulted in increased absorption of water and nutrients and consequently improved the leaf nutrient status (Morselli et al., 2004). Effect on benefit:cost ratio Table 5 indicated that benefit:cost ratio was also influenced by different nutrients combinations. The highest benefit:cost was observed in T8 while lowest was recorded in control. This may be attributed to the higher yield obtained from vermicompost application. CONCLUSION From the above study, it can be concluded that integrated application of half RDF (1000 : 500 : 1000 g NPK/tree/year) + 50 kg FYM + 5 kg Vermicompost + 100 g potassium mobiliser may be a better option than application of chemical fertilizers alone for enhancing growth, yield and fruit quality of mango besides improving the soil and leaf nutrient status. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The first author is thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for providing financial assistance. 32 REFERENCES Anonymous, 2014. All India area and production of fruits and vegetables. Indian Hort. Database, National Horticultural Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India., p. 246. (http.//www.nhb.gov.in) A.O.A.C. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Analytical Chemists (15th Edn.), Washington, D.C. Bhutani, A.M., Chovatia, R.S., Patel, K.D., Vadaria, K.N. and Rankja, N.J. 2012. Effect of chemical fertilizer and Vermicompost on yield and nutrient content and uptake by fruits of banana (Musa parasidiaca L.) cv. Grand Naine. Asian J. Hort., 7(2):594-598 Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Amer. Soc. Agron. Inc. Madison, 117-174, pp. Bray, R.H. and Kurtz, L.T. (1945). Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorusin soils. Soil Sci., 59: 39-45. 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