1 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(2) : 00-00, 2022 This is an open access article d istributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer cial-ShareAl ike 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, d istribution, and reproduction in any med ium, provide d the original author and source are credited. Original Research Paper Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean in Northwestern Indian Himalayan region using integrated approaches Chandrashekara C.1*, Mishra K.K.1, Stanley J. 1, Subbanna A.R.N.S.1 Hooda K.S.2, Pal R.S.1, Bhatt J.C.1, Pattanayak A.1 1 ICAR–Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India 2 ICAR–Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, India * Corresponding author Email : Chandrashekara.C@icar.gov.in ABSTRACT French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is adversely affected by many pathogens and insect-pests worldwide. In the present investigation, effect of different bio-fortified composts, organic amendments, botanicals and pesticides were evaluated against diseases and insect- pests of french bean. The results showed that seed treatment and drenching with Trichoderma harzianum strain 11, followed by soil application of fortified farmyard manure resulted in the lowest root rot incidence, highest germination, vigour and yield in french bean. In another set of experiment, soil incorporation of Parthenium hysterophorus, Urtica dioica and Lantana camara were found to reduce root rot incidence with high germination and pod yield. Among the bioproducts and botanicals tested, foliar spray of cow dung extract (50%) reduced angular leaf spot, rust and bacterial blight severity by 51, 69 and 25 per cent, respectively. Among the fungicides, foliar application of azoxystrobin 23 SC (0.1%) and difenoconazole 25EC (0.025%), also reduced angular leaf spot and rust severity by 93 and 90 per cent, respectively. Among different insect pest management strategies under field conditions, cartap hydrochloride and batain seed extract registered low sucking bug (Chauliops choprai) population. Integrated approaches including bio-agents, botanicals along with chemicals for managing these diseases and insect-pests were found appropriate options. Out of six different IPM modules evaluated, seed treatment with carbendazim along with foliar spray of 0.1% azoxystrobin and cartap hydrochloride resulted in lowest root rot, rust, angular leaf spot, bacterial blight and Chaulopsis choprai bug population in French bean. Keywords : Bioagents, botanicals, eco-friendly management, french bean, fungicides and insecticides INTRODUCTION French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is globally grown in nearly 1.58 million ha with a production of 23.28 million ton (FAO, 2020) of which major pr oduction is fr om developing countries. T he increasing incidence of soil-borne and foliar diseases, viz., root rot, rust, bacterial blight and angular leaf spot and insect like sucking bug has become a major constraint for the profitable cultivation of bean since last few years (Joshi et al., 2009; Mageshwaran et al., 2012; Jakhar and Chaudhary, 2013). The losses due to bean root rot disease some time exceed 70 per cent (Navarrete-Maya et al., 2009). Losses due angular leaf spot caused by Phaseoisariopsis griseola and rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus varies up to 80 per cent and 18-100 per cent, respectively. The management practices for diseases and insect- pests rely primarily on application of chemical pesticides. The excessive and indiscriminate uses of pesticides adversely affect soil flora-fauna and have raised serious concern about health and environmental hazards. There is growing awareness about the use of plant extracts, bio-agents, bio-pesticides and chemicals together that can provide more environmentally sound and economically feasible alternatives for disease and insect-pests management. Washings of vermicompost (biowa sh) p r epa r ed fr om f olia ge of Ja tr opha (Jatropha curcas), Annona (Annona squamosa) and pa rthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus ) wer e 2 Chandrashekara et al J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 17(2) : 00-00, 2022 reported to be effective against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (wilt of chickpea), Sclerotium rolfsii (colla r r ot of chic kpea ) a nd Mac rophom ina phaseolina (Subramaniam et al., 2010). Similarly, leaf extracts (20%) of neem and chinaberry were reported to inhibit Alternaria solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the pathogens of early blight and wilt diseases of tomato (Hassanein