Final SPH -JHS Coverpage 16-2 Jan 2021 single C O N T E N T S JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES Volume 16 Issue 2 June 2021 In this Issue i-ii Review Phytoremediation of indoor air pollutants: Harnessing the potential of 131-143 plants beyond aesthetics Shalini Jhanji and U.K.Dhatt Research Articles Response of fruit yield and quality to foliar application of micro-nutrients in 144-151 lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] cv. Assam lemon Sheikh K.H.A., Singh B., Haokip S.W., Shankar K., Debbarma R. Studies on high density planting and nutrient requirement of banana in 152-163 different states of India Debnath Sanjit Bauri F.K., Swain S., Patel A.N., Patel A.R., Shaikh N.B., Bhalerao V.P., Baruah K., Manju P.R., Suma A., Menon R., Gutam S. and P. Patil Mineral nutrient composition in leaf and root tissues of fifteen polyembryonic 164-176 mango genotypes grown under varying levels of salinity Nimbolkar P.K., Kurian R.M., Varalakshmi L.R., Upreti K.K., Laxman R.H. and D. Kalaivanan Optimization of GA3 concentration for improved bunch and berry quality in 177-184 grape cv. Crimson Seedless (Vitis vinifera L) Satisha J., Kumar Sampath P. and Upreti K.K. RGAP molecular marker for resistance against yellow mosaic disease in 185-192 ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] Kaur M., Varalakshmi B., Kumar M., Lakshmana Reddy D.C., Mahesha B. and Pitchaimuthu M. Genetic divergence study in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) 193-198 Nithinkumar K.R., Kumar J.S.A., Varalakshmi B, Mushrif S.K., Ramachandra R.K. , Prashanth S.J. Combining ability studies to develop superior hybrids in bell pepper 199-205 (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) Varsha V., Smaranika Mishra, Lingaiah H.B., Venugopalan R., Rao K.V. Kattegoudar J. and Madhavi Reddy K. SSR marker development in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 206-214 using transcriptome sequencing and genetic diversity studies Gayathri M., Pitchaimuthu M. and K.V. Ravishankar Generation mean analysis of important yield traits in Bitter gourd 215-221 (Momordica charantia) Swamini Bhoi, Varalakshmi B., Rao E.S., Pitchaimuthu M. and Hima Bindu K. Influence of phenophase based irrigation and fertigation schedule on vegetative 222-233 performance of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzelev.) var. Marigold Vijayakumar S., Sujatha A. Nair, Nair A.K., Laxman R.H. and Kalaivanan D. Performance evaluation of double type tuberose IIHR-4 (IC-0633777) for 234-240 flower yield, quality and biotic stress response Bharathi T.U., Meenakshi Srinivas, Umamaheswari R. and Sonavane, P. Anti-fungal activity of Trichoderma atroviride against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 241-250 Lycopersici causing wilt disease of tomato Yogalakshmi S., Thiruvudainambi S., Kalpana K., Thamizh Vendan R. and Oviya R. Seed transmission of bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain 251-260 (BCMV-BlCM) threaten cowpea seed health in the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions of Ghana Adams F.K., Kumar P.L., Kwoseh C., Ogunsanya P., Akromah R. and Tetteh R. Effect of container size and types on the root phenotypic characters of Capsicum 261-270 Raviteja M.S.V., Laxman R.H., Rashmi K., Kannan S., Namratha M.R. and Madhavi Reddy K. Physio-morphological and mechanical properties of chillies for 271-279 mechanical harvesting Yella Swami C., Senthil Kumaran G., Naik R.K., Reddy B.S. and Rathina Kumari A.C. Assessment of soil and water quality status of rose growing areas of 280-286 Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India Varalakshmi LR., Tejaswini P., Rajendiran S. and K.K. Upreti Qualitative and organoleptic evaluation of immature cashew kernels under storage 287-291 Sharon Jacob and Sobhana A. Physical quality of coffee bean (Coffea arabica L.) as affected by harvesting and 292-300 drying methods Chala T., Lamessa K. and Jalata Z Vegetative vigour, yield and field tolerance to leaf rust in four F1 hybrids of 301-308 coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in India Divya K. Das, Shivanna M.B. and Prakash N.S. Limonene extraction from the zest of Citrus sinensis, Citrus limon, Vitis vinifera 309-314 and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity Wani A.K., Singh R., Mir T.G. and Akhtar N. Event Report 315-318 National Horticultural Fair 2021 - A Success Story