PHENOMENA Adria Indah Putranti 176 Resyllabification of English Loanwords Borrowed from Indonesian Language Adria Indah Putranti adria.indahputranti@yahoo.com English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University Abstract Resyllabification happens when the syllable structure of the source language differ from that of the recipient language. This article aims at observing how Indonesian words borrowed by English language are resyllabified in order to match with the syllable structures of English language as the recipient language. Results show that the resyllabification of English loanwords can be analyzed by applying deletion and addition rule. The result of deletion rule is the reduced number of syllable of loanwords (such as in cutch, cockatoo, cajeput, kris, prau, tombac, and trepan), while addition rule results on the addition of the number of syllable (such as in catechu, caladium, mangosteen, and pandanus). Keywords: resyllabification, borrowing, source language, recipient language Language and Gender One of the characteristics of present day English is the size of mixed character of its vocabulary. It is due to the fact that English has heavily adopted thousands of words from other languages. In this regard, English is said to be a receptive language since a lot of words are borrowed from many different languages. It is obvious that borrowing is one of many ways to expand the vocabulary from other languages. Borrowing takes place when one language -so called recipient language- takes a word from other language -so called source language. The borrowed words are then called loanwords, which are saved into recipient language’s lexicon. During the process of borrowing, a borrowed word needs to be adjusted to the phonological and morphological structure as well as its pronunciation patterns and grammatical rules of the recipient language. This article provides an observation of the syllable structure of English as the recipient language and Indonesian as the source language. As a result, resyllabification is required since the syllable structures of Indonesian language are different from those of the English language. In order to do the analysis of resyllabification rules in English loanwords, data of 50 words is collected from Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary. Syllabification Theory Basically, a syllable is a unit of speech that consists of a nucleus surrounded by onsets and codas. A word which contains a single syllable is called a monosyllabic word, while if it consists of more than one syllable, it is called a polysyllabic word. Onset and Coda consists of consonants, while nucleus consists of vowels (in some extent, liquids and nasals). Peak and coda function together to form a Rhyme. The number of segments is important in recognizing English syllables. Onset has a maximum consonant number of two. Three Vol. 14 No. 2 – October 2014 177 consonants are allowed as long as it includes a sequence of three-consonant cluster, namely /s/ as the first segment, voiceless stops (/p/ or /t/ or /k/) as the second segment, and approximants (liquids or glides) as the third segment. Coda has two consonants at maximum. The third segment allowed is /s/, /z/, /t/. Each segment in both Onset and Coda constitutes one X. Rhyme is essential in a syllable since it determines whether the syllable is well- formed or not. The number of X is used as the basic of this consideration. A well-formed syllable consists of 3-X position in the Rhyme. Stressed vowel needs to have minimum 2-X position in Rhyme, thus it is called heavy syllable. Conversely, unstressed vowel must have minimum 1-X position in Rhyme so- called light syllable. Syllabification Principle Most languages tend to follow these following two principles of syllabification, namely Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) and Maximal Onset Principle (MOP). In fact, several languages do not follow MOP, but most of the languages follow SSP. 1. Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) The sonority of a sound is the relative loudness compared to other sounds of the same length, stress, and pitch (Ladefoged, 1993). Therefore, a syllable must contains sonorous element and its associated less sonorous segment. A syllable usually has a peak consisting of the most sonorous element within a syllable (vowels) which is recognized as nucleus. Onsets and codas are the second and third elements of the syllable. A nucleus becomes the core of the syllable so that its presence is obligatory. Conversely, codas and onsets are not obligatory. Syllables are associated with peaks of sonority which is used to predict the number of syllable of English words. Thus, a monosyllabic word typically has a single sonority peak, a bisyllabic word usually has two peaks, and polysyllabic has more than one peak. According to the sonority scale, voiceless plosives are the least sonorous, while low vowels are the most sonorous among the segments. The degree of sonority determined from the least sonorous until the most sonorous sounds are oral stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids, semivowels, and vowels (Giegerich, 1992). A sequence of sound produced in one syllable is explained as follows. The sequence begins with the increase of sonority until it reaches the most sonorous sound in a syllable (the peak) and ends with the decrease of the sonority. The sonority scale is essential to determine the number of syllables. The word like clamp is considered as monosyllable since it employs one sonority peak. The word Andrew is considered as bisyllable since it employs two sonorant segments. 2. Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) Maximal onset principle is a rule which requires syllable boundaries to be placed in such a way that onsets are maximal (Giegerich, 1992). This rule requires a consonant which may occupy either onset or coda goes to onset position rather than coda position. For instance, if the word metron is separated by a syllable boundary, it becomes [me.trǝn] rather than [met.rǝn] Accordingly, O’Graddy et al (1992) illustrates two words as an example, such as extreme and decline. According to the maximal onset principle, they are syllabified as [ɛk.strɪm] and [dɪ.klajn]. Whereas the fact the incorrect syllabifications, such as [ɛk.strɪm] and [dɪ.klajn] do not violate any phonotactic constraints. It leads to the conclusion that syllabifications are prevented by a universal syllable-shape constrains that require the onset to be as large as possible. Resyllabification of English Loanwords Borrowed from Indonesian Language Different languages have different syllable structures since there are restrictions of permissible sound sequences in a language. Syllable structures of Indonesian languages observed from the data are V (such as in agar, ikat, orangutan, siamang, upas), VC (rupiah), CV (batik, bambu, teripang, tembaga), and CVC (kampong, keris, gambir, gudang, kapur). Conversely, English has more varieties of syllable structure. The syllable structures of English language observed from the data are V (such as in rupiah), VC Adria Indah Putranti 178 (caladium, dayak), CV (babiroussa, bamboo, batik, dammar), CVC (cutch, camphor, gingham, tombac), CVCC (compound), CCV (prau, trepang), and CCVC (mangosteen, kris). It can be concluded that Indonesian and English have somewhat different syllable structure, so the process of resyllabification is possible. Resyllabification is seen as the process of reanalysis the syllable structure of the loanwords. It can