Journal of Language and Literature

Vol. 19 No. 1 – April 2019 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)

Analyzing Translation Strategies Utilized in the
Translation of Song “Do You Want to Build a Snowman?”

Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael
chrisnalenii@gmail.com & athriyana.pattiwael@ukrida.ac.id
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

Abstract

This study focuses on revealing translation strategies used in the translation of song “Do you want

to build a snowman?” in terms of strategic and non-strategic translation strategies. The data were the
lines of a pair English-Indonesian selected song lyrics. The analysis of non-strategic translation
strategies and strategic translation strategies was conducted by basing on the framework developed
by Åkerström (2009) and Lefevere (1975). This study used qualitative descriptive method in analyzing
the data. The result of the study shows that the translator tends to translate lines of the lyrics by using
fewer number of words, yet the number of syllables remains similar to the source lines. Regarding
strategic translation strategies used by the translator in translating lines of the lyrics, it is found that
five strategies out of nine strategies have been used, they are paraphrases, rhymes, interpretation,
omission of words, and addition of words strategies.

Keywords: Non-Strategic translation strategies, song translation, strategic translation strategies

Introduction

Translation has become a common

strategy used by people in daily life,
considering that different country tends to
have different languages. Therefore,
translation aims at facilitating and bridging the
differences among languages. Translation
activity is needed in various fields such as
entertainment, law, medical, and also
education. One of the form of translation is
song translation. Song translation is provided
in order to help the listeners who have
different languages not only enjoying the
rhythm of the music, but also supporting them
to understand the meaning of those foreign
song lyrics.

Song translation is a challenging process
because the translators’ tasks are not only
rendering the meaning of the original lyrics
but they are also demanded to pay attention

on the other demands when creating the
translated version of the song, which is the
rhythm of the music (Stephenson, 2014). The
translators of song consequently have to deal
with the meaning of the lyrics as well as the
rhythm of the music by having a careful
consideration on the word choices. They need
to ensure that the words are not only covered
the source message but also have similar or
closely similar number of syllables to the
source lyrics in order to have a singable song
translation.

Another challenging situation arises when

the target listeners are children. It happens
because children are considered as special
audience who have limited experience and
knowledge of vocabulary compared with
adults (Rurangwa, 2006). Children might find
difficuties in comprehending words that are
unfamiliar for them or words that are rarely
used in their daily conversation. The

mailto:chrisnalenii@gmail.com
mailto:athriyana.pattiwael@ukrida.ac.id

Journal of Language and Literature

ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael

translators are then directed to pay more
attention on the level of children
understanding when translating song lyrics
that are intended to be heard by children as
the target listeners because children have
their own capacity in understanding the lyrics
(Stolze, 2003).

Translating song lyrics from English to
Indonesian is an interesting topic to be
scrutinized since both countries have different
languages. The translators of songs then have
to ensure that the message covered by the
source lyrics can be delivered into the target
lyrics and also can be made into a singable
song lyrics. This dynamic spurs the researcher
to conduct this study to capture the process
behind the translation of one Disney’s popular
song entitled “Do you want to build a
snowman?” by identifying the non-strategic
translation strategies in order to know the
singability of the lyrics to the music and also
the strategic translation strategies which refer
to the strategies used by the translator to
translate the lyrics by basing on the theory of
song translation developed by Åkerström
(2009) and Lefevere (1975).

Åkerström (2009) proposes ten

translation strategies in dealing with song
lyrics translation which are divided into two
different sub-parts, they are non-strategic
translation strategies and strategic translation
strategies. The non-strategic translation
strategies proposed by Åkerström (2009)
consist of two categories, namely word count
and syllables vs. words. In revealing the
strategic translation strategies used by the
translator to translate the lyrics, this study
combined Åkerström (2009) and Lefevere’s
(1975) theories. There are nine of them in
total, namely word for word translation,
addition of words, omission of words, use of
metaphors, use of rhymes, use of paraphrases,
use of English words in the translation, literal
translation and interpretation strategy
(Åkerström, 2009; Lefevere, 1975, cited in Aji,
2016).

