73 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 69-74, 2019 Short Communication Performance of Anthurium (Anthurium anderanum Lindl) cultivars under hill zone of Karnataka S.K. Nataraj, Kirtimala B. Naik, H.S. Yallesh Kumar and Y.S. Ramesha College of Horticulture, Mudigere-Karnataka - 577 132 *E-mail: natflori@gmail.com ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out at experimental block, College of Horticulture, Mudigere. Tropical recorded maximum LAI 2.83, and had maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and Leaf area Index. Cultivar Crinkle Red recorded maximum number of flowers per plant per year (13.14), which was on par with Tropical (11.77), Cheers (10.60) and Fire (10.25). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days) followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days), followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days) and highest B:C ratio is recorded in cultivar Tropical (1.83) and it was least in Fantacia (1.13) . Keywords: Anthurium, Protected cultivation, Economics INTRODUCTION Ant hu r iu m ( A n t h u r i u m a n d re a n u m L ind) is cultivated for its colour full spathe and attractive foliage, Anthuriumis having 600 species distributed wor ldwide. It is gr own for differ ent pur poses among them Anthurium andreanum is popular for cut flower (Shiva and Sujatha, 2008). The major producers in the world are Netherland, Mauritius and Hawaii. Asia is most rapidly growing market for Anthurium. It is basically a semiter restr ial tropical plant requiring warm, shaded and humid conditions, similar conditions that prevail in West Coa st and Western ghat hilly regions of South India. Commercial cultivation of Anthurium started by coffee planters of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It comes up well under temperatures of 21- 24 0C, relative humidity of 60-80 % with low to medium light intensity of 20000 to 25000 Lux and very importantly quality flowers with bright colour, good stalk length. Growth & yield can be achieved at 60 to 80 % shade in different seasons (Prakash et al., 2006). Though coffee is the major crop in hilly regions of Karnataka lot of fluctuation exists in price and due to labour problem planters are looking for an alternative crop, with this back ground present study was carried out to find out suitable varieties for hill zone of Karnataka under NVPH. T he pr esent investiga tion wa s ca r r ied out a t experimental block, College of Horticulture, Mudigere which is situated in hill zone of Karnataka at 130 7´ North latitude, 750 37 ́East longitude with an altitude of 982 m above mean sea level which receives annual rain fall of 2000 to 3500 mm spread over 4-5 months (Jan-Sept) with temperature (27 0 C ) and RH (80 % ) . E x p er i ment wa s la id ou t i n C omp let e Randomised Design with 7 anthurium cultivars viz., Tropical, Middori, Cheers, Crinkle Red, Fantasia and Acr opolis and replica ted thr ice for cut flower production in raised bed during 2013-2016 under NVPH. The bed comprised of coconut husk, coffee pulp, coir pith, brick pieces and tile pieces. Pooled Data on vegetative parameters viz; plant height, number of lea ves, lea f ar ea, Lea f Ar ea Index), flower ing parameters viz; days taken for unfolding of spathe from initiation of flowers, number of days taken for full unfolding of spathe from initiation of flower and vase life), quality parameters viz; peduncle length, spathe length, spadix length, spadix angle to spathe and yield parameters viz; number of flowers per plant were recorded at monthly interval from six months after planting. 74 Nataraj et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 69-74, 2019 Vegetative characters were significantly influenced by the cultivars (Table1). Maximum plant height was recorded in cultivar Tropical (73.12 cm) and it was on par with cv. Fire (64.22 cm) and Cheers (60.13 cm) and least plant height was recorded in cv. Fantasia (30.63 cm).With respect to number of lea ves cv. Midor i recor ded highest number of leaves (13.44) which was at par with cv. Tropical (12.56) and cv. Fire (12.23) and lowest o leaves were r ecorded in cv. Fa nta sia (5.43). Cultivar Tropical recorded maximum petiole length (36.15 cm) and it was minimum in cv. Fantasia (19.25). For leaf area and Leaf Area Index, cv. Crinkle Red ( 26 62 . 0 0 cm2 ) wa s a t p a r wit h cv . Tr op ica l (2585. 