Final SPH -JHS Coverpage 17-1 Jan 2022 single 103 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 103-109, 2022 This is an open access article d istributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer cial-ShareAl ike 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, d istribution, and reproduction in any med ium, provide d the original author and source are credited. Original Research Paper INTRODUCTION The response of fruit tree to externally applied mineral nutrients needs to be quantified to provide technology innovations to fruit growers as ready to use package of practices. This process might lead to nutrient richness in the end product i.e. fruit pup. This is very significant in case of sand, loamy sand, sandy loam soils having low water holding capacity, soil organic matter, nutrient reserve and microbial a ctivity. Significant response of the tree to nutrient application depends on several attributes like tree physiology, soil response, weather interactions and varietal ability etc. Adak et al. (2021) scientifically explained that there is an urgent need for revisiting policy issues in terms of soil nutrition vis-à-vis productivity and profitability for subtropical zone. Soil nutrients play significant role in responding to the signal transduction to roots and from roots to sink. The source-sink continuum often either hastens or restricted by the pools of nutrients. Lower the nutrient pool, response to end product may be low. However, foliar application may improve the positive response through xylem-phloem pathways through leaf stomata. Adak et al. (2019) indicated that lower soil nutrient index is responsible for lower productivity of Dashehari mango in farmers’ field in Maal area of Uttar Pradesh. This certainly had contributed to yield variations within the orchards. Similarly in apple orchards Aggelopoulou et al. (2010) described the spatial yield and quality variability within the apple orchards. Nutrient deficiency in the foliar part is one of the top most priority for any commercial or non-commercial orchards to indentify and its possible solutions for correction of nutrient limitations. Several nutrients were recorded to be deficient on long-term basis in orchards. Raja et al. (2005) inferred boron deficiency in mango and also suggested for possible remediation. Tehranifar and Response of Dashehari mango to different Zn levels on yield and pulp nutrient contents grown on sandy loam soils of Lucknow Adak T.1, Kumar K.1, Singh V.K.1 and Ganeshamurthy A.N.2* 1ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow - 226 101, UP, India 2ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru - 560 089, India *Corresponding author E-mail : angmurthy@gmail.com ABSTRACT Dashehari is the leading mango variety grown in Indo-Gangetic plain. Its yield is affected severely by the micronutrient deficiencies. Zinc and boron are the two important micronutrients which limit the yield and quality of Dashehari mango in this region. Hence a field study was taken up to understand the responses of Dashehari mango to different levels of Zn. Results indicated yield enhancement with proper Zn supplementation through foliar sprays. Highest yield of 43.50±2.00 to 50.72±2.40 kg tree-1 was recorded with 1.0% ZnSO4 application, followed by 42.27±1.26 (1.5% ZnSO4) to 47.85±1.65 (0.75% ZnSO4) kg tree-1. TSS (19.63±0.25 to 20.27±0.40°Brix), acidity (0.150±0.01 to 0.200±0.02%) and ascorbic acid (29.46±2.29 to 35.17±1.32 mg per 100 g) variations were noted under the influence of various Zn treated fruits. Foliar spray application also caused nutrient richness in mango fruit pulp showing improvement in Zn concentration in fruit pulp from 1.17±0.10 to 1. 