be conducted by the application of insertion and deletion rules. Eventually, these rules may change the syllable structure of the source language so that the desired syllable structure for the target language can be obtained (Crystal, 2008). Dealing with this analysis, the syllable structure of both source and recipient language are determined. Figure 1 shows that 30 loanwords (60%) have the same syllable structure of original words. It is because the syllable structure of the source language conform the structure of the recipient language. Therefore, they do not need to be resyllabified. Conversely, 20 loanwords (40%) have different syllable structure with those of recipient language. Finally, they are resyllabified to match the acceptable syllable structure of target language. Figure 1 English Loanwords Borrowed from Indonesian Languages 60% 40% no syllable changes syllable changes 1. Loanwords with No Changes in Syllable Structure Loanwords with no changes in syllable structure are determined by two considerations. First, there is no phonological rule applied significantly so that there is no change in sounds and spellings of the loanwords. As a result, it maintains the syllable structure of originals and it automatically cannot alter the syllable structure. The examples are banteng [’ban,teŋ], and sen [’sen]. Second, there applies phonological adaptation/ rules, but they do not change the syllable structure. The word bamboo [,bǣm’bu:], for instance, really adapts the phonological rule of the target language. It undergoes at least three phonological rules, such as vowel laxing, vowel lengthening, and vowel nasalization. The phonological rules can be explained by the following table. Table 1 Phonological rules and Syllabification of the word bamboo Source Language Representation (SLR) /bambʊ/ → CVC.CV (2 syllables) Vowel laxing Vowel lenghtening Stress stabilization Vowel nasalization [bӕmbʊ] [bӕmbu:] [,bӕm’bu:] [,bǣm’bu:] Target Language Representation (TLR) [,bǣm’bu:] → CVC.CV (remains 2 syllables) Most of the loanwords with no changes in syllable structure constitute some phonological rules, such as vowel laxing, vowel lengthening and diphthongization. Nevertheless, these rules do not change the syllable structure since they occur within one syllable. Tense vowels and diphthongs are considered as one phoneme and one V. Akmajian et al (2001) defines diphthong as ‘a vowel that consists of two parts, a louder vowel and either an onglide or an offglide, which together serve as the nucleus of a single syllable’. Therefore, it is clear that diphthong can be seen as a smooth transition between two vowel sounds within the same syllable. Vol. 14 No. 2 – October 2014 179 Table 2 Loanwords with No Changes in Syllable 2. Loanwords with Changes in Syllable Structures Resyllabification is implemented in this category under one condition. The condition is that when the phonological rules applied to the source language change the syllable structure of the loanwords. After observing the syllable structure of the loanwords, three kinds of changes in syllable are determined. The first is the reduced number of syllable. It occurs when the number of syllables of the loanwords is reduced due to the phonological constraints of the recipient language. The second is the addition of syllable. It adds the number of syllables to the loanwords. It also happens due to the application of phonological rules. The third is the change in syllable template. This process requires the different syllable template between source and target language. Changes in syllable template happen due to the application of the phonological rules of the recipient language. No Source Language Syllable template Recipient Language Transcriptions Syllable Template 1 agar V.CVC agar [’eɪ.gɑ:r] V.CVC 2 babirusa CV.CV.CV.CV babiroussa [,bӕ.bɪ’ru:.sǝ] CV.CV.CV.CV 3 bamboo CVC.CV bamboo [,bӕm’bu:] CVC.CV 4 banteng CVC.CVC banteng [’ban,teŋ] CVC.CVC 5 batik CV.CVC batik [bӕ’ti:k] CV.CVC 6 dammar CV.CVC damar [’dӕ.mǝr] CV.CVC 7 dayak CV.VC dayak [’daɪ.ak] CV.VC 8 durian CV.CV.VC durian [’dʊ.ri:.