53
Vol. 22 No. 1, April 2022, pp. 53-63
DOI: 10.24071/joll.v22i1.3502
Available at https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/JOLL/index
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Comparative Study on Sentence Characters of Research
Introductions by Indonesian Authors in Applied
Linguistics
Ameitha Pratiwi, Safnil Arsyad, & Syafryadin
ameithapratiwi@gmail.com, safnil@unib.ac.id, & syafryadin@unib.ac.id
Postgraduate Program of English Education Department, Universitas Bengkulu, INDONESIA
Abstract Article
Information
This article presents the findings of sentence characters in article introductions
written by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in national
accredited and international reputable journals. This study aimed to identify
sentence characters in article introductions used by Indonesian authors in Applied
Linguistics published in national accredited journals and reputable international
journals. The method employed in this study was a mixed-method to describe and
compare the data. This study’s total number of articles was forty from eight
different journals. The results indicated that the average sentence lengths in terms
of words number per sentence in the international reputable journals articles were
22.38 words, and those in national accredited journals articles were 21.84 words.
Also, the results revealed that the most commonly used sentence pattern in both
groups of articles was complex sentences, with 414 sentences in national journals
and 378 in international journals. It is followed by simple, compound-complex, and
compound sentences. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Indonesian authors
from both groups prefer to use long words and use complex sentences more often
than the other sentence patterns. Hence, there is no important difference in
sentence characters between national accredited and international reputable
journals.
Keywords: Introduction; Sentence characters; National author; A national
accredited journal; An international reputable journal.
Received:
5 July 2021
Revised:
11 January
2022
Accepted:
16 January
2022
https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/JOLL/index
Journal of Language and Literature
ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Ameitha Pratiwi, Safnil Arsyad, & Syafryadin
54
Introduction
A research article published in journal is
one form of the outcome of research
academics in the universities and other
researchers from various institutions. General
Director of DIKTI in Circular Letter No.
152/E/T/2012 specifies that the lecturers,
academics, researchers who conduct research
activities at the college must publish journal
articles. Besides, the General Director of
DIKTI in Circular Letter No. 20150/E/T/2011
on the Publication Policy requires that the
researcher publish scientific papers or online
journal articles through the e-journal.
Ministry of Research Technology and
Higher Education (2016) explains that
Indonesian researchers in the field of social
sciences and humanities, including the field of
Applied Linguistics or English language
education, are underneath other Indonesian
researchers in the fields of science,
agriculture, medicine, computers, and
engineering on publishing in reputable
international journals. The condition is
certainly unexpected because the general
assumptions said that professors or
researchers in English majors would not
experience difficulty writing articles in
English for their English language proficiency
which is relatively better than researchers or
lecturers in other fields of science.
According to the data of DIKTI (2016)
most Indonesian academic publications are
the fields of science, technology, health, and
medicine such as Engineering (15.14%),
Medicine (10.64%), Computer Science
(10.2%), Agriculture, and Biological Sciences
(9.57%), Physics and Astronomy (5.39%),
while publications in the field of Social
Sciences were only (4.74%) and in Arts and
Humanities (0.91%). The data indicates that
the least publication in a reputable
international journal in social sciences and
humanities includes English language
education (Applied Linguistics). This situation
is contrary to people’s expectations, where
English language lecturers and researchers
experience less difficulty because they are
mastery the language and academic writing
skills more than lecturers and researchers in
other disciplines.
The first possible cause of low
publication of lecturers in Social Sciences and
Humanities in international journals is some
Indonesian academic authors unaware of the
rhetorical pattern and the standard of
linguistic features in every section and sub-
section of research journal articles in English.
Swales (1990 & 2004) describes differences
in rhetorical styles of scientific articles in
Indonesian and English as found by Safnil
(2001), Mirahayuni (2002), Adnan (2009),
Arsyad & Wardhana (2014), and Arsyad &
Arono (2016). Blagojevic (2015) says that in
practice, especially humanities field, the
writers regularly use the first language (L1)
style when writing in English (L2) for
international journals.
Another possible cause is Indonesian
lecturers and researchers in the field of social
sciences, especially in the field of English
language education, unaware of linguistic
features in their writing such as; sentence
patterns, phrase patterns, specific word
choices (specific lexicons), cohesion, and
coherence patterns, selection of citation verbs
(reporting verbs) and the use of meta-
discourse markers which are often used by
international journal writers as found in
articles that have been published in reputable
international journals.