Dhananjaya M.V., Upreti K.K. and Dinesh M.R. Subject index 319-321 Author index 322-323 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 This is an open access article d istributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer cial-ShareAl ike 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, d istribution, and reproduction in any med ium, provide d the original author and source are credited. Original Research Paper Performance evaluation of double type tuberose IIHR-4 (IC-0633777) for flower yield, quality and biotic stress response Bharathi T.U.1*, Meenakshi Srinivas1, Umamaheswari R.2 and Priti Sonavane2 1Division of Flower and Medicinal Crops 2Division of Crop Protection ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru - 560089, India *Corresponding author Email: t.ushabharathi@gmail.com ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out to evaluate an advance breeding line of tuberose double type IIHR-4 along with check for flowering, yield and resistance to root knot nematode and Alternaria polianthi leaf blight disease. The hybrid selection IIHR-4 was developed through hybridization by crossing Mexican Single x Pearl Double, followed by selection. Double type tuberose IIHR- 4 was found to be novel with better flowering and quality traits such as relatively shorter spike (62.00 cm) and rachis length (25.59cm) and favourable diameter of floret (4.47cm) and number of florets per spike (50.75), more number of florets (7.10) open at a time on the spike and shorter internodal length between the florets (3.45cm). The florets are with shorter length (5.22cm) arranged very compactly on the spike making IIHR-4 ideal as cut flower. Added to this, the advanced breeding line IIHR-4 was found to be highly resistant to root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita under field conditions and tolerant to Alternaria polianthi leaf blight disease. Keywords: Advanced breeding line, cut flower, flowering, double type, tuberose and yield INTRODUCTION Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa Linn.) is an important tropical bulbous ornamental plant belonging to the family ‘Asparagaceae’ and is native to Mexico (Bailey, 1919). There are two types of tuberose namely, Single and Double which are commercially cultivated across the globe for their exquisite flowers. Single types are used as loose flowers for garland pur pose and perfumery industry whereas double varieties are highly preferred for cut flower and bouquets because of the longer keeping quality of the flower spikes. Double tuberose flowers have high demand in both local and international markets and are being exported to gulf countries. The increasing demand for superior and novel double type tuber ose necessita tes the development of varieties of this category. Tuberose is commercially cultivated in India in an area of about 16,190 ha, with a loose flower production of 1, 07, 910 metric tonnes and cut flower production of 89.29 lakh numbers of cut stems (Anon, 2016). Root knot nematode infects tuberose and leads to 10-14% of crop loss (Khan and Reddy, 1992). Leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria polianthi is extensive in tuberose growing regions of the country. Development of tolerant and resistant varieties to these biotic stresses is the need of the hour to help the tuberose growers. Keeping these objectives in view, an advance breeding line of double type tuberose (IIHR-4) developed by ICAR-IIHR was evaluated for flowering, yield, quality and reaction to root knot nematode and A.polianthi leaf blight disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The investigation was carried out at the Division of Flower and Medicinal Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during 2015 - 2018. The advance breeding line of tuberose IIHR-4 with double flowers was evaluated along with the commercial check varieties Arka Vaibhav, Arka Suvasini, local checks Hyderabad Double and Pearl Double. Randomized block design was followed for the experiment with three replications. Uniform size of bulbs (2.5 cm diameter) were planted on raised bed 235 Performance evaluation of double type tuberose J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 with the spacing of 30 x 30 cm. Standard cultural practices were followed throughout the experimental period. The growth, yield and quality parameters viz., days to spike emergence, days to opening of first