ǝn] CV.CV.VC 9 gambir CVC.CVC gambier [’gӕm.bɪr] CVC.CVC 10 gong CVC gong [’gɔ:ŋ] CVC 11 gudang CV.CVC godown [’gǝʊ.daʊn] CV.CVC 12 ikat V.CVC ikat [‘i:.kɑ:t] V.CVC 13 jelutong CV.CV.CVC jelutong [’je.lǝ.tɒŋ] CV.CV.CVC 14 kampong CVC.CVC kampong [’kӕm.pɒŋ] CVC.CVC 15 kapuk CV.CVC kapok [’keɪ.pɒk] CV.CVC 16 kati CV.CV caddy [’kӕ.di] CV.CV 17 kati CV.CV catty [’kӕ.ti] CV.CV 18 kechap CV.CVC ketchup [’ke.ʧǝp] CV.CVC 19 kutu CV.CV cootie [‘ku:.tɪ] CV.CV 20 luri/ nuri CV.CV lory [‘lɔ:.rɪ] CV.CV 21 orangutan V.CVC.V.CVC orang-utan [ɔ:’r ӕŋ.ǝ.tӕn] C.CVC.V.CVC 22 padi CV.CV paddy [’pӕ.di] CV.CV 23 parang CV.CVC parang [’pɑ:.rӕŋ] CV.CVC 24 pengguling CVC.CV.CVC pangolin [pӕŋ’gǝʊ.lɪn] CVC.CV.CVC 25 rambutan CVC.CV.CVC rambutan [rӕm’bu:.tǝn] CVC.CV.CVC 26 rotan CV.CVC rattan [rӕ’tӕn] CV.CVC 27 sagu CV.CV sago [‘sa.gǝʊ] CV.CV 28 sarong CV.CVC sarong [sǝ’rɒŋ] CV.CVC 29 sen CVC sen [’sen] CVC 30 siamang CV.V.CVC siamang [’si:.ǝ.mӕŋ] CV.V.CVC Adria Indah Putranti 180 Table 3 Loanwords with Changes in Syllable Structure No. Syllabification Resyllabification Source Language Syllable Template Recipient Language Transcription Syllable Template 1 kachu CV.CV catechu [’kӕ.tǝ,ʧu:] CV.CV.CV 2 kachu CV.CV cutch [’kǝʧ] CVC 3 kakatua CV.CV.CV.V cockatoo [, kɒ.kǝ’tu:] CV.CV.CV 4 kampong CVC.CVC compound [’kɒm.paʊnd] CVC.CVCC 5 kapur CV.CVC camphor [’kӕm.fǝr] CVC.CVC 6 kasuari CV.CV.V.CV cassowary [’kӕ.sǝ,weǝ.ri] CV.CV.CV.CV 7 kayuputih CV.CV.CV.CVC cajeput [’kӕ.ʤǝ.pʊt] CV.CV.CVC 8 keladi CV.CV.CV caladium [kǝ’lɑ:.de.ǝm] CV.CV.CV.VC 9 genggang CVC.CVC gingham [’gɪŋ.ǝm] CVC.VC 10 gurameh CV.CV.CVC gouramy [gʊ’rǝ.mi] CV.CV.CV 11 keris CV.CVC kris [‘kri:s] CCVC 12 manggis CVC.CVC mangosteen [’mӕŋ.gǝ.sti:n] CVC.CV.CCVC 13 ngamuk CV.CVC amok [ǝ’mɒk] V.CVC 14 pandan CVC.CVC pandanus [pӕn’deɪ.nǝs] CVC.CV.CVC 15 pelangki CV.CVC.CV palanquin [,pa.lǝn’kin] CV.CVC.CVC 16 perahu CV.CV.CV prau [’praʊ] CCV 17 rupiah CV.CV.VC rupiah [ru:’pi:.ɑ] CV.CV.V 18 tembaga CVC.CV.CV tombac [‘tam.bak] CVC.CVC 19 teripang CV.CV.CVC trepan [trɪ’pӕŋ] CCV.CVC 20 upas (pohon upas) V.CVC upas [jʊ’pǝs] CV.CVC a. Deletion Rule Deletion rule can be observed when there is a vowel deletion within a word. Frequently, omitting vowels can result on the omitting syllable due to the fact that vowels are very fundamental in syllables. Seven loanwords are identified as having syllable simplification which is presented in the following table. Table 4 Resyllabification of Loanwords via Deletion Rule Source language Number of syllable Process Recipient language Number of syllable kachu 2 syll apocope (deletion of final vowel /ʊ/) cutch [’kǝʧ] 1 syll kakatua 4 syll apocope (deletion of final vowel /a/) cockatoo [, kɒ.kǝ’tu:] 3 syll kayuputih 4 syll deletion of final sound /ɪh/ cajeput [’kӕ.ʤǝ.pʊt] 3 syll keris 2 syll deletion schwa /ǝ/ kris [‘kri:s] 1 syll perahu 3 syll deletion schwa /ǝ/ prau [’praʊ] 1 syll tembaga 3 syll Apocope (deletion of final vowel /a/) tombac [‘tam.bak] 2 syll teripang 3 syll deletion schwa /ǝ/ trepan [trɪ’pӕŋ] 2 syll Vol. 14 No. 2 – October 2014 181 The word kris is resyllabified into simpler syllable (from two reduces to one syllable) due to phonological adaptation to the recipient language. It receives stress in the initial syllable, resulting on the deletion of schwa. The following phonological rules can explain this process. Table 5 Phonological Rules and Resyllabification of the word kris SLR /kǝrɪs/ Syllabification: CV.CVC → 2 syllables Stress stabilization Aspiration