The research articles' introduction is in
great demand by Indonesian researchers to
analyze because the introduction section is a
form of a case being investigated that
provides information to make the readers
understand the purpose and specification in a
larger theoretical framework. This section
includes background information on the
problem, such as summarizing the current
study and previous studies. The introduction
section is the most important part of the
scientific text section, which is the first part
that the readers should read after the
abstract.
Related to the explanation above, the
important problem experienced by the author
of research articles is to write a research
article. The linguistic feature becomes the
problem in writing a research article which is
the sentence character such as sentence
length (in terms of the number of words and
Journal of Language and Literature
Vol. 22 No. 1 – April 2022 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)
55
term of the number of sentences) and
sentence patterns such as simple sentence,
compound sentence, complex sentence, and
complex compound sentence in research
articles. However, the study is still rarely
done, especially in research articles'
introduction sections about sentence
characters in Applied Linguistics journals. As
the introduction is an important part of
research that will be read to know the gap of
study in the publication journal, so the logic of
this study is to investigate the sentence
characters or the stylistic trends used by
Indonesian authors in the research articles
Introduction sections of national accredited
journals and reputable international journals.
Many studies of scientific activities done
by researchers worldwide, much of the
literature have been published in English by
Non-Native Speaker (NNS). Publications by
these scholars are often the equivalent of
publications by Native English speakers (NSE)
(Buckingham, 2008). However, there is
evidence from research that is the focus to the
difficulties faced by NNS when compiling
scientific texts.
Englander (2014) found that the NNS
English writing was on average 21% more
difficult than writing in their native language.
This is caused by vocabulary, syntax,
organization, and methodological problems.
Another study by Weijen (2014) found that
writing in English can be more time-
consuming for NNS than for NSE because it
requires more cognitive effort in processing
language. They mostly lack clarity in
explaining, grammatical errors, organizational
inconsistencies, and problems with the format
of the thesis. Dean (2000) notes that sentence
length choice can help writers establish their
position. Mamishev & Williams (2010)
recommend that writers use different types of
sentences to make their writing more
sophisticated.
Moreover, the study by Deveci (2019)
found that the average sentence length of
education research articles written by
Anglophone and Turkish authors was 24.7. It
is the average sentence length belonging to
the average length by readability experts
which suggests an average of 20-25 words
(Garner, 2000). Meanwhile, journal
publication guidelines advise that scientific
writing should be around 12-17 words per
sentence (Griffies, Perrie, & Hull, 2013).
Research on rhetoric style and linguistic
features of journal articles (AJ) written in
Indonesian and English by Indonesian
researchers and published in Indonesian
journals and international journals is
frequently conducted. These studies were
conducted by Safnil (2001), Adnan (2009),
Arsyad (2013. a), Arsyad (2013.b), Arsyad
and Wardhana (2014), and Arsyad and Arono
(2016). The results of this study are very
important, especially in how the authors of
Indonesian journal research articles should
modify their research articles when writing
English research articles to be published in a
reputable national and international journal.
The research on journal articles in
Indonesian and English was mostly conducted
to analyze the rhetorical patterns of article
sections such as abstracts, introduction,
results, and discussion. Still, only a few
comparative research studies were carried
out on the linguistic features, especially the
sentence character of English education
research articles published in national
accredited journals and reputable
international journals. This is the main reason
for conducting this research, namely to see
the sentence characters in the introduction
section of English research articles in applied
linguistics published in an accredited national
accredited journal and internationally
reputable journal. Three research problems
guided this study:
1) What are the average sentence lengths in
research articles introduction written by
Indonesian authors published in national
accredited journals and reputable
international journals?
2) What are the common sentence patterns
found in research articles introduction in
Applied Linguistics written by
Indonesian authors published in national
accredited journals and reputable
international journals?
Journal of Language and Literature
ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Ameitha Pratiwi, Safnil Arsyad, & Syafryadin
56
3) What are the differences between the
nationally accredited and reputable
international journals regarding the
number of sentence patterns?
Methodology
The method employed in this study is a
descriptive quantitative study to describe and
compare the numerical data. This study used
a quantitative method. Sugiyono (2015)
interprets the quantitative method as a
research method to examine a population or a
particular sample; data collection using
research instruments, quantitative or
statistical data analysis to trial the hypothesis.
Furthermore, the study is following Deveci
(2019) by calculating the average sentence
length in the introduction section of research
articles on the research corpus and
identifying sentence patterns (simple
sentence, compound sentences, complex
sentence, and complex-compound sentence)
in the introduction section of the research
articles on the research corpus.