Furthermore, there are five criteria that
should be considered by the translators when
producing song translation, namely singability,
sense, naturalness, rhythm, and rhyme (Low,

2005, cited in Siitonen, 2014). The translators
of songs need to retain a balance between
those five criteria and not emphasize any of
them particularly in order to find a successful
translation result for the song translation.

In dealing with song translation, Franzon
(2008) also suggests five number of choices
that a song translator may have when
translating song lyrics. The first option is the
translator may leave the song untranslated if it
is found that there are spoken dialogues
included in part of the song. Translating the
lyrics but not taking the music into account is
known as the second option. It is applied when
the translator tends to focus only on the
meaning of the lyrics.

Another option is writing new lyrics to the
original music because the translator might
take the music of the song as the most
important aspect to the translation. The next
option is the translator is adapting the music
to the translation in order to preserve the
meaning. Adapting the translation to the
original music is the last option. The translator
modifies the translation of the source lyrics as
function to produce target lyrics that followed
the original music of the song.

The process behind song translation has

been viewed and analyzed from many
different perspectives. Aji (2016) conducted a
study on song translation analysis, in which he
randomly chose five translated English
Disney’s songs to Indonesian. In analyzing the
translation strategies, the framework of his
study was based on Lefevere’s (1975) theory.

Aji found that 5 strategies out of 7

strategies were found to be used by the
translator. Blank verse translation is the most
frequently strategies used in translating those
five selected songs. It was commonly used
because the translators tend to focus on
transferring the meaning of the source lyrics
to the target lyrics, while at the same time they
tend to ignore the rhyme.

Maulana also conducted a study (2016) on
the translation strategies that used in
translating Indonesian song lyrics to English.
She aimed at identifying what translation

Journal of Language and Literature

Vol. 19 No. 1 – April 2019 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)

strategies used to translate the lyrics by using
Åkerström’s (2009) theory as the framework
of her study. In her findings, Maulana found
out that there were five strategies used by the
translator to translate the song lyrics. The
most frequently used strategy in translating
song lyrics is the use of paraphrase. This
strategy is used in order to deliver the
meaning of the lyrics clearly.

Associating with the issues in translating
song lyrics that are intended to be heard by
children as the target listeners, Klingberg
(1986) suggests that adaptation can be applied
as a particular method in translating for
children. It is necessary to be applied by the
translator in order to give the opportunity for
children to understand the lyrics better. The
adaptation can be done by transferring an
expression that is presented in the source
lyrics with a similar function to the target
lyrics (Klingberg, 1986).

Methodology

This study was classified as a primary
research because the data were directly taken
from the collection of Disney’s song lyrics by
the researcher. This study used qualitative
descriptive method in analyzing the data. This
method is in line with the idea expressed by
Fraenkel and Wallen (1993) that “Descriptive
method is a method used to explain, analyze,
and classify something through various
strategies and survey”. It is suitable for this
study because the data were organized in a
logical manner in order to provide a detailed
and clearer explanation related to the findings.

The data used in this study were the
group of words in each line of Disney’s song
lyrics taken from a Disney animated feature
film Frozen, entitled “Do you want to build a
snowman?” and its translated version in
Indonesian, entitled “Yuk buat boneka salju”.
The source lines and target lines of the lyrics
were aligned side by side in a table by using
Microsoft Word in order to ease the analysis
process.

Findings

1. Non-Strategic Translation Strategies

Non-strategic translation strategies in
song Do you want to build a snowman? which
refer to the line structure of the lyrics are
identified by using the theory of translation
strategies proposed by Åkerström in 2009.
The analysis under this strategy is divided into
two categories namely word count and
syllables vs words. The analysis are presented
and discussed in the following sections.

Word Count Analysis

Word count is a strategy that refers to a

comparison of the number of words in the
source line and the target line of song lyrics
(Åkerström, 2009). The selected Disney’s song
Do you want to build a snowman? contains 26
lines from the lyrics. It was found that the
number of words in the target lines are fewer
than the source lines. The summary of word
count analysis in song Do you want to build a
snowman? along with its translated version is
presented in Figure 1.