73±0.10 mg kg-1. Highest concentration of B, Cu, Fe and Mn were observed (3.13±0.018, 4.37±0.06, 7.87±0.06, 20.10±0.15 mg kg -1 respectively) with P and K concentrations of 0.026±0.0002& 0.28±0.001% respectively. Significant difference in leaf and soil Zn content was also recorded. The results indicated that yield and quality of Dashehari mango can be improved with foliar spray of Zn in sandy loam soil. Keywords: Dashehari mango, pulp nutrient concentration, soil and foliar nutrient, yield and quality attribute and Zn levels. 104 Adak et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 103-109, 2022 Tabar (2009) observed that foliar application of K and B (1.5 and 3.0 g L-1) leads to nutrient richness in pomegranate. Liu et al. (2021) emphasized potassium fertilization during fruit development for improving quality and potassium use efficiency of tomato in deficit irrigation regime. The quality of the produce is to be authenticated for which low cost near-infra- red spectroscopy technology could be employed (Yang et al., 2021). Similarly, Davarynejad et al. (2009) recorded positiveness of foliar nutrition technology in enhancing the yield, quality and alternate bearing as well in pistachio fruit tree. The statistical significance of such response is to be recorded and multivariate interpretation should be done in order to understand the foliar chemical composition of essential nutrients (Raghupathi and Shilpashree, 2018) for development of technologies for corrections. On the present field study, trails were laid out to record the response of Zn levels on nutrient richness and productivity level on sandy loam soil at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field study was conducted on 9th and 10th year old mango cv Dashehari trees spaced at 10×10 m on sandy loam soil at Rehmankhera Farm, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh during 2015-18. Seven treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Initial nutrient status of the experimental field was poor. The treatments applied were as T1: control, T2: 0.25% ZnSO4, T3: 0.50% ZnSO4, T4: 0.75% ZnSO4 T5: 1.0% ZnSO4 T6: 1.5% ZnSO4 and T7: 2.0% ZnSO4. The foliar spray was done in the last week of September, before flowering (3rd week of February), at marble stage of fruit and second spray after 25 days interval. The ZnSO4 was sourced as fertilizer (15%) and the volume of spray per tree was 10-liter volume of solution. Field layout and basin preparation was done as per recommended package of practices. Irrigation water was applied on critical stage wise and based on weather inputs. Tree protection measures were also taken care of. Soil samples were collected randomly from the selected trees. Leaf samples were taken from N-S and E-W directions within the canopy. Fruit samples were collected from different directions in the canopy to represent the overall performance of the tree. Fruits were harvested during 2nd week of June. Yield was reported kg tree-1 basis. Quality components were analyzed as par Ranganna (1986). All standard procedures were followed for preparation of soil and leaf and pulp samples for chemical analysis. Leaf digestion and soil digestion was completed following laboratory protocol and micronutrients were analysed using AAS. Statistical analysis viz., significance, standard error of mean, standard error of difference and coefficient of variations were computed in OPSTAT (Sheoran et al., 1998). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study reveals the effectiveness of different Zn levels on the Dashehari mango grown on sandy loam soils in Indo-Gangetic plains under subtropical climate. The results showed significant response among mango trees treated with different foliar Zn levels (Table 1). Lowest ZnSO4 application yield of 33.17±2.25 kg tree-1 was noted. In general, yield improved up to 1%. Beyond that T5, the response was not significant. Highest yield of 43.50±2.00 and 50.72±2.40 kg tree-1 was noted. TSS of 19.90±0.31 (T 1) to 19.63±0.25 (T 5) and 19.67±0.21 (T 1) to 20.03±0.21°Brix (T5) was estimated. Similarly, acidity of 0.158±0.03, 0.200±0.02 (T5) to 0.175±0.03 to 0.158±0.01% (T1) was recorded. Ascorbic acid content was ranging from 35.17±1.32 (T5) to 30.58±3.50 mg per 100 g (T1). Variable content of quality attributes suggested possible nutrient interaction in the mango trees. The enhanced nutrient concentration in fruit pulp was also recorded (Table 2). Lowest Zn concentration of 1.17±0.10 (T1) to 1.73±0.10 (T4), 1.60±0.06 mg kg-1 (T 5) wa s r ecor ded. Cu concentr a tion of 3.50±0.015 mg kg-1 (T1) to 3.93±0.015 mg kg -1 (T5), B concentration of 2.01± 0.09 mg kg-1 (T1) to 3.13 ±0.18 mg kg-1 (T5) followed by 2.56±0.12 mg kg -1 (T4) were recorded. Non-significant response was observed in some mineral composition like Fe that varied between 16.20±0.15 to 20.10 ±0.15 mg kg-1. A narrow range of 0.021 to 0.026% P and 0.26 to 0.28% K was observed. The observed results suggested strong response of Zn levels on fruit pulp Zn content. The mineral contentions of leaf tissue showed Zn variations between 29.7±5.51 (T1) to 52.0± 5.29 mg kg-1 (T5), Cu content of 13.7±0.58 (T1) to 19.7±1.53 mg kg-1 (T 4), B content of 32.367±3.11 (T 1) to 35.93±1.79 mg kg-1 (T5) (Table 3). However, Fe and Mn contents were non-significant with a narrow range of 170.3±11.59 mg kg-1 to 206.7±10.26 mg kg-1 and 137.7±5.13 mg kg-1 to 158.0±8.72 mg kg-1 wa s observed. Similarly, P and K content were recorded as 0.147 to 0.159% and 0.936 to 1.022% respectively. Soil organic matter in general was low i.e. 0.316 to 105 Response of Dashehari mango to different Zn levels Treatment P K Fe Mn Zn Cu B % mg kg-1 T1 0.023±0.0004 0.28±0.002 17.77±0.50 6.97±0.12 1.17±0.10 3.50±0.015 2.01±0.09 T2 0.024±0.0003 0.26±0.005 18.17±0.26 7.73±0.10 1.60±0.06 4.17±0.21 2.59±0.21 T3 0.026±0.0002 0.27±0.002 16.20±0.15 7.80±0.06 1.67±0.12 4.23±0.06 2.55±0.27 T4 0.024±0.0005 0.26±0.006 18.57±0.30 7.77±0.12 1.73±0.10 4.37±0.06 2.56±0.12 T5 0.021±0.0006 0.27±0.008 20.10±0.15 7.83±0.12 1.60±0.06 3.93±0.15 3.13±0.18 T6 0.021±0.0001 0.28±0.001 17.03±0.15 7.87±0.06 1.53±0.06 3.37±0.21 2.02±0.10 T7 0.023±0.0002 0.28±0.002 16.43±0.06 7.37±0.21 1.43±0.21 3.13±0.17 2.04±0.23 CD 0.05 NS NS NS NS 0.21 0.3 NS SE(m) 0.0001 0.002 0.147 0.069 0.068 0.097 0.108 SE(d) 0.0002 0.003 0.207 0.098 0.096 0.137 0.153 CV(%) 1.525 1.519 1.431 1.577 7.686 4.395 7.755 SE(m) stands for standard error of mean and SE(d) stands for standard error of difference. CV is the coefficient of variations; values in mean ± standard deviations Table 2. Effect of foliar application of Zn on nutrient concentration of mango pulp Treatment Fruit yield TSS Acidity Ascorbic acid (kg /tree) (0 B) (%) (mg/100g) T1 33.17±2.25 38.32±2.48 19.90±0.31 19.67±0.21 0.175±0.03 0.158±0.01 29.46±2.92 30.58±3.50 T2 34.83±3.00 44.40±3.60 19.93±0.21 19.87±0.21 0.175±0.01 0.183±0.01 31.14±1.45 31.34±1.32 T3 37.00±1.53 45.83±1.68 20.03±0.36 19.77±0.15 0.158±0.04 0.167±0.01 29.46±5.26 33.64±2.65 T4 41.67±1.50 47.85±1.65 19.70±0.38 20.27±0.40 0.167±0.01 0.175±0.03 29.46±2.53 33.64±3.50 T5 43.50±2.00 50.72±2.40 19.63±0.25 20.03±0.32 0.158±0.03 0.200±0.02 30.30±5.26 35.17±1.32 T6 42.27±1.26 46.60±1.51 19.83±1.07 19.73±0.15 0.150±0.01 0.183±0.03 31.98±5.26 35.17±1.32 T7 38.83±2.75 43.12±3.58 20.36±0.20 19.83±0.23 0.167±0.03 0.183±0.01 33.67±1.45 34.40±6.07 CD 0.05 2.944 3.546 NS NS NS NS NS NS SE(m) 0.945 1.138 0.299 0.151 0.009 0.013 1.982 1.721 SE(d) 1.336 1.610 0.423 0.214 0.013 0.018 2.803 2.434 CV(%) 4.224 4.355 2.603 1.316 9.776 12.16 11.152 8.921 SE(m) stands for standard error of mean and SE(d) stands for standard error of difference. CV is the coefficient of variations; values in mean ± standard deviations Table 1. Effect of foliar application of Zn on fruit yield and quality of mango 0.385%, much lower than critical level of 0.50% (Table 4). Lower SOC content thus recommends for higher organic input remedies to sandy loam soil. Available K of 74.78±3.97 mg kg-1 (T1) to 84.48±3.81 mg kg-1 (T 4) to 81. 