00 cm2) and it was least in cv. Fanta sia (955,00 cm2), While, LAI is concerned cv. Tropical recorded maximum LAI 2.83, followed by Midori 2.49 and least was in Fantasia 1.0. Cultivar Tropical wa s aggr essive in vegeta tive growth so it ha d maximum plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and so also maximum Leaf area Index hence maximum photosyntates. This may also be attributed to the interaction between environment. While cv. Fantasia recorded least LAI with least plant height, number of leaves and leaf area. These findings are in line with findings of Femina et al (2006) Significant difference was observed for flowering, quality and yield parameters. The pooled data is presented in (Table 2). Cultivar Fantasia (50.54 days) took minimum days for unfolding of spathe from initiation, while cv. Tropical (73.12 days) took maximum days which was at par with Fire (64.22 days) and Cheers (60.13 days). Peduncle length is most important character which decides the suitability as cut flower and price of any anthurium variety, Cultivar Tropical had (63.50 cm) peduncle length being highest among the cultivars followed by Cheers and Fire. Cultiva r Fanta sia recorded minimum peduncle length (28.23 cm). Another important quality parameter that makes cultivar suitable for export is Spadix angle to spathe. Similar results were also reported by Rajeevan et al (2007) in Anthurium. If angle is wide there is chance of breakage of spadix in packing so an angle of around 300 is ideal. Cultivar Tropical had an angle of 32 0 which was on par with Fire with an angle of 32.250 and Crinkle Red and Acropollis had maximum angle of 44.100 and 43.20 0 respectively. Femina et al (2006) also reported variation in spadix angle in Anthurium cultivars studied. Main objective of protected cultivation is to have more number of flowers per square meter, significant differences were observed for yield parameters. Cultivar Crinkle Red statistically recorded maximum number of flowers per plant per year (13.14), which was on par with Tropical (11.77), Cheers (10.60), Fire (10.25) and least was in Fantasia (8.1). Cultivar Midori recorded maximum vase life (35.00 days), followed by Tropical (33.33 days) and it was on par with Fire (32.22 days), least vase life was recorded in cv. Acropolis with 19 .00 days. Earlier Latha et al (2015) showed similar results in variety ‘Esmeralda’. Similar results were also recorded by Paull and Chantrachit (2001) and Thawiang et al (2007). Though the cv. Crinkle Red had maximum flowers but quality parameters like peduncle length, spadix Table 1. Vegetative parameters as influenced by different Anthurium cultivars (pooled data 3 years) Treatment Plant height Number of Leaf area Petiole length (cm) leaves (cm2) LAI (cm) V1 : Fantasia 29.88 5.48 953.00 1.13 19.92 V2 : Acropolis 43.68 8.94 1617.67 1.73 26.67 V3 : Crinkle Red 55.76 10.64 2662.33 3.43 26.50 V4: Tropical Red 72.04 12.69 2585.00 2.93 36.72 V5: Fire 64.07 11.91 1790.00 2.00 30.63 V6:Cheers 59.71 7.97 1512.33 1.95 27.16 V7:Midori 55.67 13.22 2306.00 2.66 33.59 S. Em ± 0.45 0.54 1.48 0.27 0.51 CD (P=0.05) 1.39 1.68 4.57 0.84 1.58 75 Performance of Anthurium in hills J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 69-74, 2019 angle was more hence not suitable for export hence can only be sold in local market. Whereas, Tropical had appreciable vegetative, quality, flowering and yield parameters along with maximum plant height, number of leaves, highest peduncle length, leaf area, LAI which was able to synthesize more photosynthates and thus produced better quality flowers , more yield and maximum vase life. Similar results were also reported by Islam et al (2013) in Anthurium. Significant difference were reported for B:C ratio (Table 3.) among all cultivars, cost of cultivation was 4,12,539.00 for 560 sq.mt and yield varied from 40,500 in Cv. Fantasia to 58,850 in Cv. Tropical accordingly gross and net returns were varied from 7,55,280 to 3,42,741 . cultivar Tropical recorded maximum B:C ratio (1.83) followed by Cheers (1.64), Fire (1.51) and it was least in Fantasia (1.13), these difference may be attributed to yield potential and quality of flowers of individual genotypes, similar results were also reported by Agasimani et al., (2011). Table 2. Flower, quality and yield parameters as influenced by Anthurium cultivars (pooled data 3yrs) Days to Peduncle Spathe Spathe Spadix Spadix Spadix Flowering Number Vase Treatment intiate bud length length width angle to length width duration of flowers/ life to flowering (cm) (cm) (cm) spathe (cm) (mm) (days) plant/year (days) V1 : Fantasia 50.54 28.08 10.55 7.81 35.03 3.60 7.84 57.11 8.1 28.00 V2 : Acropolis 44.09 43.07 13.56 9.47 34.13 4.87 7.78 48.22 10.08 19.70 V3 : Crinkle Red 56.21 44.03 10.55 9.45 29.07 4.56 7.00 58.44 13.41 24.89 V4: Tropical Red 73.15 63.17 15.01 10.59 32.00 6.52 9.94 61.22 11.77 32.78 V5: Fire 64.26 56.30 13.87 9.61 32.42 5.58 8.87 58.67 10.25 32.41 V6:Cheers 60.12 47.27 9.53 8.06 28.30 3.60 7.53 64.22 10.60 30.11 V7:Midori 56.14 59.15 13.36 11.19 30.04 5.46 8.53 94.11 9.05 35.17 S. Em ± 0.54 0.63 0.34 0.35 0.65 0.33 0.37 0.68 0.58 0.57 CD (P=0.05) 1.65 1.93 1.06 1.09 2.02 1.00 1.16 2.10 