The analysis of word count in line of the

song lyric is presented and discussed in the
following selected example.

(1) Line

9
SL: I wish you
would tell me
why!
(7 words)

TL: Jelaskanlah
mengapa!
(2 words)

The example of word count analysis is

taken from the selected line shows that a
significant decrease of word number appears
in this target Line 9. It is found that the total
number of words in this source Line 9 is
almost four times longer compared to the
target line, as the source line has seven words
and the target line only has two words. This
fewer words might be related to translator’s
decision to maintain the central meaning of
the source line, which is “expressing a request
for sharing explanation”, at the expense of
changing the form in the target line.

Journal of Language and Literature

ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

N
u

m
b

e
r

o
f

W
o

rd
(s

)

Line

The Summary of Word Count in

Do You Want to Build a Snowman?

Figure 1. The Summary of Word Count Analysis

Syllables vs. Words Analysis

The strategy of syllables vs. words is a

strategy that comparing the number of words

and syllables in both source lines and the
target lines of the song lyrics (Åkerström,
2009). The summary of syllables vs. words
analysis in song “Do You Want to Build a
Snowman?” is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The Summary of Syllables vs. Words Analysis

Line
Source Line Target Line

Syllables Words Syllables Words
1 2 syllables 1 word - -
2 8 syllables 6 words 8 syllables 4 words
3 6 syllables 6 words 6 syllables 2 words
4 8 syllables 5 words 8 syllables 4 words
5 4 syllables 4 words 4 syllables 1 word
6 6 syllables 5 words 6 syllables 2 words
7 7 syllables 6 words 7 syllables 3 words
8 4 syllables 4 words 4 syllables 2 words
9 7 syllables 7 words 7 syllables 2 words

10 8 syllables 7 words 9 syllables 5 words
11 5 syllables 3 words - -
12 3 syllables 2 words 3 syllables 1 word
13 8 syllables 7 words 8 syllables 3 words
14 10 syllables 6 words 10 syllables 5 words
15 12 syllables 9 words 12 syllables 6 words
16 4 syllables 4 words - -
17 7 syllables 5 words 7 syllables 3 words
18 5 syllables 4 words 5 syllables 2 words
19 7 syllables 6 words 7 syllables 3 words
20 8 syllables 7 words 7 syllables 4 words
21 8 syllables 6 words 6 syllables 2 words
22 10 syllables 8 words 10 syllables 4 words

Source Line (143 words)

Target Line (69 words)

Journal of Language and Literature

Vol. 19 No. 1 – April 2019 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)

Table 1 shows that the number of syllables in
the source lines and target lines are slightly
different in their number. On the contrary, the
number of words in the target lines are
significantly decreased. The analysis of
syllables vs. words is illustrated through the
presentation and discussion of the following
one selected example.

(2) Line

4
SL: I never
see you
anymore
(5 words)

TL: Ku tak
pernah
melihatmu
(4 words)

I/ne-ver/
see/you/
a-ny-more/
(8 syllables)

Ku/tak/oer-
nah/me-li-hat-
mu/
(8 syllables)

The example of line in this syllables vs.
words analysis indicates that target Line 4
appears to have fewer number of words than
the source line. The fewer number of words
presented by the target line do not make any
change in the number of syllables because the
words used in the target line contain a similar
number of syllables to the source line. As the
result, it can be assumed that the translator
made the effort to maintain the number of
syllables rather than the number of words.
The practice of maintaining the number of
syllables might be related to translator’s
decision to accommodate the lyric to the

music arrangement in a way to make the

lyric has the same beat.

2. Strategic Translation Strategies
Used to Translate the Lyrics

Strategic translation strategies refer to

the ways that translator used in order to
overcome the challenges when translating
song lyrics (Åkerström, 2009). Revealing
strategic translation strategies used by the

translator in translating the selected song
lyrics, this study combined theories of
translation strategy in translating song lyrics
developed by Åkerström in 2009 and
Lefevere in 1975. This study found that five
strategic translation strategies out of nine
strategic translation strategies have been
used by the translator. The analysis of
strategic translation strategies used by the
translator to translate this selected song lyrics
translation is presented in the following
sections.