floret, spike length, rachis length, number of florets per spike, length of floret, diameter of floret, bud length, matured bud weight, single flower weight, number of spikes per clump, vase life, number of bulbs per clump, number of bulblets per clump, internodal length between the florets and number of florets open at a time on the rachis were observed. The tuberose lines/cultivars were screened for the tolerance/ resistance against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita for three consecutive years. Gall Index (GI) was recorded in the roots in a 0-5 scale as per Taylor and Sasser (1978) at the time of bulb harvest. Per cent disease index and host reaction of tuberose genotypes against leaf blight disease caused by A. polianthi under field condition was recorded thrice at15 day interval using 0-5 scale (Narayanappa and Chandra, 1984). The pooled data of three years were statistically analyzed as per Gomez and Gomez (1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the study revealed significant differences among the tuberose lines for flowering and yield parameters (Tables 1 and 2). Days to spike emergence ranged from 133.73 (Arka Suvasini) to 198.00 (Pearl Double) with the general mean of 161.53 days. The advanced breeding line IIHR-4 recorded 154.15 days to spike emergence. Early spike appearance in tuberose cultivar Arka Suvasini was reported by Safeena et al. (2019) who noticed wide range of variation in days taken to flowering due to variation in genetic makeup and prevailing environmental conditions. Spike length ranged from 62.00 cm (IIHR-4) to 86.36 cm (Pearl Double) with the mean of 78.64 cm. The advanced breeding line IIHR-4 recorded spike length of 62.00 cm with upright stalk categorized into short spike group suitable for cut flower. Varietal differences for spike length was earlier reported by Madhumati et al. (2018), Prashanta et al. (2016), Safeena et al. (2019) and Dogra et al. (2020) in tuberose. Rachis length varied from 25.59cm (IIHR-4) to 33.71cm (Arka Vaibhav) with the general mean of 29.06 cm. The number of florets per spike was recorded the maximum in Arka Suvasini (55.33) and minimum in Pearl Double (48.78) with the mean of 50.91. The results are in line with findings of Ranchana et al. (2013), Rao and Sushma (2015), Bharathi et al. (2018) in tuberose and Rani and Singh (2005) in gladiolus. The variation observed in spike length and rachis length might be attributed to the inherent genetic characters of the individual cultivars and environmental factors. The line IIHR-4 recorded least floret length of 5.22 cm and Arka Suvasini recorded the highest floret length of 6.22 cm with the general mean of 5.69 cm. Similar results on highest floret length of tuberose cultivar Arka Suvasini was stated by Ranchana et al. (2013). The florets of IIHR-4 are short and arranged closely without any gap between the internodes, making the spike very attractive and rendering the line highly suitable as cut flower. Such variation might be due to the varietal characters and similar observations were made by Bharathi and Umamaheswari (2018). Diameter of floret varied from 4.44 cm (Pearl Double) to 4.77 cm (Arka Suvasini) with the general mean of 4.56cm. This may be due to varied growth rates and genetic make-up. The results are in line with the findings of Rao and Sushma (2015) and Gandhi et al. (2017) and Safeena et al. (2019) in tuberose. Bud length ranged from 4.86 cm (Hyderabad Double) to 5.68 cm (Arka Suvasini) with the mean of 5.40 cm. Single flower weight was varied from 2.29g (Arka Vaibhav) to 3.57g (Arka Suvasini) with the mean of 2.73g. The variation in floral parameters might be primarily governed by the genetic makeup of the varieties and these results were also experimentally supported by the findings of Andrew et al. (2017). Number of florets open at a time on the spike is an important trait for cut flower spike since it depicts the exquisiteness of the cut flower. The line IIHR-4 recorded the highest number of florets (7.10) open at a time on the spike. The lowest was observed in Arka Vaibhav (2.40) with the general mean of 4.50. The advanced breeding line IIHR-4 was very appealing with highest number of florets open at a time on the spike and this character makes the line IIHR-4 highly suita ble a s cut flower, especia lly for flower arrangement and bouquet (Fig.1). The line IIHR-4 was found to be superior over the commercial check for the above character. The variations in number of florets open at a time on the spike might be due to different genetic make-up of the different cultivars and prevailing environment conditions of the experimental area. The results are in conformity with the findings of Kusum (2010) in tuberose who also reported the va riation among the tuberose cultivar s for the maximum open florets per spike. 