et al., 2008). Seed treatment with T. harzianum isolates CEN287, CEN289 and CEN316 reduces the incidence of Asp ergill us, Clad ospori um a nd Sclerotium sclerotiorum in common beans and promoted plant growth and rhizosphere competence (Carvalho et al., 2011). Botanicals and bioagents are inexpensive, easily available and biodegradable with less non-target effects besides being effective against plant pathogens (Siddiqui and Gulzar, 2003). Use of bioagents as seed treatment and soil drenching reduces dissemination of pathogens and contribute for good crop establishment (Pomella and Ribeiro, 2009). Application of organic amendments is one of the disease management str a tegies especia lly a ga inst soil bor ne p la nt pathogens. Soil application of paper mill residual amendments suppressed cucumber damping-off and foliar brown spot of snap bean (Stone et al., 2003). Organic matter (OM)-mediated suppression of soil borne diseases in field soils caused by pathogenic species of Pythium and Phytophthora has been reported for a variety of plant species and organic substrates (Lewis et al., 1996; Lourd et al., 1987). Soil amendment with bio-agent fortified compost can modify the microbial community composition by enhancing the competition for nutrients or antagonism or mycoparasitism among microbes (Aryantha and Guest, 2006). In addition, beneficial microbes activate the plant to defend themself, a phenomenon termed ‘induced systemic resistance’ (Conrath et al., 2002; Van-Loon, 2007). Chemical control is an important option in the management of bean diseases and pests because of the widespread occurrence of foliar diseases and the susceptibility of the available cultivars (Emeran et al., 2011). Most of the studies focu sed on la bor a t or y a nd gr eenhouse-b a sed evaluations of inhibition a bility, pr oduction of antibiotics and suppression of mycelial growth. In addition to right choice of fungicides, more studies are required to identify the time and schedule of sprays. Very few and inadequate studies are available on field assessment of bio-control a gents, botanicals in combination with pesticides for their ability to reduce the incidence of diseases and insect-pests of french bea n a s a n I PM module under Nor thwes ter n Himalayan region (Joshi et al., 2009). Hence, integrated approaches including bio-agents, botanicals along with chemicals for managing bean diseases and insect-pests could be the appropriate options and has been explored in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS All laboratory and field experiments were conducted in c ompletely r a ndomized design (CRD) a nd randomized block design (RBD), respectively with three replications for each treatment on a susceptible variety, VL Bauni Bean-2. In vitro studies Preparation and evaluation of plant extracts Leaf samples of plants viz., Eucalyptus globulus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Urtica dioica, Quercus leucotrichophora, Lantana camara, Oxalis latifolia and Artemisia hirsuta were collected, air dried at 50°C, powdered and stored at room temperature in desiccator before analysis. Dried samples (5 g) were grinded in a super mill grinder 1500 series (Newport Scientific Pvt. Ltd.) and grinded samples (1.5 g) were extra cted by semiautoma tic Soxhlet appa ra tus (Pelican, Socsplus, 2AS, Chennai) in methanol at 100 °C for 1 h and 90 per cent methanol was recovered during recovery phase at 130°C for 30 min, The metha nolic extracts were dried at 80 °C, a gain dissolved in methanol to a concentration of 250 and 500 ppm and stored at 4 °C for further use. Field studies Trichoderma isolates (50) isolated from soil samples collected from different locations of Uttarakhand hills of North-western Himalayas were evaluated in vitro for their antagonistic activity against french bean pathogens. Based on antagonistic activity, three T. harzianum isolates (Th-11, Th-28 and Th-34) were selected and mass multiplied for further testing under field conditions. On the other hand, soil borne pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum were also identified (Booth, 1985; Domsch et al., 1980) and mass produced for field inoculation. Effect of bioagent fortified compost on root rot incidence Bioagent fortified composts were evaluated against root rot of french bean at experimental Sick plot , 3 Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean Ha wa lba gh du r ing the yea r 20 08 a nd 2 009. Trichoderma harzianum isolates (Th-11, Th-28 and Th-34) having 2 x 108 cfu (20 g/kg), were mixed with farm yard manure (FYM) (10t/ha) and poultry manure (PM) (5 t/ha ), 15- 20 da ys pr ior to the soil incorporation. Soil