Use of Paraphrases

Paraphrase strategy is a strategy when

the translator chose to maintain and present
the central meaning of the source line to its
closest meaning in the target line at the
expense of changing the form (Åkerström,
2009). The analysis of line translated by using
paraphrase strategy is illustrated through the
following presentation and discussion of one
selected example.

(1) Line

9
SL: I wish you
would tell me
why!

TL: Jelaskanlah
mengapa!

Source Line 9 ‘I wish you would tell me

why!’ seems to carry the message of
expressing a desire to obtain an explanation
from someone. It was translated into the
phrase ‘jelaskanlah mengapa!’ that expresses
a request for sharing information. By
comparing both source line and target line in
this Line 9, it can be found that they are
considered to share a similar meaning which
is requesting for sharing explanation.
Considering what the translator did here by
preserving the meaning of sharing
explanation and state it in different form in
target line, it can be concluded that the
translator applied the strategy of
paraphrasing to translate this Line 9. The
different form is found because it seems also

23 10 syllables 10 words 10 syllables 4 words
24 7 syllables 5 words 7 syllables 3 words
25 5 syllables 5 words 4 syllables 2 words
26 6 syllables 5 words 6 syllables 2 words

Total 175 syllables 143 words 161 syllables 69 words

Journal of Language and Literature

ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael

that the translator tried to deliver the
message by using sentence construction that
is easy to understand by children as the target
listeners.

Use of Rhymes

Use of rhymes strategy is known as a
strategy that presents a repetition of similar
sound ending between a line with another
line of a verse (Lefevere, 1975, cited in Aji,
2016). The analysis of line translated by using
rhyme strategy is presented and discussed in
the following example.

(2) Line

Line
8

Line
9

SL: We used
to be best
buddies
And now
we’re not
I wish you
would tell me
why!

TL: Dulu kita
bersama

Kini beda

Jelaskanlah
mengapa!

Use of rhyme strategy was identified to
be applied by the translator for translating
three lines, which are Line 7, Line 8, and Line
9. These aforementioned lines show that the
utilization of this strategy is in line with the
characteristic of triplet rhyme, which is three
lines rhymed (Kuchtova, 2012), considering
that three target lines appear to have a similar
sound ending. Moreover, it is also identified
that the triplet rhyme employed by the
translator in the target lines was presented
with ‘A-A-A’ rhyme scheme. The repetition of
Indonesian vowel ‘a’ was applied in the target
lines, as can be seen by the existence of the
words ‘bersama’, ‘beda’, and ‘mengapa’.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the
translator focused on the sound pattern of the
target lines by presenting a similar sound
ending in the target lines.

Interpretation Strategy

Interpretation strategy is known as a
strategy that includes the translator’s
perspective to the translation. The message
carried in the source line is developed by the
translator with another possible message to
the target line, depending on the context of

the source line (Lefevere, 1975, cited in Aji,
2016). The analysis of line translated by using
interpretation strategy is presented in the
following selected example.

(3) Line

18
SL: All these
empty rooms

TL: Aku tanpamu

Considering that the basic message of the

source line refers to physical environment,
the translator seemed to perceive the idea of
line ‘all these empty rooms’ goes beyond the
physical emptiness. It is found that the source
line was translated into ‘aku tanpamu’, so that
the emptiness here is interpreted as the state
of being without companion. The translator
seemed to interpret the idea behind the
source line differently by connecting the idea
to the context of the song and the situation
displayed in the music video.

It is found that one of the character, Anna

in the music video feels lonely because of the
absence of her sister, Elsa. Thus, it can be
concluded that this line was translated by
using the strategy of interpretation since the
target line has slightly different meaning from
its source line, in which the physical thing is
changed into something that related to the
relationship of the characters; Anna and Elsa
in the music video.