236 Bharathi et al Fig. 2. Reaction of tuberose cultivars to root knot nematode J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 Fig. 1. The field view of tuberose line IIHR-4 and flower spikes 237 Table 1. Performance evaluation of advance breeding line of tuberose double type for flowering parameters Genotype Days Spike Rachis No. of Length Diameter Bud Single No. of Internodal to length length florets of of length flower florets length spike (cm) (cm) per floret floret (cm) weight open at a (cm) emerg spike (cm) (cm) (g) time on ence spike IIHR-4 154.15 62.00 25.59 50.75 5.22 4.47 4.98 3.16 7.10 3.45 Arka Suvasini 133.73 79.66 31.41 55.33 6.20 4.77 5.68 3.57 3.70 4.45 Arka Vaibhav 137.60 80.43 33.71 52.35 6.02 4.49 5.49 2.29 2.40 5.79 Pearl Double 198.00 86.36 28.24 48.78 5.48 4.44 5.28 2.94 5.45 4.83 Hyderabad 184.18 84.77 26.35 50.10 5.51 4.71 4.86 3.05 3.85 4.17 Double Mean 161.53 78.64 29.06 51.46 5.69 4.58 5.26 3.00 4.50 4.54 Range 133.73- 62.00- 25.59- 48.78- 5.22- 4.44- 4.86- 2.29- 2.40- 3.45- 198.00 86.36 33.71 55.33 6.20 4.77 5.68 3.57 7.10 5.79 CV% 3.49 5.77 4.82 5.45 3.32 3.23 3.84 5.83 7.27 9.67 CD (P=0.05) 8.69 6.99 2.16 NS 0.29 0.23 0.31 0.27 0.50 0.68 Performance evaluation of double type tuberose J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 Fig. 3. Per cent disease index and host reaction of different tuberose varieties to leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria polianthi under field condition 238 According to Bharathi and Umamaheswari (2018), the trait internodal length indicates compactness of the florets arranged on rachis, which is the ideal character for the selection of suitable cut flower. In the present investiga tion, inter noda l length between florets ranged from 3.45 (IIHR-4) to 5.79 cm in Arka Vaibhav with the general mean of 4.54 cm. Among the double types evaluated, the line IIHR-4 recorded the shortest internodal length and the florets are arranged very densely on the spike. In agreement with findings of the present study, the highest internodal length in Arka Suva sini was reported by Singh and Singh (2013) in tuberose under Delhi condition. Variation in the internodal length might be due to the genetic makeup of the cultivars under study and similar observations were reported by Bharathi and Umamaheswari (2018) in single type tuberose. Number of spikes per clump ranged from 2.14 (Hyderabad Double) to 4.43 (IIHR-4) with the mean of 3.23. Number of spikes per m2 varied from 19.24 (Hyderabad Double) to 33.94 (IIHR-4) with the mean of 26.52. This variation in spikes per clump is in line with the findings of Ra o a nd Sushma (2015), Ranchana et al. (2013), Gandhi (2017) and Safeena et al. (2019) in tuberose. Number of spikes per hectare ranged from 1,92,750.00 (Hyderabad Double) to 3,98,781.25(IIHR-4) with the mean of 2,90,481.25. The advanced breeding line IIHR-4 was found to be superior in flower yield than the commercial check Arka Vaibhav. This variation in the production of spikes/plant and spikes per plot might be due to the genetically controlled factor and also due to the hereditary traits of different cultivars under prevailing environment. The vase life ranged between 6.50 and 7.25 days for the genotypes evaluated. Significant differences were not noticed among the double genotypes for vase life indicating that the advanced breeding line IIHR-4 has good vase life and it is on par with commercial cultivars interms of vase life. Arka Suvasini recorded minimum number of bulbs per clump (2.69) and maximum number of bulbs per clump was recorded in Arka Vaibhav (8.19) with the mean of 5.14. Number of bulblets per clump ranged from 32.81 (Arka Suvasini) to 71.00 (Pearl Double) with the mean of 53.28. The variations in bulb parameters might be due to the presence of genetic variability of the cultivar and the results are in line with the findings of Madhumathi et. al. (2018) in tuberose. With respect to straightness of spike, the line IIHR-4, Arka Vaibhav and Hyderabad Double were found to bear straight