79±15. 87 mg kg -1 (T 5) wa s estimated. Fe and Mn availability of 4.78 to 5.87 and 8.21 to 9.31 mg kg-1 was observed. Significant difference of Zn and Cu content of 0.52±0.08 mg kg- 1 (T1) to 0.93±0.25 mg kg -1 (T5) and 0.43±0.15 (T1) to 1.29±0.30 mg kg-1 (T5) was evidenced (Table 4). Higher CV (%) of 20.78% (Zn) and 30.75% (Cu) was also noticed. T he ob ser ved yield diff er ences in the ma ngo orchards are accounted for different rate of Zn a p p lic a t ion . Tr ee nu t r it ion wa s t hu s f ou nd responsible for obtaining satisfactory yields. Zeng et al. (2001) reported the possible soil and leaf K J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 103-109, 2022 106 Treatment P K Fe Mn Zn Cu B % mg kg-1 T1 0.157±0.007 0.969±0.03 182.3±20.43 149.0±12.49 29.7±5.51 13.7±0.58 32.367±3.11 T2 0.159±0.005 0.960±0.03 206.7±10.26 155.7±6.11 35.7±3.51 14.7±3.21 35.100±2.05 T3 0.147±0.002 0.936±0.03 182.7±9.87 143.7±5.13 38.3±1.53 17.0±4.36 38.800±2.79 T4 0.148±0.005 0.984±0.01 183.0±9.54 152.7±14.05 46.0±6.24 19.7±1.53 39.967±4.60 T5 0.158±0.012 1.022±0.06 170.3±11.59 137.7±5.13 52.0±5.29 13.0±1.00 35.933±1.79 T6 0.156±0.002 1.006±0.01 184.3±29.67 158.0±8.72 55.3±5.13 12.3±0.58 35.300±1.80 T7 0.160±0.013 0.996±0.03 174.7±12.22 154.0±14.0 55.7±7.02 11.7±2.31 36.367±3.67 CD 0.05 NS NS NS NS 9.9 4.5 NS SE(m) 0.005 0.020 9.3 6.27 3.22 1.46 1.84 SE(d) 0.007 0.028 13.15 8.86 4.55 2.07 2.61 CV(%) 5.15 3.45 8.78 7.23 12.47 17.4 8.80 SE(m) stands for standard error of mean and SE(d) stands for standard error of difference. CV is the coefficient of variations; values in mean ± standard deviations Table 3. Effect of foliar application of Zn on nutrient concentration of mango leaf Treatment SOC P K Fe Mn Zn Cu % mg kg-1 T1 0.316±0.02 0.179±0.03 74.78±3.97 4.78±0.31 8.21±0.35 0.52±0.08 0.43±0.15 T2 0.370±0.05 0.211±0.02 71.41±4.26 5.37±0.78 9.31±0.51 0.68±0.15 0.72±0.14 T3 0.385±0.07 0.184±0.02 81.96±2.93 5.13±0.46 8.42±1.05 0.55±0.09 0.62±0.14 T4 0.370±0.07 0.213±0.03 84.48±3.81 5.87±0.51 8.86±0.77 0.84±0.15 0.92±0.25 T5 0.375±0.06 0.173±0.03 81.79±5.95 5.14±0.66 8.95±1.00 0.93±0.25 1.29±0.30 T6 0.331±0.04 0.199±0.02 79.75±3.65 5.62±0.68 8.94±1.04 0.61±0.10 1.19±0.23 T7 0.375±0.02 0.208±0.03 80.64±4.22 5.66±0.23 8.93±1.04 0.78±0.08 0.83±0.52 CD 0.05 NS NS 6.78 NS NS 0.22 0.39 SE(m) 0.026 0.013 2.26 0.28 0.37 0.073 0.13 SE(d) 0.037 0.018 3.20 0.40 0.52 0.103 0.19 CV(%) 14.61 13.13 5.72 10.55 8.39 20.78 30.75 SE(m) stands for standard error of mean and SE(d) stands for standard error of difference. CV is the coefficient of variations; values in mean ± standard deviations Table 4. Effect of foliar application of Zn on soil nutrients after harvesting of mango concentration variations along with nut yield and qua lity in pista chio tr ee. Per r y et al. (20 10) exhibited the pear orchard tree characteristics and its var ia tions with yield. The soil condition is always questionable for solute transport ability. Asghari et al. (2011) reported the effect of soil conditioner s in a sa ndy loa m soil in ter ms of physical quality and bromide transport while Yadav et al. (2011) recor ded sta tistica lly significant impr ovement in Amra pali ma ngo with nutr ient transformation mechanisms. In fact, the fitness of soil for tr ee planta tions with potential yield is always top most priority on long-term basis to sustain