1.95 1.75 Table 3. Economics of Anthurium cultivars during II year Total cost of Flower Price per flower Cultivar cultivation for yield Gross return Net returns GBC 560 sq.mt (560 A B (Rs.) * (Rs.) ratio (Rs.) sq.mt) grade Grade V1 : Fantasia 4,12,539.00 40500 24300 16200 4,69,800.00 57,261.00 1.13 V2 : Acropolis 4,12,539.00 50500 30300 20200 5,85,800.00 1,73,261.00 1.41 V3 : Crinkle Red 4,12,539.00 67050 13410 53640 6,16,860.00 2,04,321.00 1.49 V4: Tropical 4,12,539.00 58850 47080 11770 7,55,280.00 3,42,741.00 1.83 V5: Fire 4,12,539.00 51250 35875 15375 6,25,250.00 2,12,711.00 1.51 V6:Cheers 4,12,539.00 53000 42400 10600 6,78,400.00 2,65,861.00 1.64 V7:Midori 4,12,539.00 45500 36400 9100 5,85,400.00 1,72,861.00 1.41  A grade flower average price Rs.14  B grade flower average price is Rs.8/flower is the Cost of flower considered for calculation 76 Establishment cost for Anthurium grown under naturally ventilated polyhouse of 560 m2 area Particulars Particulars Remarks I. Investment cost Construction of polyhouse (for life of 15 years) Planting materials@100/plant for 4 years (5000 plants/450 sq.mt net cultivable area ) Bed preparat ion (ti les, bricks, coconut husk, coir pith) for four years Sub total II. Maintenance cost for first year 1. Labour @ Rs.450/day labour for bed preparation and planting 20 man days Supervision and to operate drip and fertigation unit (2hrs a day) 60 man days Spraying of PP chemicals @ 2 hr/ 15 day/year=6 man days Intercultural operationsWeeding, h ar vest i n g, fil l i ng of m edi a , harvesting of flowers and packing of flowers harvested in first year. 2 labour/15 days for 10 months is 40 man days 2. Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 3. Irrigation 4. Harvesting and packing Total maintenance cost I year Total return during I year Maintenance cost I year Total establishment cost Variable cost 1. Labour @ Rs.450/day a. Supervision and to operate drip and fertigation unit (2hrs a day) 40 man days Total cost 4,000,00.00 4,90,000.00 50,000.00 9,40,000.00 9,000.00 27,000.00 2700.00 18,000.00 30,492.00 5000.00 10000.00 1,02,192.00 15000 x 4 = 60,000.00 Rs.42,192.00 Rs.9,82,192.00 18,000.00 Amortized cost 26,600.00 1,22,500.00 12,500.00 1,61,600.00 Rs.10,548.00 1,72,148.00 (Rs./year) With drip and ventury system 80 % area is the actual planting area after excluding paths and hockey (20 %) Apportioned for 4 years Polyhouse-15 yrs Plants-4 yrs 3 flowers/plant after six months and sold @ Rs. 4/ flower for C grade flower Apportioned for 4 years III. Cost of cultivation of Anthurium under NVPH polyhouse II year onwards Nataraj et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 69-74, 2019 77 b. Spraying of PP chemicals @ 2 hr/ 15 day/year=6 man days c. Intercultural operationsWeeding, h ar vest i n g, fil l i ng of m edi a , harvesting of flowers and packing of flowers harvested in first year. 3 labour/15 days for 10 months is 50 man days 2. Inputs a. Fertilizers and Plant protection chemicals b. Irrigation c. packing material and transportation Interest on VC @11 % Total Variable cost 3. Fixed cost a. Int erest on fi xed investment @11% b. Amortization cost /year c. Depreciation on equipments – Sprayer and tools Total FC Total cost of cultivation 2700.00 22,500.00 52,500.00 5000.00 30,000.00 Rs.14,377.00 Rs.1,30,700.00 1,08,041.00 1,72,148.00 1650.00 Rs.2,81,839.00 Rs.4,12,539.00 Performance of Anthurium in hills J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 14(1) : 69-74, 2019 78 REFERENCES Prakash, D., Sujatha, K. and Sangma 2006.Anthurium. In: Advan. Orn. Hort. (Ed.,Bhattacharjee, S.K.). Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.pp. 109-29. Rajeevan, P.K., Valasakumari, P.K., Rao, P.G.H., Liji, P. 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Islam M.S., Mehraj, H., Roni, M.Z.K., Shahrin S. and Jamal Uddin A.F.M. 2013, Varietal study of anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) as a cut flower in Bangladesh . Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 37 (1): 103-107. Latha S, Reddy B.S and Sudeep H.P, 2015, Varietal per for ma nce, cor r ela tion studies a nd economics of anthurium cultivation under protected conditions, Res. Environ. Life Sci. 8(4): 773-776. Paull, R. E. and T. Chantrachit, 2001, Benzyladenine and the vase life of tropical ornamentals. Postharvest Biol. Tech. 21(3): 303-310. (MS Received 12 September 2017, Revised 06 November 2018, Accepted 30 March 2019) Nataraj et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 34(1) : 69-74, 2018 00 contents.pdf 01. RMS copy 62(17) Gauva.marketing & phl-pinflesh.pdf 02. RMS copy 63(17) Soft wood grafting – A novel and rapid multiplication technique in Coorg mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco).pdf 03. 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