83 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 79-82, 2019 Short Communication Mineral content of red skinned potatoes of Eastern India Dalamu*, J. Sharma, S. Kumar, V. Sharma, S.K. Luthra, A.K. Sharma and V.K. Dua ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh-171 001 *Email : dalamu04@gmail.com ABSTRACT Potato tuber colour is an important factor that influences consumer preferences. Eastern plain region of India contributes about 50% of total potato acreage and production. Consumers in this region generally prefer red skinned varieties. Growing awareness for nutrient rich food can create a niche market for nutritious potatoes. Potato is crop of choice for mineral biofortification owing to better mineral bioavailability due to its high ascorbic acid and minimal phytate content. Iron and zinc are the essentially required minerals for good health. Considering the nutritional importance of these elements and wider prevalence of their deficiency in Indian sub-continent, thirteen Eastern regions red skinned advanced hybrids and varieties were evaluated to find the genetic diversity for iron and zinc content. A significant wide range of contents was observed for both the elements. High heritability of both mineral suggests feasibility of selecting genotypes for breeding nutrient rich varieties. Identified genotypes can be utilised as parental lines for future breeding programme and can be released as nutrient rich potato variety. Key words: Potato, eastern India, mineral, genetic diversity INTRODUCTION Potato is a nutritious crop that has proven capacity of providing food security and mitigating poverty. This crop yields quick and better nutritious produce per unit area and fits well into different cropping pattern. The iron content of potatoes is comparable to most other vegetables and is better than white rice while it is humble source of zinc. The average iron content in whole potato is 0.78 mg /100 g fresh weight (FW) while average zinc content is 0.29 mg / 100 g FW. Presence of promoters and inhibitors components is essentia l pa r a meter s for a ny biofortification activity. Potato has minimal phytate content that inhibits the nutrient bioavailability while known source of ascorbic acid, an important factor for better nutrient absorption. Iron and zinc deficiency are major risk factors affecting global population especially the poor people. In India 79 % of children (<3 years), 55 % women and 24% men are iron deficient (NFHS-3) while 25% of the India n population is at risk of zinc deficiency. Globally India is the second largest producer of potato after China. Per capita consumption of potato in India is 20 kg and this will increase to 50 kg by 2050. With the incr ea sing tr end for pota to consumption and wider population coverage there is a need to discover the nutritional composition of varied potato genotypes as it will affect the health of common mass. Breeding of any crop involves selection of new parental lines based on the results of characterisation of germplasm for trait of interest and developing new cross combinations. Identification of high and low iron and zinc containing potato genotypes can be used in breeding program as parental material and for introgression of high Fe and Zn controlling genes or QTLs. Thirteen advanced hybrids and varieties were raised under uniform field and management conditions at the ICAR-CPRS, Patna, India during 2015-16 in plots of 4.8 m2 with inter and intra row spacing of 60 cm by 20 cm. Freshly harvested unblemished 10 tubers were cleaned with tap water followed by rinsing in high purity 0.1 N HCL and finally with double distilled water. Air dried samples in triplicate were peeled with stainless steel peeler, sliced lengthwise and oven dried at 70 oC. The acid digest grinded samples were used in atomic absorption spectrometer 84 Dalamu et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 79-82, 2019 for determination of iron and zinc content. Statistical analyses were performed by means of TNAUSTAT software (Manivannan, 2014). The mean values were compared by One-Way ANOVA. T hirteen a dvanced sta ge hybr ids a nd va rieties (Table 1) were evaluated for iron and zinc content. Analysis of variance depicted significant variations (p<0.01) for the content of both the elements. Table 1. Pedigree of coloured skinned advanced hybrids and varieties The iron contents ranged from 19.28-63.94 ppm dry weight basis and the mean value was 33.03 ppm (Table 2). The highest performing genotype was the Rajendra-II containing 3 times more iron than the lowest ranking advanced hybrid PS/9-09. The iron content is reported up to 11.2 mg /kg FW (Rivero et al, 2003). With the average dry matter content of 20 % the content varies to 56 ppm and the iron content of US varieties and advanced breeding selections (17 to 62 ppm dry weight basis; Brown et al, 2010) were comparable to our study. In earlier analysis of Indian potato genotypes the iron content varies between 21 to 53 ppm in tuber flesh on dry