spikes, while the cultivars Arka Suvasini and Pearl Double produced slightly bent spikes. The tinge on flower bud was recorded to be green in the line IIHR-4 and Arka Vaibhav and all the Bharathi et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 Genotype No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Vase Nature Tinge Type spikes spikes spikes bulbs bulblets life of on of per per per per per (days) spike flower flower clump m2 ha/year clump clump bud opening IIHR-4 4.43 33.94 398781.25 4.25 44.63 6.50 Straight Green Wide Arka Suvasini 2.91 22.82 261593.75 2.69 32.81 7.25 Slightly bent Pink Wide Arka Vaibhav 4.00 33.77 360125.00 8.19 54.81 7.25 Straight Green Wide Pearl Double 2.14 19.24 192750.00 5.00 71.00 7.00 Slightly bent Pink Shy Hyderabad 2.66 22.83 239156.25 5.56 63.13 7.13 Straight Pink Wide Double Mean 3.23 26.52 290481.25 5.14 53.28 7.03 - - - Range 2.14- 19.24- 192750.00- 2.69- 32.81- 6.50- - - - 4.43 33.94 398781.25 8.19 71.00 7.25 CV% 6.26 7.74 6.28 15.03 10.44 7.63 - - - CD (P=0.05) 0.31 3.16 28095.99 1.19 8.57 NS - - - Table 2. Performance evaluation of advance breeding line of tuberose double type for flower, bulb yield and vase life 239 other cultivars recorded pink tinge on flower bud. The type of flower opening was found to be shy in Pearl Double while all the other cultivars recorded wide flower opening. Differences in nature of spike, flower opening and tinge on flower bud was earlier reported by Bharathi and Umamaheswari (2018) in tuberose and these are due to the distinguished generic make up of the genotypes. The advanced breeding line IIHR-4 was screened for the tolerance/ resistance against root knot nematode M. incognita for three consecutive years and the pooled analysis revealed that it was highly resistant under field conditions with least gall index of 1.24 (Fig. 1). Variations of tuberose genotypes for root knot nematode tolerance and resistance were reported earlier by Gandhi et al. (2018) who stated that this might be due to the inherent genetic character. Per cent disease index and host reaction of tuberose genotypes against leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria under field conditions were recorded and the results indicated that the breeding line IIHR-4 has better field tolerance to Alternaria leaf blight as compared to the other tuberose genotypes evaluated (Fig. 3). CONCLUSION It is concluded from the above study for three consecutive years that among the cultivars evaluated for flowering, yield, quality and biotic stresses, the advanced breeding line IIHR-4 with superior flowering and quality parameters namely the double type florets on shorter spike and rachis, more number of florets open at a time on the spike, shorter intermodal length between the florets with compact floret arrangement, straight spikes with wide open florets and green tinge on flower buds makes the IIHR-4 as most ideal cut flower cultivar. It was also found to be highly resistant to root knot nematode M. incognita under field conditions with better field tolerance to Alternaria leaf blight disease. Performance evaluation of double type tuberose J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 REFERENCES Andrew, L., Rokolhu, K., Angngoi, B.Y., and Lokam B., 2017 Evalution of tubrose (Polianthes heberosa L.) cultivaers under the foothill conditions of Nagaland, J.Orn. Horti. 20(2): 69-74 Anonymous. 2016. Indian Statistics, Ministry of Agricultureand Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. Bailey, L. H. 1919. The standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Macmillan, Vol. 2. Bha r a thi, T. U a nd Uma ma heswa r i, R. 2018. Evalua tion of adva nce breeding lines of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) for yield and quality. J. Plant Development Sciences, 10(12) : 683-687. Dogra, S., Pandey, R.K., Laishram, N and Singh, A. 2020. Varietal evaluation of tuberose under agro clima tic conditions of Ja mm. 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Biology, identification and control of root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. Nor th Ca r olina Sta te University Graphics, Raleigh, NC, 111 pp. (Received on 15.01.2021, Revised on 24.07.2021 and Accepted on 27.07.2021) Bharathi et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 16(2) : 234-240, 2021 00 Contents.pdf 12 Usha bharathi.pdf 19 Lamesssa.pdf 20 Divya.pdf 21 Wani.pdf 23 Index and Last Pages.pdf