The corpus of this research involved forty
articles from reputable international journals
and national accredited journals. The articles
were taken from eight different journals in
Applied Linguistics published by Indonesian
authors in national accredited journals and
reputable international journals. The research
articles were taken from eight journals,
namely IJAL, TEFLIN, SiELE, IJoLE, JEELS,
IJELTAL, JOALL, & Linguists. The journals
were categorized in Table 1. This research
used a checklist as the instrument containing
sentence patterns.
This study uses Weber and Brizee (in
Deveci, 2019) to determine the characters,
such as average sentence length and sentence
pattern. First, the researcher downloads the
data which consists of forty research articles
from eight journal sites. Second, the data that
has been downloaded is converted from .pdf
files into .doc format files using online
software available at http://pdf2doc.com. The
analysis in this study was completed by
identifying the linguistic features, namely,
sentence characters such as sentence length
and sentence patterns in the introduction
section. There are several stages used in this
study to identify sentence characters.
First, the data is categorized into five
sections (abstract, introduction, method,
result and discussion, and conclusion)
because this research only investigates the
introduction section. Second, the researcher
read the entire introduction carefully. Third,
the researcher manually corrects the format
defects such as spelling and punctuation in
articles. Tables, table captions,
acknowledgments, and reference lists are
deleted. Direct quotes from participants or
texts analyzed in the quantitative studies are
also removed because the numerical data and
the sentences in these sections are outside the
study’s scope.
The next stage was identifying the
average sentence length in the introduction
section. The researcher uses online software
available at
http://countwordsworth.com/wordspersente
nce to compare the sentence length between
nationally accredited journals and reputable
international journals. The trial of this
software showed that it recognized all of the
periods, like the end of a sentence (Deveci,
2019). After calculating using online software,
the data is entered into an excel sheet. To get
the results, it has been inputted into excel, the
data is processed using a formula available in
the excel program.
Table 1. The Corpus of the Study
No. Journal Code National
Accredited
International
Reputable
Number of
Articles
1.
International
Reputable
Journal
IJAL SINTA 1 Q2 5
2. TEFLIN SINTA 1 Q2 5
3. SiELE SINTA 1 Q4 5
4. IJoLE SINTA 1 Q4 5
http://pdf2doc.com/
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57
No. Journal Code National
Accredited
International
Reputable
Number of
Articles
5.
National
Accredited
Journal
JEELS SINTA 2 - 5
6. IJELTAL SINTA 2 - 5
7. JOALL SINTA 3 - 5
8. Linguists SINTA 4 - 5
Total (N) 40
In the last stage, the researcher identified
the sentence pattern by Waber and Brizee (in
Deveci, 2019) as simple, compound, complex,
and compound sentences. The sentence
pattern was identified through the result
found in the research article. After that, the
researcher obtained and calculated the data
and input it into the table. The last, the
researcher analyzed the result.
This study used a co-rater to validate the
result of the data analysis. In this study, Cohen
Kappa’s coefficient analysis is used to
evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the
number of sentence patterns in introductions
of the articles.
Results and Discussion
This part presents the research results
and discussion based on analyzing the
sentence characters such as average sentence
length and sentence pattern in the
introduction section of the national accredited
journal and reputable international journal
written by national authors in Applied
Linguistics.
There are 10 corpora sentence patterns
taken randomly which need to be analyzed by
the researcher and co-rater. After the
researcher and co-rater completely analyzed
the data, it was found that 276 out of 336 data
was same agreement while 50 out of 336 data
was random agreement. The result of Cohen’s
Kappa value is 0.91. Based on the category in
the previous chapter, it can be concluded that
the data agreement between researcher and
co-researcher is excellent. As it has high
reliability, the researchers continued the next
research step.
The Average Sentence Length in
Introduction Section
The first research question aimed to
identify the average sentence length of the
Introduction section in journal articles
written by national authors published in
internationally reputable journals and
national accredited journals regarding the
number of words per sentence and terms of
the number of sentences per section. The
tables below show the number of words per
sentence. First, the results of reputable
international journals are summarized in
Table 2.
Table 2. Average Sentence Lengths (number of words)
No National Journals �̅�𝑥 International Journals �̅�𝑥
1 JEELS 20.86 IJAL 23.37
2 IJELTAL 22.36 TEFLIN 25.50
3 JOALL 23.65 SiELE 21.06
4 LINGUISTS 20.47 IJoLE 19.61
Table 2 shows the overall average
sentence length in terms of the number of
words in the national journal is 21.84, and the
international journal is 22.38. The most
extended average sentence length in
international journals belonged to the TEFLIN
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ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Ameitha Pratiwi, Safnil Arsyad, & Syafryadin
58
articles introduction of the international
indexed journal with 25.50 words. The
number is followed by IJAL articles with an
average length of 23.37 words. The third
average sentence length with 21.06 from the
SiELE articles. The shortest average sentence
length is IJoLE articles with 19.61 words.