was pre-inoculated with the test pathogens. Bean seeds, treated with different isolates of T. harzianum (2 mL of suspension at 2.5x108 conidia mL-1 per 100 g of seeds) were sown at 15 cm plant to plant space in 3x3 m2 at ICAR-VPKAS experimental station, Hawalbagh, Almora. The mean average temperature during cropping period was 32°C. Plant emergence was recorded 15-20 days after sowing (DAS). At 20 DAS, four adjacent plants were removed per plot and vigour index was calculated. Effect of organic amendments on root rot incidence Field experiments to study the effect of organic amendments on root rot incidence were carried out during kharif 2009 a nd 2010. Sixteen organic amendments viz., neem oil cake @ 5t/ha, mustard cake @ 5t/ha, saw dust @ 2.5 t/ha, poultry litter @ 5t/ha, wheat straw @ 2.5t/ha, E. globulus @ 20t/ha, vermicompost @ 5 t/ha, FYM @ 10 t/ha (dry wt basis), P. hysterophorus @ 20t/ha, mushroom spent compost @ 5t/ha, U. parviflora (or dioica @ 10t/ha, Q. leucotrichophora @ 20t/ha, L. camara @ 20t/ha, O. latifolia @ 20t/ha, A. hirsuta @ 20t/ha and composted paper @ 10t/ha were incorporated one month before sowing and untreated field plot was kept as control. Soil was inoculated to entire experimental field with test pathogens (R. solani and F. oxysporum @ 2 x 108 cfu ) one week before incorporation of organic products. Seedling emergence and root rot incidence was recorded at post-emergence stage as well as 30 DAS and average accumulated disease incidence was calculated. Evaluation of bio-products and fungicides against foliar diseases In field conditions, six fungicides viz., azoxystrobin @ 0.1%, difenoconazole @ 0.025%, propiconazole @0.05%, tebuconazole @ 0.05%, chlorothalonil @ 0.2% and mancozeb @ 0.25% were evaluated against rust and angular leaf spot diseases during 2009 and 2010. In another set of field experiments, effect of thr ee fungicides viz . , a zoxystr ob in @ 0 . 1%, difenoconazole @ 0.025% and propiconazole @ 0.05%, with 1, 2 and 3 fungicide spray against rust, angular leaf spot and bacterial blight diseases of french bean were evaluated during the year 2011 and 2012. In a third set of field experiment, efficacy of 12 differ ent biopr odu cts viz. , ba ta in (Mel ia azederach) seed kernal extract @ 30%, A. hirsuta, P. hysterophorus, azadirachtin, panchgavya, neem ca ke extract, cow ur ine, cow dung extr act, Z. officinale rhizome, A. sativum bulb, T. domestica bulb and horticultural mineral oil were evaluated against rust, angular leaf spot and bacterial blight diseases during the year 2009 and 2010 along with mancozeb @ 0.25% spray as positive control and untreated as negative control. Evaluation of different insecticides against Chauliops choprai Field trials were conducted at experimental farm, Hawalbagh with nine insecticides viz, thiamethoxam 25%WG, imidacloprid 17.8 SL, dinotefuran 20SG , cartap hydrochloride 75SG, deltamethrin 2.8 EC, spinosad 45SC, indoxacarb 14.5SC, endosulfan 35EC and profenophos 50EC during 2008-09 to test the efficacy of insecticides against the sucking bug, C. choprai. Observations were made on the number of adult insects per randomly selected three leaves in ten plants in each plot before the treatment and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after spray. The per cent pest control by the treatment with respect to untreated check was calculated using Henderson and Tilton (1955) formula by taking a ver a ge of the insects pr esent a fter treatment. The insect count was subjected to statistical analysis adapting RBD with 3 replications using SPSS version 3/93 after converting it to square root values. The mean values of treatments were then subjected to Tukey highly significant difference (HSD) test. % reduction = 100 x 1 - (AT x BC) (BT x AC) whereas, AT – No. of bugs present in the treated plants after treatment; BT – No. of bugs present in the treated plants before treatment, AC – No. of bugs present in the control plants after treatment and BC – No. of bugs present in the control plants before treatment Another set of field trials were carried out using botanical (batain-Melia azederach), Bt and insecticide (cartap hydrochloride) to find their efficacy on sucking bug C. choprai in fr ench bean for four year s. Observations were made as given above on the 4 number of adult insect in the leaves and per cent reduction with respect to control calculated. Statistical analysis The experiments were analyzed separately using analysis of variances. Chi-square test was performed on the variances to test the homogeneity among the repeated experiments. The disease incidence was assessed based on the total number of plants infected over total