Omission of Words

Omission of words strategy is known as a
strategy that eliminated any relevant
information from the source line to the target
line (Åkerström, 2009). The analysis of
omission of words strategy is presented and
discussed through the following example.

(4) Line

11
SL: Go away,
Anna

TL: -

The example of line in this omission of

words strategy shows that the message
carried in the source Line 11 expresses a
request to ask someone to move from one
place to another place. This idea was fully
eliminated by the translator to the target line.
The existence of this eliminated information
is in line with the characteristic of omission
strategy, therefore it can be concluded that

Journal of Language and Literature

Vol. 19 No. 1 – April 2019 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)

the translator might use the strategy of
omission of words. This omission case might
have relation to the part of music video of this
song. It is found that this line was sung in a
spoken style as conversation between
characters; Elsa to Anna. Therefore, the
translator chose to eliminate this spoken line
in the target line of the lyric, but it exists in
the music video of the song.

Addition of Words

Addition of words strategy is a strategy
when the translator provides extra
information in the target line of the lyrics, but
the fact shows that the additional information
does not exist in the source line (Åkerström,
2009). The analysis of line translated by using
addition of word strategy is presented in the
following example.

(5) Line
3

SL : Come on,
let's go and
play!

TL: Mainlah
denganku

The result of the translation in this Line 3

indicates that the translator possibly works
by using addition of words strategy to render
the source line. The source line is assumed to
be having a central meaning that expresses a
request to ask someone to play together, yet it
does not state who is the person refers to.
This idea then was translated by the
translator to the target line ‘mainlah
denganku’ by adding an extra information
which is related to whom the person has to
play with. This additional information can be
seen by the existence of the word ‘denganku’
in the target line. It is considered that this
additional information was provided by the
translator in order to cover the unclear
message of the source line, which is the
subject, in a way to give a clearer information
for the target listeners.

Discussion

Non-Strategic Translation
Strategies

The result of the analysis under non-
strategic translation strategies indicates that
there are differences between the number of
words and syllables in lines of the lyrics. It is
found that each target line in 26 lines of song
lyrics Do you want to build a snowman?
appears to have fewer number of words than
the source line. The existence of this fewer
number of words might be the result of
translator’s decisions to pay more attention
on the appropriate strategies to translate
lines of the lyrics, in which he aims at
maintaining the basic meaning of the source
line in order to present a similar idea to the
target lyrics. However, the translator might
also take liberties from the source meaning by
incorporating different idea in the target line
if there is no ideal word in the target line can
fit to the music arrangement.

On the contrary, it is found that the
number of syllables in the target lines is
closely similar to theirs in the source lines. It
possibly happens because the translator tends
to use words that have similar number of
syllables to the source lines. However, the
closest number of syllables is suggested to be
used when the translator found difficulty in
finding words that have similar number of
syllables to the source line. The practice of
maintaining the number of syllables in target
lines, either similar to or closely similar to
theirs in source lines aims at making the lyrics
stay fit with the music arrangement of the
song. It can also be assumed that the
translator employed the concept of singability
to this song translation, in which he aimed at
making the target lines of the lyrics singable.

Strategic Translation Strategies

The result of data analysis shows that
there are five strategic translation strategies
out of nine strategic translation strategies
used by the translator. Those strategies are
use of paraphrases, use of rhymes,
interpretation strategy, omission of words,
and addition of words. The overall strategic

Journal of Language and Literature

ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael

Overall Strategies Analysis Result

Paraphrase Rhyme Interpretation Omission Addition

translation strategies used by the translator
in translating lines of song lyrics Do you want

to build a snowman? is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Overall Strategic Translation Strategies Analysis Result

Figure 2 shows that the translator used
the strategy of paraphrase most of the time
(41%). Use of rhyme is the second most used
strategy (28%). The translator also used the
interpretation strategy (18%). The next
strategy is by omitting particular words or
phrases from the source line (8%). Additional
of words strategy is also used by the
translator (5%).