Furthermore, the national journal's most
extended average sentence length is JOALL
articles with 23.65 words. The second is the
IJELTAL articles with 22.36 words. The third
is the JEELS articles with 20.86 words. The
last is the shortest from LINGUIST articles
with 20.47 words.
The second is calculating the average
length of introduction in terms of the number
of sentences per section in research articles
introduction written by Indonesian authors
published in international reputable and
national accredited journals. The results of
the calculation are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Average Sentence Lengths (number of sentences)
No National Journals Number �̅�𝑥 International Journals Number �̅�𝑥
1 JEELS 221 44 IJAL 172 34
2 IJELTAL 190 38 TEFLIN 225 45
3 JOALL 175 35 SiELE 94 19
4 LINGUISTS 180 36 IJoLE 194 39
Table 3 shows the number of sentences
in the research article introductions in
national accredited journals and reputable
international journals. It shows that the
average is 38 sentences per section in
national journal articles and 34 sentences per
section in international journal articles.
Specifically, JEELS articles are the longest,
with an average of 44 sentences in the
introduction section. The second is from
IJELTAL articles with an average of 38
sentences. The third is from the LINGUISTS
articles with an average of 36 sentences. The
least is from JOALL articles with an average of
35 sentences. Moreover, the longest sentence
in international journal research articles is
from the TEFLIN with an average of 45
sentences. The second is from IJoLE articles
with an average of 39 sentences. The third is
from IJAL articles with an average of 34
sentences. The shortest is from the SiELE
articles, with an average of 19 sentences.
The first objective of this research is to
calculate the average sentence length of the
introduction section in Applied Linguistics
research articles written by Indonesian
authors. The first result indicates that the
average sentence length in terms of the
number of words per sentence in research
articles introduction of national journals and
international journals is very close (21.83 in
national journals and 22.38 in international
journals). The scientific writing should be
around 12-17 words per sentence (Griffies,
Perrie, & Hull, 2013). Meanwhile, the average
sentence length of those research articles is
included in the readability level which the
average of each sentence is around 20-25
words per sentence (Garner, 2000). It can be
implied that Indonesian authors have
followed the international conventions in
writing sentences in terms of the number of
words per sentence. The result in line with
Deveci (2019) found that the average
sentence length within 24.17 in the corpus of
the research.
Furthermore, the second result indicates
that the average length of introduction in
terms of the number of sentences in the
introduction section is about 38 sentences for
national journals and 34 sentences for
international journals. Author guidelines in
JOALL (2021) as a national journal indicate
that writing articles should use more than
318 sentences or more. Technical guideline in
TEFLIN (2021) as an international journal
implies that the number of words used in the
article is 218 to 348 sentences or more. It
indicates that Indonesian authors in national
and international journals have followed the
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59
guidelines and used long sentences in the
introduction section. The choice of sentence
length in the journal articles can help the
writers to establish the position (Dean, 2000).
However, making sentences shorter or longer
does not indicate a certain level of proficiency
(Lestari & Lertira, 2013). Using longer or
shorter sentences alone does not help present
a good writing composition. The long and
short sentences should be combined to
present an ideal variation of easy-to-read
patterns.
Sentence Pattern in Introduction
Section of National Journals and
International Journals
The second result of the study is aimed to
identify the common sentence patterns found
in research articles written by Indonesian
authors published in nationally accredited
and internationally reputable journals. The
sentence patterns found are simple sentences,
compound sentences, complex sentences, and
compound-complex sentences. The
researcher analyzed forty introduction
sections of research articles from national
accredited journals and reputable
international journals. The results of
identification are summarized in Table 4
below.
Table 4 shows that sentence patterns,
namely simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex sentences, are found in
nationally accredited and internationally
reputable journals' introduction section.
Furthermore, the most common sentence
pattern is complex sentences, with 414
sentences in national journals and 378
sentences in international journals. The
second is simple sentences with 170
sentences in national journals and 136 in
international journals. The third is
compound-complex sentences, with 106 in
national journals and 112 in international
journals. The minor sentence pattern used in
the introduction section is compound
sentences with 76 sentences in national
journals and 59 sentences in international
journals.