number of plants observed in square meter area and then expressed in percentage. The data were subjected to analysis of variances and Fisher ’s protected least significant difference or critical difference was used to separate the treatment means. The data were statistically analyzed by using SAS 9.3 version software. The original data was transformed to arcsine in order to bring the data under normal distribution before analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evaluation of plant extracts against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum Plant extracts Parthenium hysterophorus, U. dioica and L. camara showed significantly higher antifungal activity against R. solani and F. oxysporum at 500 ppm concentration (Table 1). A reduction of 76.30 per cent R. solani mycelial growth in comparison to control was observed for P. hysterophorus followed by U. parviflora and L. camara (73.33%). However, L. camara inhibited maximum radial growth of F. oxysporum (65.19%) followed by P. hysterophorus (58.89 %) and U. parviflora (58. 15 %). T his corroborates the findings of Hadi and Kashefi (2013) and Baraka et al. (2011). Hadi and Kashefi (2013) reported that Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Mentha piperita, Allium hirtifolium and Allium sativum recorded largest inhibition on the growth rate of F. oxysporum. Similarly, Baraka et al. (2011) reported in vitro efficacy of marjoram, garlic and jojoba against F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. solani, Thilaviopsis paradoxa, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizoctonia solani and reported the antifungal a ctivity of differ ent p la nt extr a cts a ga inst F. oxysporum and R. solani. Effect of bioagent fortified composts on root rot incidence The results of two years of field trials to evaluate the effect of composts fortified with biocontrol agents on root rot incidence of french bean are presented in Table 2. Significantly higher seedling emergence (87.02%) and lower root rot incidence (16.07%) was found in case of treatment T2 i.e., seed treatment and drenching with T. harzianum strain 11 @ 1% along with soil application of fortified farmyard manure @ 10 t/ha, followed by T7-treated check i.e. seed treatment with thiram @ 3g/kg seed along with application of farm yard manure @ 10 t/ha. The results showed 29 to 49 per cent increase in seedling emergence and 13 to 47 per cent root rot incidence reduction in various treatments in comparison to control (Table 2). Maximum vigor index (3312) and yield (12.59t/ha) was found from treated check i.e., seed treatment with thiram @ 3g/kg seed along with application of farmyard manure @ 10 t ha-1. The present results agree with Manjunatha et al. (2013), who reported that combining soil application through bioagent (Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens) enriched farm-yard manure, along with seed treated with the bio-control agents resulted in maximum germination, least root rot incidence and highest yields of chickpea plants against root rot pathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina. Effect of organic amendments on root rot incidence The results of experiments on organic amendments showed that various organic amendments resulted in increa se in seedling emergence (26% - 47%), reduction in root rot incidence (32% - 64%) and increase in yield (13 to 111%) as compared to control (Table 3). The soil incorporation of P. hysterophorus and L. camara @ 20 t ha -1 was found to have maximum seedling emergence (83.28 and 81.57% %) and lower root rot incidence (11.58 and 11.86%) respectively. However, maximum yield (7.0 t ha-1) was recorded with amendment of L. camara @ 20 t ha-1 followed by U. parviflora @ 10 t ha-1 (6.98 t ha-1) and P. hysterophorus (6.85 t ha-1). In this study, soil incorporation of P. hysterophorus, L. camara and U. parviflora resulted in maximum seedling emergence and reduction in root rot incidence which is in accordance with the findings of Angiras (2008) and Subramaniam et al. (2010). Soil amendment is a practice, which favours plant development, improves soil quality as well as having suppressive effect on many soil-borne plant pathogens (Nawar, 2008; Elwakil et al., 2009). Organic amendments in addition to disease suppression, improves the aggregation, Chandrashekara et al 5 Table 1 : Evaluation of plant extracts against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum causing root rot of French bean in vitro Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporum Treatments mean mycelial mean mycelial inhibition (%) inhibition (%) 250 ppm 500 ppm 250 ppm 500 ppm T1- Eucalyptus globulus 15.19 