JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching https://e-journal.undikma.ac.id/index.php/jollt Email: jollt@undikma.ac.id DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v%vi%i.7460 April 2022. Vol.11, No.2 p-ISSN: 2338-0810 e-ISSN: 2621-1378 pp. 263-274 JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 263 LEANING MEANINGS IN BIMA LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE Rabiyatul Adawiyah, Indonesian Language and Literature Education, FKIP, Nahdlatul Wathan University Mataram, Indonesia Corresponding Author Email: rabiyatula@gmail.com Article Info Abstract Article History Received: March 2023 Revised: March 2023 Published: April 2023 The study of regional languages is a critical component of a nation's cultural and linguistic heritage. As such, it is imperative to conduct in-depth research into the meanings and nuances of regional languages. In this study, the Bima language (ngahi mbojo), which belongs to the Bima-Sumba language family and is widely spoken in the Bima and Dompu districts, was examined to map and explicate verbs with the concept of 'lean'. To gather the necessary data, oral and written sources were used, including storybooks in the Bima language. The research methodology utilized a combination of interviews and literature review, while the verification method was employed to collect and analyze the data. The method, which involves the alteration of form and the use of paraphrasing techniques, was utilized to determine the original meaning of the verb and its explication, resulting in 65 points of analysis. The study revealed that Bima language verbs with 'lean' can be mapped to entities, processes, tools, and results. Specifically, the lexicon used to express the concept of 'leaning' includes maru (sleeping), santengi (leaning), doho (sitting), oko (squatting), kidi (standing), and tu'u (getting up). Keywords Lean meaning; Natural semantic metalanguage; Bima language How to cite: Adawiyah, R. (2023). Leaning Meanings in Bima Language: A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 11(2), pp. 263-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v%vi%i.7460 INTRODUCTION Each regional language has uniqueness and potential that needs to be explored more deeply (Jiang et al., 2019). One of them is the Bima language. Bima language is spoken by the Bima tribe on the eastern part of Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara, and is used by its speakers as a means of communication both within the family and in the community (Artawa et al., 2023). Bima language, like Indonesian, has a semantic structure, namely verbs and nouns. Verbs are a central element because they can determine the structure of a sentence (Swandana dkk., 2022). The meaning of a verb in a proposition varies, depending on its relation to the argument (Wurmbrand & Lohninger, 2023). With the various meanings of verbs, the meanings discussed in this study are focused on conceptual meanings (Tsai, 2020; Leech, 1981). There are still many semantic features in Bima language verbs that need to be studied and developed using various theories (Anggayana et al., 2020). Bima language verbs are grouped on the basis of time stability scales (Sankoff, 2019). Based on the time stability scale, Bima language verbs are classified into three, namely: state verbs, process verbs, and action verbs (Sudipa, et al, 2021). In this study it is more devoted to action verbs with the notion 'interesting'. Action verbs with the meaning 'interesting' have specific semantic characteristics and features, with the help of metalanguage theory we can understand them (Anderson, 2020; Davies et al., 2020). The description of the theory will be described in the theoretical review section. Based on this description, it can be stated here that the basic reasons underlying the urgency of this research are: (1) the many riches or features of the Bima language; (2) regarding this conceptual meaning has not been studied or analyzed in https://e-journal.undikma.ac.id/index.php/jollt http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1366476729&1&& http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1524725326&1&& mailto:rabiyatula@gmail.com Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 264 more depth so that the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory can bridge this problem with mapping and explication analysis (Magfira, et al, 2022; Fabrega, 2019). Linguistics as a scientific study of language according to the book "The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics" defines "Linguistics is the study of the human ability to produce and interprete language in speaking, writing and signing (for the deaf) (van dan van 2021). Language, according to this definition consists of (1) spoken language; (2) written language and (3) sign language (Bragg et al., 2019). At the level of each language, there must be smaller studies, namely: (1) phonology, studying the problem of sound systems; (2) morphology, describing the formation of words; (3) syntax, concerned