Table 4. Sentence Pattern of Research Articles
No Sentence Pattern
National
Accredited
Journals
International
Reputable
Journals
1 Simple Sentence 170 136
2 Compound Sentence 76 59
3 Complex Sentence 414 378
4 Complex Compound Sentence 106 112
The second research objective identifies
the common sentence patterns found in the
research articles introduction in Applied
Linguistics written by Indonesian authors
published in national and international
journals. This study found that complex
sentences become the typical sentence
patterns that Indonesian authors use in the
introduction section of national and
international journals. Simple sentences
followed it as the second common use of
sentence patterns. The result implies that
Indonesian authors in national and
international journals could make complex
sentences because they used simple sentences
and combined with at least one dependent
clause. It also can make sentences more
efficient and avoid the redundant of the same
sentences or repetition in writing. Good
writing in the scientific paper should be
clearly and precisely in defined opinion to
avoid imprecise words (Wyrick, 2017). Thus,
the result of this study, in line with the result
of research by Deveci (2017), indicates that
language learners use complex sentences
more commonly than other sentence patterns
to display writing ability. He also found that
simple sentences were indeed preferred by
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60
authors who were familiar with English
compared to national writers to improve
writing quality.
On the other hand, the Indonesian
authors in national and international journals
rarely use compound-complex sentences and
compound sentences in the introduction
section. According to Weber and Brizee (in
Deveci, 2019), compound sentences are used
to combine more than two independent
clauses or parallel sentences, and compound-
complex sentences are multiple independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses. It
is probably caused by the introduction of the
research article containing more overview of
the general topic, available research
information, and literature, so they rarely use
very long and parallel sentences. Wijen
(2014) observes that the sentence pattern in
the introduction section is used according to
the idea or thought of the author. Moreover,
mixing all kinds of sentence patterns such as
simple, compound, complex, and compound-
complex sentences in writing can have a good
writing style (Oshima and Hogue, 2006). The
result was in line with Deveci (2019),
indicating that compound sentences were
used the most in the method section because
the author tended to be direct and concise
with information describing how to obtain
results. Compound-complex sentences are
used the most in the discussion section. So,
this is possible that compound sentences and
compound-complex sentences are rarely
found in the introduction section.
The difference between National and
International Journals
The last objective aimed to answer the
third research question about the differences
between the nationally accredited and
reputable international journals regarding
sentence characters. The results indicate that
complex sentences are the most common
sentence pattern found in both groups, and it
followed by simple sentences, compound-
complex sentences, and compound sentences.
Mamishev & Williams (2010) imply that using
sentence patterns by authors can make
writing more sophisticated. It also found that
Indonesian authors in national and
international journals used long sentences in
the introduction section. It implies no
important difference between national
accredited and international reputable
journals regarding sentence characters. The
results found more similarities in sentence
characters while only a few differences. The
differences could be because the authors lack
concentration on the writing quality caused
by unfamiliarity with English (Wallwork,
2016). It makes the author less meticulous
with the word used (Newell, 2014).
However, the researchers in Indonesia
rarely study sentence characters, namely
sentence lengths and sentence patterns. So,
the results of this study are expected to
provide some advantages to help the author
write the research article introductions. The
advantages of this study can help the author
make various sentences with complexities to
make sentences more efficient. Combining the
author's average sentence lengths can help
determine whether the level of articles is
made following national or international
writing conventions. The last analysis in this
study is to establish the differences of
sentence patterns in the national accredited
journal and reputable international journal in
terms of the number of sentence patterns.
Conclusion
From the results and discussion of this
study, several points are concluded as follows.
First, in the introduction section, Indonesian
authors in the national and international
journals used long average sentence length in
terms of words per sentence. Furthermore,
the average length of introduction in terms of
sentences per section found that Indonesian
authors in national accredited journals and
reputable international journals use long
sentences in the introduction section. It can
be implied that Indonesian authors have
followed the community conventions of
writing and technical guidelines in writing
sentences.
Second, the most common sentence
pattern found in national accredited and
international reputable journals was complex
sentences, followed by simple sentences.
Complex sentences were consistently found in
the introduction section of research articles. It
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Vol. 22 No. 1 – April 2022 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online)
61
interprets that the complex sentence is an
obligatory sentence pattern used in the
corpus. Otherwise, the rare sentence patterns
found in the corpus were compound-complex
sentences and compound sentences. This
results can be assumed that the authors have
used varied sentence patterns in writing the
introduction section.
Third, there is no important difference
between Indonesian authors in national
accredited journals and reputable
international journals regarding sentence
characters. It is found that Indonesian authors
in national and international journals used
complex sentences more often, and both
groups used long sentences in the
introduction section. Thus, this implies that
Indonesian authors in national journals
probably have written following international
writing standards.
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