59.63 14.81 47.78 T2- Parthenium hysterophorus 17.04 76.30 13.70 58.89 T3- Urtica parviflora 12.22 73.33 8.52 58.15 T4- Quercus leucotrichophora 1.48 19.26 0.00 15.19 T5- Lantana camara 15.93 73.33 10.37 65.19 T6- Oxalis latifolia 0.74 24.07 0.00 20.74 T7- Artemesia hirsuta 4.07 27.41 1.85 19.63 T8- Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Turkey HSD (P = 0.05) 0.41 0.57 0.20 0.67 (Mean of three replications) Table 2 : Effect of bioagent fortified composts on root rot incidence of French bean under field condition Vigour Seedling Root rot Yield Treatments index emergence incidence Per increase Per Reduction t/ Increase cent (% ) cent (% ) ha (% ) T1 - ST & drenching with T. harzianum (T- 11) 2828 83.51a 43 17.85a 41 12.75a 45 @ 1% + SA of fortified PM @ 5 t/ha (66.44) (24.87) T2 - ST & drenching. with T. harzianum (T- 11) 3179 87.02a 49 16.07a 47 11.77a 33 @ 1% + SA of fortified FYM @ 10 t/ha (69.58) (23.44) T3 - ST & drenching with T. harzianum (T-28) 2627 83.03a 42 20.63ab 31 11.67a 32 @ 1% + SA of fortified PM @ 5 t/ha (66.96) (26.59) T4 - ST & drenching. with T. harzianum (T-28) 2392 75.95ab 30 24.10ab 20 11.40ab 29 @ 1% + SA of fortified FYM @ 10 t/ha (61.22) (28.80) T5 - ST & drenching with T. harzianum (T-34) 2533 75.51ab 29 24.27ab 19 11.57ab 31 @ 1% + SA of fortified PM @ 5 t/ha (61.44) (29.02) T6 - ST & drenching with T. harzianum (T-34) 2550 79.19ab 35 26.27ab 13 11.13ab 26 @ 1% + SA of fortified FYM @ 10 t/ha (64.27) (30.50) T7 - Treated check (ST with thiram 3312 84.33a 44 16.45a 44 12.59a 43 @ 3g/ kg seed with FYM @ 10 t/ha) (67.00) (24.20) T8 – Control (FYM @ 10 t/ha) 2301 58.57b 0 30.08b 0 8.82b 0 (56.05) (33.08) Turkey HSD(P = 0.05) 241.5 10.93 - 8.14 - 1.98 - * Seed Treatment; ** Soil Application Figures in parentheses represent arc sine transformed values Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly (P < 0.05) different. Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean 6 reduce compaction and surface crusting, increase Carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, and enhance infiltration and water holding capacity of soil (Min et al., 2003). Effect of bioproducts against foliar diseases Twelve bioproducts along with one fungicidal control and untreated control were evaluated against foliar diseases viz., rust, angular leaf spot and bacterial blight of french bean for two years and the data obtained were summarized in Table 4. The results indicated a reduction of 7-78 per cent rust disease, 5-65 per cent angular leaf spot and 25-54 per cent bacterial blight severity and an increase of 1-49 per cent in yield as compared to control. Foliar spray of bioproducts, batain seed kernel extract (30%), cow urine (50%) and cow dung extract (50%), were found at par with fungicidal (mancozeb) spray in reducing rust severity. Similarly, significantly lower angular lea f spot wa s r ecor ded for folia r spr a y of P. hysterophorus (22.11%), azadirachtin (19.33%), Panchgavya (16.33%), neem cake extract (19.57%), cow urine (26.17%) and mancozeb (11.83%). All the biop r oducts r educed ba cter ia l blight sever ity significantly in comparison to control. The present results agree with Vijayalakshmi and Saranya (2010), who reported antimicrobial activities of cow urine against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus and Rhizopus. Basak et al. (2001 and 2002) reported the inhibitory activity of cow urine and cow dung against F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, F. so lani f. s p. cucurb itae a nd Sc leroti nia sclerotiorum. Evaluation of different fungicides against foliar diseases of french bean The fungicides under study were highly efficacious, completely preventing rust and angular leaf spot infection, when applied thrice at 10 days interval. All the treatments were found significantly effective in reducing rust (25-93%) and angular leaf spot severity (36-93%) and resulted in increasing yield by 64-194 Chandrashekara et al Table 3 : Effect of organic amendments on root rot incidence of french bean Seedling emergence Root rot incidence Pod Yield Treatments Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent t/ha Per cent increase increase increase increase T1 - Neem oil cake @ 5t/ha 74.75(59.84) 32 17.82(21.80) 45 5.88 abc 77 T2 - Mustard cake @ 5t/ha 72.49(58.38) 28 21.11 (25.04) 34 3.83 cd 15 T3 - Saw dust @ 2.5 t/ha 76.30(60.94) c 35 17.78 (21.33) 45 4.96abcd 49‘ T4- Poultry litter @ 5t/ha 74.77(59.85) 32 17.28 (21.20) 46 5.63 abcd 69 T5 - Wheat straw @ 2.5t/ha 77.03(61.44) c 36 17.65 (20.82) 45 5.71abc 72 T6- Eucalyptus globulus @ 20t/ha 74.33(59.57) 31 19.58 (23.13) 39 5.13 abcd 54 T7- Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha 75.72(60.48) 34 17.09 (21.06) 47 5.69 abc 71 T8- FYM @ 10 t/ha (dry wt basis) 74.03(59.37) 31 15.40 (22.72) 52 5.15 abcd 55 T9 - Parthenium hysterophorus @ 20t/ha 83.28(65.94) a 47 11.58 (15.15)a 64 6.85ab 106 T10 - Mushroom spent compost @ 5t/ha 75.12(60.08) 33 18.02 (22.00) 44 3.75 cd 13 T11- Urtica parviflora @ 10t/ha 78.25(62.21) b 38 15.37 (19.35) 52 6.98a 110 T12- Quercus leucotrichophora @ 20t/ha 72.93(58.66) 29 20.71 (24.66) 36 4.45 cd 34 T13- Lantana camara @ 20t/ha 81.57(64.59) a 44 11.86 (15.34) 63 7.00a 111 T14- Oxalis latifolia @ 20t/ha 74.07(59.39) 31 19.38 (22.84) 40 4.58 bcd 38 T15- Artemesia hirsuta @ 20t/ha 74.78(59.86) 32 18.83 (22.25) 42 5.79 abc 74 T16- Composted paper @ 10t/ha 71.55(57.79) f 26 22.00 (25.45) 32 4.58bcd 38 T17- Control 56.65(48.82) g 0 27.20 (31.63)d 0 3.32d - Turkey HSD(P = 0.05) - - 6.34 - 2.87 - (Mean of three replications) * Figures in parentheses represent arc sine transformed values; Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly (P < 0.05) different. 7 per cent in compa r ison to contr ol (Fig. 1a ), emphasizing the effect of foliar spray of fungicides towa rds yield enhancement. Amongst all tested fungicides, application of azoxystrobin was found to have lowest rust (2.81%) and angular leaf spot (2.71%) severity with highest yield (11.94 t ha-1) followed by difenoconazole. Similarly, from the repeated fungicidal spray experiment, lowest rust (3.33%), angular leaf spot (4.17%) and highest yield (10.12 t ha-1) was recorded when three sprays of azoxystrobin was given (Fig. 1b), which was at par with two sprays of azoxystrobin. Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean Rust Angular leaf spot BB Pod Yield Treatments Per cent Reduction Per cent Reduction Per cent reduction Per cent increase (% ) (% ) (% ) (% ) T1-BSKE 28.02abcd 55 27.50bcd 19 17.50abc 29 4.40abc 25 @ 30 % FS (31.73) (31.57) (24.66) T2-A. hirsuta 31.83bcd 49 28.05bcd 17 17.00abc 31 3.77bc 7 @ 30 % FS (34.25) (31.79) (24.29) T3-P.hysterophorus 40.02defg 36 22.11abcd 35 17.00abc 31 3.73bc 6 @ 30 % FS (39.13) (27.90) (24.06) T4-Azadirachtin 0.03 % 36.00cde 42 19.33abc 43 14.84ab 40 4.05bc 15 @ 0.2 % FS (36.82) (25.89) (22.58) T5-Panchgavya 53.84efgh 14 16.33ab 52 18.33bc 26 3.84bc 9 @ 3 % FS (47.25) (23.69) (25.26) T6-Neem cake extract 39.16cdef 37 19.57abc 42 14.55ab 41 4.43abc 26 @ 20 % FS (38.70) (26.12) (22.28) T7-Cow urine 22.83abc 63 26.17bcd 23 18.33bc 26 4.42abc 25 @ 50 % FS (28.35) (30.64) (25.30) T8-Cow dung extract 19.52ab 69 16.66ab 51 18.58bc 25 4.64ab 32 @ 50 % FS (26.00) (23.92) (25.43) T9-Z.officinale rhizome 54.26fgh 13 25.67bcd 24 16.70abc 32 3.87bc 10 @ 5% F (47.51) (29.91) (24.05) T10-A. sativum bulb 32.83bcd 47 20.05abcd 41 14.52ab 41 3.96bc 12 @ 5% FS (34.85) (26.49) (22.27) T11-T. domestica bulb 43.33defg 31 26.00bcd 23 17.50abc 29 3.76bc 7 @ 5% FS (41.15) (30.41) (24.66) T12-Horticultural mineral oil 57.83gh 7 31.99cd 5 15.33ab 38 3.55bc 1 @ 1% FS (49.55) (34.25) (22.89) T13-Mancozeb 13.85a 78 11.83 65 11.33a 54 5.24a 49 @ 0.25% (21.58) (19.90) (19.50) T14-Control 62.41h 0 33.83d 0 24.67c 0 3.52c 0 (52.35) (35.46) (29.68) Turkey HSD (P = 0.05) 9.51 8.10 4.81 0.64 Figures in parentheses represent arc sine transformed values; Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). Table 4 : Effect of bioproducts against foliar diseases of French bean under field condition Fungicide application appears to be a suitable short- term strategy for bean rust control in the absence of resistant cultivars. The differences in efficacy among the tested fungicides were probably related to their fungicidal activity. The present results are in line with the findings of various workers who reported reduced sever ity of bean diseases by applying different fungicides (Emeran et al., 2011) Azoxystrobin is one of the leading systemic fungicide of strobilurin class developed from naturally occurring wood-decaying mushroom mainly inhibiting mitochondrial respiration by binding to the Q0 site of cytochrome b, blocking 8 Fig. 1. : Effect of different fungicides against foliar diseases of french bean T1-Azoxystrobin @0.1%, T2-Difenoconazole @ 0.025%, T3- Propiconazole @0.05% T4- Chlorothalonil @0.2%, T5- Mancozeb @ 0.25%, T6- Control Fig. 2. : Effect of number of fungicide spray on foliar diseases of french bean T1, T4, T7-Azoxystrobin one, two and three sprays, T2,, T5, T8- Difenoconazole one, two and three sprays T3, T6, T9-Propiconazole one, two and three sprays, T10- Control electron transfer and disrupting the production of ATP (Sundravadana et al., 2009) and hence effectively controls many plant diseases (La Mondia, 2012). Difenoconazole are sterol synthesis inhibitors known to have acropetal systemic movement in plants and many have good activity against rust disease (Kuck et al., 1995). Similar findings on the impact of fungicides on plant diseases were reported by various workers (Miles et al., 2007). Bio-efficacy of insecticides on Chauliops choprai under field conditions The results of the field trial on the insecticidal efficacy on C. choprai are given in the Table 5. The mea n number of bugs in the fir st tr ia l befor e treatment ranged from 4.67 – 5.67 three leaves-1 plant-1. At three DAS, less number of bugs (0.33 plant-1) was recorded in deltamethrin treated plots. Indoxacarb, cartap, endosulfan and spinosad treated plots were not significantly different with each other in terms of insect population at three days after treatment (DAT). At 14 DAS, 0.83 bugs plant-1 was recorded in deltamethrin sprayed plants which is not significantly different with the cartap treatment (0.84 bugs plant-1) and endosulfan treatment (1.50 bugs pla nt -1). Ca r tap hydr ochlor ide tr ea tment harbored the least number of bugs (1.0 plant-1) at 21 DAS which is not significa ntly superior to deltamethrin (1.17 bugs plant-1). The overall per cent reduction registered by deltamethrin and cartap hydrochloride were 82.70 and 79.16, respectively. Phospha midon, pa r a thion-methyl, endosulfa n, quinalphos and fenitrothion are reported as effective insecticides for the management of C. fallax in India (Kashyap et al., 1980). Integrated management of Chauliops choprai under field conditions The results of the field trials on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on C. choprai using botanical, Bt a nd ins ect ic ide is given in Ta b le 6 . T he pretreatment count ranged from 9.42 to 10.42 bugs three leaves-1 plant-1. At 3 DAT, treatments like, cartap, batain extract and batain + Bt registered low pes t p op ula tion of 0. 84, 2. 92 a nd 2 . 9 2, respectively which were not significantly different with each other. Batain and cartap hydrochloride was found to reduce the bug population to 1.0 and 1.82 per plant on 14 DAT. The overall reduction with respect to control showed cartap hydrochloride as superior with 89.59% followed by batain 78.82 per cent. In the present study, more emphasis was given on use of bioagents, biopesticides, botanicals/plant ex t r a c t s a n d ju dic iou s u s e of p e s t ic ides in compatible or complimentary manner. Gajanana et al. (2006) reported that root dipping of seedlings in imidacloprid, soil application of neem/ pongamia cake, spraying of botanicals like pongamia soap and bio-pesticide like Ha NPV has been found effective against both insect and diseases. Similarly, El-Mougy et al. (2013) r eported tha t combine treatments of calcium chloride, thyme oil with bio- agents reduced significantly root rot incidence of cucumber, cantaloupe, tomato and pepper plants. Chandrashekara et al 9 Management of diseases and insect-pests of French bean Table 5 : Bio-efficacy of insecticides on Chauliops choprai in french bean under field conditions Treatments PTC 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT Reduction*(%) T1- Thiamethoxam 5.67a 1.50abc 3.84b 2.67ab 1.83bc 58.45 T2- Imidacloprid 4.67a 1.67abc 1.34a 2.00ab 1.34bc 67.46 T3- Dinotefuron 5.34a 2.17bc 2.67bc 3.17b 1.67bc 56.62 T4- Cartap hydrochloride 5.17a 1.17abc 1.50a 0.84a 1.00a 79.16 T5- Deltamethrin 4.83a 0.33a 1.17a 0.83a 1.17a 82.70 T6- Spinosad 5.17a 1.17abc 1.83a 2.00ab 3.00b 62.94 T7- Indoxacarb 4.84a 0.84ab 1.34a 2.17ab 1.84bc 69.44 T8- Endosulfan 4.67a 0.17a 1.17a 1.50ab 1.67bc 76.93 T9- Profenophos 5.00a 2.83c 1.67a 2.67b 2.33bc 54.53 T10- Control 5.17a 7.17d 5.50c 5.00c 6.00c -  CD$ 1.18 0.56 0.95 0.67   (Mean of three replications) * Per cent reduction is with respect to control calculated using Henderson Tilton formula $ Analyzed using SPSS after square root transformation In a column means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at p=0.05 by LSD Table 6 : Integrated management of Chauliops choprai in the frenchbean under field conditions PTC 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT Reduction (%) Bt 10.17a 9.00b 8.50b 8.17b 9.50b 26.09 Batain 10.25a 2.92a 2.17a 1.83a 3.25a 78.82 Bt+ Batain 10.42a 2.92a 2.17a 2.09a 3.33a 78.46 Cartap hydrochloride 9.42a 0.84a 0.84a 1.00a 1.92a 89.59 Control 10.17a 11.42c 11.50c 12.17c 12.50c  - CD$ 2.53 3.11 3.47 3.23   (Mean of three replications) * Per cent reduction is with respect to control calculated using Henderson Tilton formula $ Analyzed using SPSS after square root transformation In a column means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at p=0.05 by LSD Evaluation of different