weight basis (Trehan and Sharma, 1996). Genotypes Parentage Genotypes Parentage PS/7-7 Kufri Arun × Desiree PS/9-09 J/96-84 × CP 2132 PS/5-75 CP 2376 × Kufri Kanchan PS/6-88 Kufri Arun × CP 3192 RH-3 Kufri Pukhraj × CP 3192 MS/08-88 CP1923 × JN 2207 P-7 Kufri Arun × CP 3192 PS/8-31 Kufri Arun × PRT-19 PS/78-1 PRT 17 × CP 3192 PS/6-24 CP 2376 × D-150 P-14 MS/89-1095 × CP 3290 Rajendra-II Clonal selection of PC 46 Rajendra-III Clonal selection of PC 676 In the present study the zinc content varied between 7.03-39.20 ppm on dry weight basis. Advanced hybrid P/6-24 had the highest zinc content followed by Rajendra-II. Zinc content in potato germplasm has been reported to be in range of 0.22 (Tuberosum gp; Rivero et al, 2003) -0.76 (Andigena gp) mg/100g FW of tuber (Andre et al, 2007). Considering an average 20 % dry matter, the zinc content (11-38 ppm dry weight basis) in these studies corroborates to that of results of our study while zinc content of United States genotypes and previous reports of Indian genotypes was on lower side ie 12 to 18 ppm (Brown et al, 2011) and 10 to 18 ppm (Trehan and Sharma, 1996), respectively on dry weight basis. Genotype Iron content (mg/kg DW/ppm) Zinc content (mg/kg DW/ppm) Rajendra- II 63.94 30.62 PS/5-75 36.10 16.6 PS/7-7 29.72 12.06 PS/9-09 19.28 7.03 PS/6-88 30.19 18.51 RH-3 32.68 19.88 P-7 29.00 16.96 MS/08-88 30.38 19.90 PS/8-31 32.48 9.71 Table 2. Iron and zinc content in coloured skinned advanced hybrids and varieties 85 Mineral content red skinned potatoes PS/78-1 21.02 12.39 Rajendra- III 22.67 17.79 P-14 43.04 19.57 P/6-24 38.93 39.20 Mean 33.03 18.48 Range 19.28-63.94 7.03-39.20 Std. Error 2.80 2.88 Std. deviation 4.98 5.00 Phenotypic and genotypic variance estimates depict the extent of variation in the present germplasm. Genotypic va r ia nce wa s high for both t r a it s indicating sufficient variability in the genotypes (Table 3). The better variability magnitude of the present germplasm may be due to varied pedigree of each genotype thus broadening the genetic base. Broad- sense heritability is the ratio of genotypic variance/ phenotypic variance that provides an estimate of the proportion of total transmissible variation. It predicts the changes affected to the trait by virtue of selection. High estimates of heritability (broad sense) wer e ob ta ined for both the c ha r a ct er s studied depicting feasibility for improvement of these characters through direct selection (Table 3). Similarly, Brown et al, 2010 recorded high iron content in red-skinned clones with high heritability while high zinc variability and heritability was obser ved in r usset potato clones (Brown et al, 2011). Heritability estimates along with genetic advance are useful in selection of individuals. Heritable variation can be found out with greater degr ee of accur acy when studied with genetic advance. The genetic advance was moderate for iron and zinc content but this may be compensated by the high heritability values and indicates additive gene a c t ion gover ning t hes e tr a it s a nd t heir s u it a b ilit y of dir ec t s elec t ion f or f u r t her improvement. Correlation between iron and zinc content was moderate (r=0.65) in contrast to weak correlation (r = 0.35) observed by (Andre et al, 2007) while highly significant (r=-0.70 to 0.84, p<0.01) to non significant correlations obtained by Brown et al, 2011. The bioavailability of potato iron is higher than those of cer ea ls a nd leguminous cr ops due to higher ascorbic acid content. In the present study the correlation estimate revea led no significant relationship between iron and ascorbic acid content (data not shown). Brown et al., (2010) also did not observe significant relationship between iron and ascorbic acid. The suitable genotypes identified will be used as parental lines for specialty potato breeding programme and the advanced hybrids can be released as nutrient rich potato variety. J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 79-82, 2019 Table 3. Variance, heritability and genetic advance for iron and zinc content Iron Zinc Genotypic variance 123.60 64.52 Phenotypic variance 131.93 72.85 Heritability 93.68 88.56 Genetic advance 22.16 15.57 Genetic advance (% of mean) 67.10 84.26 86 Andre, C.M., Ghislain, M., Bertin, P., Oufir, M., del Rosario Herrera, M., Hoffmann, L., Hausman, J.F., Larondelle, Y. and Evers, D. 2007. Andean potato cultivars (Solanum tubersum L.) as source of antioxidants and minerals micro nutrients. J. Agril. Food Chem. 55:366- 78 Brown C. R., Haynes, K.G., Moore, M., Pavek, M.J., Hane, D.C., Love S.L., Novy, R.G. and Miller Jr J. C. 2011. Stability a nd broa d-sense heritability of mineral content in potato: Zinc. Am. J. Pot. Res. 88:238-44 Brown C. R., Haynes, K.G., Moore, M., Pavek, M.J., Hane, D.C., Love S.L., Novy, R.G. and Miller Jr J. C. 2010. Stability and br oa d-sense heritability of mineral content in potato: Iron. Am. J. Pot. Res. 87:390-96 Maniva nna n, N. 2014. 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