with the arrangement of phrases, clauses, sentences to text and (4) semantics, analyzing the meaning of every sound, word and sentence that is successfully produced by humans in interacting with each other (Hakim 2022). Speakers of each language produce words every day, then organize them into meaningful sentences so that communication runs smoothly. Every sentence that comes from a word or lexicon has categories such as: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs and others. Verbs, according to some experts (Givon 1984, Allan, 2001) verbs are central in a speech because (1) they must be present in every utterance, (2) they can determine the number of arguments or components in each utterance and (3) determine the semantic role (Actor Undergoer) on each component of the story. Paying attention to the central role of a verb, of course, will be an attraction for further study, especially from the point of meaning. To study the meaning of language, a number of theories are available, we just have to choose which one is suitable and can give satisfactory results. Research on the origins of the Bima Dompu language has been carried out since 1884 by the Dutch researcher Brandes-Jonker. They grouped the Bima language with the Bima- Sumba language group. The second study, Adawiyah (2021, 2022): A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. In this study, the Bima language verbs can be divided into three classes, namely state verbs, process verbs, and action verbs. With the application of the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, the semantic classification of Balinese verbs can be broken down into more specific elements that are reflected in the sub-types of verbs (Sudipa, et al., 2019). State verbs have a prototype; cognition, knowledge, emotion, perception, and desire. The cognition prototype includes the original meaning element Thinking. Process verbs, with event prototypes are realized with the original meaning of ̀ happened` with the syntactic rules something happens to something attached to the lexicon. In action verbs with subtypes doing and moving, a layered semantic role model is found that is at a certain step before the final determination of a semantic role in the argument (Janda, 2019). This research greatly contributes to this writing because it can give an idea that each region has its own unique language, but the discussion in this study is not as specific as in this paper which specifically writes action verbs in Bima language, namely with a leaning lexicon. In the classification of action verbs in the Bima language, the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage can have a major influence in showing the types and subtypes to the sub-subtypes of the verbs. In general, the previous studies described above have similarities and differences. The similarity in question is the application of MSA theory to verbs. However, until this research was written, the researcher had not found a natural semantic metalanguage study that was used to analyze Bima language verbs by `relying` (Setiawan, 2020). Theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage There are three reasons why this theory was chosen. (1) the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage is designed and used to replicate all meanings, both lexical meanings, illocutionary meanings, and grammatical meanings. Of course, this theory can be used to explain the meaning of a verb. (2) supporters of the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage believe in the principle that the natural condition of a language is to maintain one form for one Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 265 meaning and one meaning for one form. This principle applies not only to grammatical constructions, but also to words. (3) in the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage the explication of meaning is framed in a metalanguage that originates from natural language. This explication can be understood by all native speakers of the language concerned (Swarniti, 2021; Acquaviva 2022). Natural Semantic Metalanguage examines the smallest components of each language, which consists of 65 semantic primes and more than 50 semantic molecules that are universal (Goddard and Wierzbicka, 2014). Look at the table below. Table 1 Default Sets of Meanings No Component Semantic Elements Substatives I-ME, YOU, SOMEONE, PEOPLE, SOMETHING/THING, BODY 2 relational Substatives KIND OF, PART 3 Determiners THIS, THE SAME, OTHER-ELSE-ANOTHER 4 Quantifiers ONE, TWO, SOME, ALL, MUCH/MANY, LITTLE/FEW 5 Evaluators GOOD, BAD 6 Descriptions BIG, SMALL 7 Mental predicates THINK, KNOW, WANT, DON'T WANT, FEEL, SEE, HEAR 8 Speech SAY, WORDS, TRUE 9 Actions, Events, Movement, Contact DO, HAPPEN, MOVE, TOUCH 10 Location, Existence, Possession, Specification BE (SOMEWHERE), THERE IS, BE (SOMEONE)`S, BE (SOMEONE/SOMETHING) 11 Life and Death LIVE, DIE 12 Time WHEN/TIME, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER, A LONG TIME, A SHORT TIME, FOR SOME TIME, MOMENT 1 