IPM modules against French bean diseases and insect pests Based on the findings of different sets of experiments, six efficacious treatments against bean disease and insects were selected. Six different IPM modules involving different orga nic/inorga nic substra te/ chemicals/bioagents in different combinations along with pure chemicals and untreated check were tested against french bean diseases and insect pests. Results presented in Table 8 revealed a lowest root rot incidence (8.63%), rust severity (3.50%), angular leaf spot (2.50%), bacterial blight (2.17%) and Chauliops choprai bug population (1.50 plant-1) in T7 i.e. seed treatment with carbendazim along with foliar spray of azoxystrobin @ 0.1 and cartap hydrochloride, followed by T4 (seed treatment with T. harzianum strain 11 and 28 along with soil application of P. hysterophorus and foliar spray of azoxystrobin @ 0.1 and cartap hydrochloride). However, other IPM modules comprising of organic substances viz., T1, T3 and T5 were also found equally effective in reducing diseases and insect-pests of french bean. An increase of 96.6 per cent yield over control was obtained with treatment T4 (9.66 t/ha) which was at par with treatments T2 (95.5 %) (9.55 t/ha) and T7 (94.8 %) (9.48 t/ha). 10 The integrated disease and pest management involves a total system approach for the suppression of pathogens and insect populations to a level where higher yields can be obtained and enables the farmers to achieve maximum economic return. In the present study, more emphasis has given on use of bioagents, biopesticides, botanicals/plant extracts, and judicious use of pesticides in compatible or complimentary manner. Similarly, Pande et al. (2009) emphasized about the use of Integrated Disease management (IDM) modules for important foliar and viral diseases of legumes including bean. Stevens et al. (2003) reported that long-term effectiveness of IPM plus soil solarization reduced soil borne diseases of vegetables for more than two years after solarization. The IPM technology has been found economically viable as the yield on IPM farms has been found higher by about 46 per cent, cost of cultivation has been less by about 21 per cent and the net returns have been higher by Chandrashekara et al Table 7 : Evaluation of different IPM module options against french bean diseases and insect-pests Root rot Rust ALS BB Sucking Yield Treatment (%) (%) (%) (%) Bug (t/ha) (%) T1 - ST Th(11+28)+SA Lantana+FS Cow 12.63bc 19.83bc 12.28bcd 6.60bc 2.75a 5.5ab dung extract+FS BSKE (20.80) (26.20) (20.13) (14.85) (9.50) T2 -ST Th11+28)+SA Lantana+FS 12.97b 3.66a 2.92abc 2.40a 1.75a 9.55a Azoxystrobin+FS Cartap hydro (21.08) (10.78) (9.67) (8.72) (7.52) T3 - ST Th 11+28 + SA Lantana + FS 13.10b 20.95bc 11.58abcd 4.83ab 2.73a 6.60b Panchgavya + FS BSKE (21.16) (26.65) (19.58) (12.64) (9.42) T4 - ST with Th 11+28 + SA Parthenium + 9.53bc 3.53a 2.20a 1.33a 1.68a 9.66a FS Azoxystrobin @ 0.1 + FS Cartap (17.97) (10.66) (8.34) (6.60) (7.35) hydrochloride T5 - ST with Th 11+28 + SA Parthenium + 10.87bc 17.89b 12.42cd 4.27ab 2.80a 6.53b FS Cow dung extract @ 50 % + FS BSKE (19.25) (24.89) (20.43) (11.83) (9.61) @ 10 % T6 - ST with Th 11+28 + SA Parthenium + 13.20b 18.92bc 10.50abcd 6.77bc 2.68a 6.4b FS Panchgavya @ 3 % + FS BSKE (21.30) (25.44) (18.69) (14.82) (9.37) @ 10 % T7 - ST Carbendazim + Azoxystrobin @ 8.63a 3.50a 2.50ab 2.17a 1.50a 9.48a 0.1 FS + cartap hydrochloride FS (17.08) (10.71) (8.97) (8.41) (6.84) T8 - control 29.00c 35.58c 19.00d 12.13c 17.50b 3.65c (32.57) (36.58) (25.64) (20.29) (24.43) Turkey HSD (P = 0.05) 2.32 7.08 6.88 2.98 4.38 1.57 (Means of three replications) Figures in parentheses represent arc sine transformed values Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). ALS: Angular leas spot, BB: Bacterial blight 119 per cent (Gajanana et al., 2006). Hence there is lot of scope for co-operative awareness among the farmers in enhancing the use of IPM practices especially in vegetable cultivation. CONCLUSION The present study concludes that bioagent fortified composts, organic amendments, botanicals, fungicides and insecticides alone or in combination have potential to enhance the germination, controlling soil and foliar diseases and insect populations of french bean. Acute toxicity assays (LC-50) revealed deltamethirn as the highly toxic insecticide for sucking bug, Chauliops choprai followed by diafenthiuron and indoxacarb. But in field conditions, delta methr in wa s not statistically superior to cartap hydrochloride in efficacy against sucking bug with the percent pest reduction of 82.7 and 79.2 per cent. 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