la nd productivity (Ganesha murthy a nd Reddy, 2015). Recently, Vallentin et al. (2022) opined that the satellite remote sensing data could Adak et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(1) : 103-109, 2022 107 potentially be used for yield estimation and infrared spectroscopy could also be scientifically applied for quality assurances in mango and apple (Li et al., 2021). T he role of foliar spray of nutr ients is beneficial in fruit trees as observed by Pal et al. (2018) in Arka Neelamani grape, Kumar et al. (2017) on guava, Hamze et al. (2018) on pistachio tree. Talang et al. (2017) found the effectiveness of calcium, boron and sorbitol on fruit-set, yield and quality in Himsagar mango. Adak et al. (2020) experimentally proved the beneficial effects of foliar nutrient technology on the yield performance, fruit quality and nutrient status of guava. In fact, the technological innovations should efficiently be disseminated to small and marginal growers for harnessing the benefits (Adak et al., 2022). Since, s oil p r op e r t ies a ls o inf lu enc e t he yield p er f or ma nc e s , p a r t ic u la r ly or ga nic c a r b on r ecognized a s effective indica tor, soil orga nic carbon stock should be estimated (Hinge et al., 2018) and digital soil mapping of soil properties ( D ha r u ma r a ja n e t a l . , 2 0 2 0 ) , s h ou ld a ls o emp ha s iz ed f or f u t u r e p r ec is i on or c ha r d management. Thus, the response recorded within the cur r ent tria l showed 1% ZnSO 4 should be applied to mango trees for better statistically higher yield, quality component and nutrient richness. Beyond 1% ZnSO4, economical benefit may not be availed. CONCLUSION Harvesting of optimum fruit yield from orchard is the sole objective of mango farmers. Fruit yield and fruit quality increased significantly with application of 1.0% ZnSO4 over control. In the current study yield of 50.72 kg tree-1 indicated that there is enormous scope to increase the yield of mango in this region through zinc application through foliar sprays. The study recommends foliar spray of 1.0% ZnSO4 for mango in Indo-Gangetic plain region for higher yields and improvement of fruit quality. Study further shows the scope for improvement in soil management to get a desirable potential yield. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ICAR networ king pr oject on “ Micr onutr ient management in Horticultural crops for enhancing Yield and quality” is duly acknowledged for financial assistance. Director, ICAR-CISH, Lucknow is also kindly acknowledged for smooth functioning of field trials and other staff for cooperation in laboratory and fields. REFERENCES Adak, T., Babu, N., Pandey, G., Chandra, S. and Kumar, A. 2022. Technological diffusion to small and marginal farmers for improving skills and expertise. 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Potassium fertilizer affects soil K, leaf K concentration, and nut yield and quality of mature pistachio trees. Hort Sci. 36:85-89. (Received: 23.01.2022; Revised: 25.03.2022, Accepted: 30.03.2022) 00 A Final SPH -JHS Coverpage First 2 pages.pdf 00 Content and in this issue.pdf 01 Mohan Kumar G N.pdf 02 Meera Pandey.pdf 03 Biradar C.pdf 04 Varalakshmi B.pdf 05 Vijayakumari N.pdf 06 Barik S.pdf 07 Sajid M B.pdf 08 Ranga D.pdf 09 Usha S.pdf 10 Manisha.pdf 11 Amulya R N.pdf 12 Akshatha H J.pdf 13 Adak T.pdf 14 Sujatha S.pdf 15 Gowda P P.pdf 16 Subba S.pdf 17 Dhayalan V.pdf 19 Ahmed S.pdf 20 Vishwakarma P K.pdf 21 Deep Lata.pdf 22 Udaykumar K P.pdf 23 Nayaka V S K.pdf 24 Sahel N A.pdf 25 Bayogan E R V.pdf 26 Rathinakumari A C.pdf 27 Yella Swami C.pdf 28 Saidulu Y.pdf 29 Sindhu S.pdf 30 Neeraj.pdf 31 Sivaranjani R.pdf 32 Rashied Tetteh.pdf 34 Sangeetha G.pdf 35 Shareefa M.pdf 36 Last Pages.pdf