Schwa deletion [‘kǝrɪs] [‘khǝrɪs] [‘khrɪs] Schwa deletion TLR [‘khrɪs] Resyllabification: CCVC → 1 syllable Table 6. Resyllabification via Deletion Rule No. Resyllabification by Reducing Vowel 1. σ σ R R O N O N k a ʧ ʊ σ R O N C k a ʧ 2. σ σ σ σ R R R R O N O N O N P k a k a t ʊ a σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N k ɒ k ǝ t u: 3. σ σ σ σ R R R R O N O N O N O N C k a y ʊ p ʊ t I h σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N C k ӕ ʤǝ ǝ p ʊ t 4. σ σ R R O N O N C k ǝ r ɪ s σ R O N C k r i: s Adria Indah Putranti 182 5. σ σ σ R R R O N O N O N p ǝ r a h ʊ σ R O N p r a ʊ 6. σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N t ǝ m b a ɡ a σ σ R R O N C O N C t a m b a k 7. σ σ σ R R R O N O N O N C t ǝ r I p a ŋ σ σ R R O N O N C t r I p ӕ ŋ Similarly, the word prau and trepang undergo the process of schwa deletion. Thus it can reduce the number of syllable. Prau is resyllabified into monosyllable, while trepang into bisyllable. The omission of final vowels occurs in the word cutch, cockatoo, and tombac. These loanwords are resyllabified due to the omission of final vowel /ʊ/ for cutch and /a/ for cockatoo and tombac. This process is called apocope. These omissions of the final vowel result on the reduced number of syllable. Cutch is resyllabified into monosyllable, cockatoo into trisyllable, and tombac into bisyllable. Cajeput [’kӕ.ʤǝ.pʊt] undergoes the process of deletion the final vowel /ɪ/ and consonant /h/. In English, /h/ does not occur in the rhyme so that it becomes omitted. This omission makes the syllable reduced into trisyllable. b. Addition Rule Addition rule is applied to the recipient language if there are some additions of sounds which also involve vowels. There are four loanwords falling into this category. Table 7. Resyllabification of Loanwords Via Addition Rule Source Language Number of Syllable Process Recipient Language Transcriptions Number of Syllable kachu 2 syll Addition of /t/ and /ǝ/ in the middle catechu [’kӕ.tǝ,ʧu:] 3 syll keladi 3 syll Addition of vowel /ʊ/ and final consonant /m/ caladium [kǝ’lɑ:.de.ǝm] 4 syll manggis 2 syll Addition of final vowel /i:/ and consonant /t/ and /n/ mangosteen [’mӕŋ.gǝ.sti:n] 3 syll pandan 2 syll Addition of final vowel /ʊ/ and consonant /s/ pandanus [pӕn’deɪ.nǝs] 3 syll Vol. 14 No. 2 – October 2014 183 It can be observed that the word catechu is the result of /tǝ/ addition in the middle of syllable, caladium addition /ʊm/ in the final syllable, mangosteen addition /ti:n/ in the final syllable, and pandanus addition /ʊs/ in the final syllable. They are syllable additions occur in the middle and final words. Theories say that to make a syllable, a nucleus (usually vowels, but liquids and nasals are also appropriate) is obligatory. These words consist of vowel which incorporates with consonant to create a new syllable as the addition to the original words. Budiman (2007) presents the phonological rules of the word pandanus which includes the addition of sound /ʊ/ and /s/ in the word final. The following table denotes the resyllabification of the word pandanus from its original word. Panadanus is then resyllabified into trisyllables. Table 8. Phonological Rules and Resyllabification of the word pandanus SLR /pandan/ Syllabification: CVC.CVC → 2 syllables Sound addition Vowel laxing Vowel fronting Stress stabilization Vowel weakening [pandanus] [pӕndanus] [pӕndeɪnus] [pӕn’deɪnus] [pӕn’deɪnǝs] Sound addition /ʊs/ TLR [pӕn’deɪnǝs] Resyllabification: CVC.CV.CVC → 3 syllables Table 9. Resyllabification via Addition Rule No. Resyllabification by Adding Sounds 1. σ σ R R O N O N k a ʧ ʊ σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N k ӕ t ǝ ʧ ʊ 2. σ σ σ R R R O N O N O N k ǝ l a d I σ σ σ σ R R R R O N O N O N N O k ǝ l ɑ: d e ǝ m 3. σ σ R R O N C O N C m a ŋ ɡ I s σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N C m a ŋ ɡ ǝ s t i: n Adria Indah Putranti 184 4. σ σ R R O N C O N C p a n d a n σ σ σ R R R O N C O N O N C p a n d e I n ǝ s c. Changes in Syllable Template The following table is a list of syllable template of loanwords which undergo changes due to the phonological adaptation. Table 10. Loanwords with Changes in Syllable Template Syllabification Resyllabification Source language Syllable template Recipient language Transcriptions Syllable template genggang CVC.CVC gingham [’gɪŋ.ǝm] CVC.VC gurameh CV.CV.CVC gouramy [gʊ’rǝ.mi] CV.CV.CV kampung CVC.CVC compound [’kɒm.paʊnd] CVC.CVCC kapur CV.CVC camphor [’kӕm.fǝr] CVC.CVC kasuari CV.CV.V.CV cassowary [’kӕ.sǝ,weǝ.rɪ] CV.CV.CV.CV ngamuk CV.CVC amok [ǝ’mɒk] V.CVC pelangki CV.CVC.CV palanquin [,pa.lǝn’kin] CV.CVC.CVC rupiah CV.CV.VC rupiah [ru:’pi:.ǝ] CV.CV.V upas (pohon upas) V.CVC Upas [jʊ’pǝs] CV.CVC When comparing the syllable template of borrowed language and borrowing language shown in the table above, the changes of syllable template really exist. The word gouramy [gʊ’rǝ.mi] is originally gurameh. It makes difference in the final sound of /h/ in the source language. The sound /h/ is omitted due to the fact that there is no sound /h/ in a syllable onset. Accordingly, this omission of /h/ makes the syllable template change into CV.CV.CV. In cassowary [’kӕ.sǝ,weǝ.rɪ], there is an addition of the sound /w/ in the penultimate syllable. That makes the syllable template become CV.CV.CV.CV. The word amok is originally ngamuk. There is a deletion of sound /ŋ/ in the penult syllable since English does not allow this sound to occur in the onset position. The syllable template changes from CV.CVC into V.CVC. In palanquin [,pa.lǝn’kin], there is an addition /n/ sound in the word final. Thus, the syllable template changes into CV.CVC.CVC. The word rupiah pronounced as [ru:’pi:.ǝ]. There is a /h/ deletion here since English does not allow /h/ occurs in rhyme and a single vowel /ǝ/ is allowed to make a syllable with only a nucleus. Therefore, the syllable template changes into CV.CV.V In upas [jʊ’pǝs], there is an addition of sound /j/ in the penult syllable. Thus it makes the syllable template become CV.CVC. According to the research conducted by Budiman (2007), the phonological rules of the word gingham are sound deletion of /g/, nasalization of velar /ŋ/ into /m/, and vowel weakening. The syllable template created is CVC.VC. Concluding Remarks Resyllabification of loanwords is applied whenever the syllable structure of the source language differs from that of the recipient language. When Indonesian words enter English language, the phonological adaptation is applied to adjust the phonological rule of English. In many cases, phonological adaptation results on the Vol. 14 No. 2 – October 2014 185 change of syllable structure. Thus, the borrowings have to be resyllabified in order to meet the syllable requirements of recipient language. References Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. London: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. Print. Budiman, Linda Valentina. “English Words Borrowed from Indonesian Languages and Their Phonological Adaptation”. Phenomena Journal of Language and Literature. Vol. 11 No. 1, June 2007, pp.33-44. Print. Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Print. Giegerich, Heinz J. English Phonology. Victoria: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print. Ladefoged, Peter. A Course in Phonetics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc, 1993. Print. O’Graddy,William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Janie Rees-Miller. Contemporary Linguistics. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2005. Print.