The possible reason that might drive the

translator to use strategy of paraphrase most
of the time is because the translator decided
to keep and present the basic meaning of the
source line to its closest meaning in the target
line, at the expense of changing the form in
the target line. This decision is in line with
one of choices the translator might take when
translating song lyrics suggested by Franzon
(2008), which is adapting the translation to
the existing music of the song. The
translator’s decision to work on this choice
then lead the translator not only focuses on
the meaning but also to the rhythm of the
music in order to make the target lyrics
singable.

The utilization of rhyme strategy shows

the translator not only focused on presenting
similar sound ending in the target lines, but
he also used words that have similar number
of syllables to the source lines in orde to
adapt the translation to the music
arrangement of this song. Next to use of
rhyme strategy, the translator also took
liberties from the source meaning by
incorporating different idea to the target line,
as can be seen by the utilization of
interpretation strategy. The translator may
sacrifice the basic meaning of the source
lyrics in order to maintain the singability of
the target lyric.

Furthermore, the translator also utilized
the strategy of omission of words, in which he
eliminated some source lines that were
considered as spoken lines that included in
part of the lyrics. Next to omission of words
strategy, additional information was also
provided by the translator in the target line
by using the strategy of addition of words.
This strategy possibly used by the translator

41%
18%

28%

Journal of Language and Literature

Vol. 19 No. 1 – April 2019 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)

in order to provide clearer information to the
target listeners and to adapt the translation of
the lyrics to the music arrangement of the
song.

Based on the result of the analysis
regarding strategic translation strategies, it
can be inferred that the translator tended to
translate the lines by using certain strategies
that not only focus on the meaning of the
lyrics but also the musicality of the song.
Therefore, the translator translated the lines
by using words that have similar number of
syllables to the source lyrics in order to
achieve a singable song translation.

Translator’s Decision on Translating
Do You Want to Build a Snowman? as
Song for Children

“Do you want to build a snowman?” is
included as part of a collection of Disney
songs so that one of its intended listeners is
children. The translator is directed to pay
more attention on the children understanding
when he translated the original lyrics into
Indonesian because children might have
limited knowledge in understanding the
lyrics. Based on the result of the analysis
regarding the strategic translation strategies
used by the translator in translating the lyrics,
it is assumed that the translator realized that
this song is not only listened by adults but
also listened by children as its target listeners.
It is the reason why the translator tends to
use adaptation translation to the target lines
of the lyrics in order to achieve the translation
that can be easy to understand by the children
as the target listeners.

The translator of this song might
encounter problem of dilemma when
translating the lyrics. The dilemma is whether
the translator should focus on children
understanding by utilizing words that are
familiar for them or preserve the rhythm of
the music. This is because in song translation,
it cannot be denied that the singability of the
translated lyrics is one of the important
aspects that need to be considered by the
translator in order to find a singable song
translation. The translator’s decision to
preserve the rhythm and number of syllables

seems to cost the closer adaptation to
children aspects. This decisions limit the
translator to come as closer as possible to the
children’s understanding level, familiarity to
the words, and ability to catch the meaning.

Conclusion

There are two main conclusions to be
drawn from the result of the analysis. The
first conclusion is related to the non-strategic
translation strategy. It is found that the
translator tends to translate lines of the lyrics
with a fewer number of words because he
might translate the lines by maintaining or
changing the central meaning of the source
lines. In terms of number of syllables, source
lines and target lines share the similar
number. The translator tends to translate the
lines by using words that contain similar
number of syllables or closely similar to the
source lines in order to find a singable song
translation.

Regarding what strategic translation
strategies used by the translator, it is found
that five strategic translation strategies have
been used by the translator, they are use of
paraphrases, use of rhymes, interpretation
strategy, omission of words, and addition of
words. It is probably because the translator
aims at adapting the translation to the music
arrangement of the song and achieve a
singable song translation. This study also
brought by-product result that is the
translator did not use four other strategic
translation strategies in translating lines of
the lyrics. Those strategic translation
strategies are literal translation, word for
word translation, use of metaphors, and use of
English words in the translation.

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Analysis of Five Disney Movie’s English
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ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Chrisna Leni & Athriyana Santye Pattiwael

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