3 Space WHERE/PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR,NEAR, SIDE, INSIDE, TOUCH (CONTACT) 14 Logical Concepts NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE, IF 15 Intensifiers, Augmentators VERY, MORE 16 Similarity LIKE/AS/WAY Wierzbicka claims that the set of 'original meanings' above is universal because it is a reflection of the basic human mind regardless of the level and level of culture that each nation has. Wierzbicka began to emphasize that what he was looking for was not just a mini-lexicon, but a complete mini-language for semantic analysis. The 'original meaning' consisting of lexicon items should have a universal syntactic pattern that can and must be determined. The term 'metalanguage natural meaning' was adopted to reflect this. RESEARCH METHOD The present study employs the qualitative research methodology, which is based on post- positivist principles and is designed to investigate scientific conditions and phenomena. Researchers serve as key instruments in this approach, facilitating the collection and analysis of data, as noted by Sugiyono (2015) and Arifin (2011). Qualitative research is particularly suited for investigating complex issues that require a nuanced understanding of contextual factors. This approach is carried out in a natural and unbiased manner, without any form of manipulation, and in accordance with prevailing conditions in the field. Qualitative data is the primary source of information in this study and encompasses a range of non-numeric sources, such as interviews, observations, and document analysis. The present study is conducted through a range of data collection methods such as interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis. Researchers often engage in an iterative process of data collection and Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 266 analysis, where new insights and findings are used to inform subsequent data collection activities. Research Design The research data consists of primary and secondary data. Sugiyono (2018). The data sources are three (1) spoken utterances, spoken utterances containing verbs in the form of lexicons and clauses of the Bima language in several natural speech settings observed during the interviews. (2) written data, and (3) language intuition as a source of spoken data. Primary data is oral data that is verified by key informants and secondary data is written data. Writing data was obtained from a number of books, dictionaries and stories in Bima. The position of secondary data is as a comparison of oral data that has been collected from a number of key informants used by the Bima community. Population and Sample The population in this study is the Parado community. Based on the history of the Parado people in general, Parado was the first center of civilization in the Bima-Dompu region. This is based on findings in the form of historical artifacts which are widespread in the mountainous areas of the Parado area which is directly adjacent to Hu'u, Dompu. The Parado people are generally farmers, but some also work part-time as cattle breeders, honey beekeepers, fishermen and gardeners. Below you can see the Map Picture of Parado District. The samples in Parado Village are school teachers, academics, traditional/community leaders. The research instrument was in the form of a list of questions for Bima language verbs, namely action verbs in Indonesian which were translated into Bima sentences. Data Analysis Data analysis is a critical aspect of qualitative research, which aims to uncover the meaning and interpretation of data that has been collected through non-numeric sources such as interviews, observations, and document analysis. Qualitative data analysis is an iterative and reflexive process, where the researcher continuously returns to the data to identify patterns, themes, and concepts. According to Sudaryanto (2015), there are two distinct approaches for presenting data analysis results: the formal and informal methods. In the present study, the informal method has been employed. This method involves the use of descriptive language to provide detailed explanations and unravel the meaning of the verb under investigation. By utilizing this technique, the presentation of Bima language verb is expected to be highly informative. The informal method is a commonly used technique in qualitative research, as Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 267 noted by Bungin (2003:197), and shows promise in delivering rich and comprehensive descriptions of the data. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Research Findings In data analysis, the equivalent method and the distribution method will be used (in Mahsun, 2017 and Sudaryanto, 2018). There are two types of matching methods, namely intralingual matching and extralingual matching. The intralingual equivalent method is used by comparing things in the language itself, such as research on collocations, morphological processes and others. The extralingual equivalent method is to compare things that are linguistic in nature with non-linguistic ones such as doing mapping and explication. The equivalent method has basic techniques in the form of equating comparisons, distinguishing comparisons, and equating the main points. These three techniques are used both in the stage of classifying Bima language verbs and in discussing action verbs, namely mapping and explication. In addition to the equivalent method, the agih method is also used by applying the technique of changing the form of paraphrasing, (Sudaryanto, 2017: 108) used to express the original meaning contained in the Bima language. The original meaning is used to determine the semantic structure of Bima language verbs with explication or paraphrase techniques. According to Wierzbicka (1996:35) and Sutjiati-Beratha (2000:248) paraphrasing must be conducted to ensure effective paraphrasing, it is important to use a combination of multiple original meanings proposed by scholars such as Wierzbicka, as the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory argues that a form cannot be accurately described using a single meaning. Additionally, language-specific elements can also be utilized to aid in paraphrasing, by combining unique elements of the language to accurately convey the intended meaning. When paraphrasing sentences, it is crucial to adhere to the syntactic rules of the language employed, while also using simple language to ensure clarity. Finally, it may be necessary to employ special indentation and spacing techniques when paraphrasing, depending on the requirements of the particular project or assignment. Discussion Leaning Note Actors as the only argument in a position experience displacement, from one position to another which is done intentionally. The concept of leaning includes as follows. Maru 'sleep' (1-1) Tu`u dei ngaha kaina, maru, ngaha, maru, ngaha get up from eat, bed, eat, sleep, eat, eat edempa dirawina that's all it works (La Na`e Ngaha `The Eater, p. 39) `Wake up from eating, then sleep, eat, sleep, and eat again. That's all he does (1-2) “Ndakeku, ngara mamaru bolasi tahopu tu`u dohomu, Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 268 like this, if you sleep, wake up better get up and sit ngara madoho si tiwara au rawimu, tahopa lampa if you sit down, you have nothing to do, it's better to walk reromu”, ngahi dou ede. everywhere," said the man. (La Na`e Maru, `The Sleeper', p.39) `Look, if you sleep badly, you better sit down, if you sit idle, you better take a walk, " said the man. Now those which contain elements of the meaning of the combination of doing and moving to express the actor experiencing the movement are expressed: maru, santengi, doho, oko, kidi, tu'u. The lexicon of sleeping on your back contains an element of meaning that someone does something and because of this action this person or himself experiences a transfer. This movement is downward from the position of the person sitting and standing to a supine state, the variation of the body moves downward, as a result, the position of the person's body is supine and elongated, except that other than himself, he experiences a displacement and is in a position like maru sarenga, there are people who are teku tatu'u, their body position is not lying straight except that the ends of the knees are pulled up so that they stick to the chest and are hugged by both hands but remain in a lying position. This shows that it might be because this person is cold or scared so that his body is tried to be as small as possible. Expplication At that time X does something to Y Because of this X the position of the body is already downward at the same time X wants this x does something like this Santengi 'lean' (2-1) Maki dula ese nggaro nahuma santengi wa`u tired of coming home from my fields that lean first "I'm tired after coming home from the fields, I lean back first". The body position of a person who is relaxed is assumed to be someone doing something to himself so that he moves. The direction of this displacement must be clearly revealed before the analysis is carried out. If the initial position of the person is sitting and wants to sit back then the direction of movement is downwards but vice versa if the original position of this person is sleeping on his back and wants to do something like sitting back then the direction of movement is directed upwards. Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 269 The starting position of the doho is 'sitting' (downward) leaning against the wall after this person's position is sleeping on their back in relation to the position of someone who is sitting leaning against the wall on the pillars of a stage or chair. Santengi can be found not only leaning in a sitting position but also standing. Expplication: At that time X did something Due to this the position of the body shifts in a certain direction at the same time X moves downwards from a sitting position or X moves upwards from a sleeping position X wants this X does something like this Doho `sit` (3-1) Edempara ne`e dohokaira dou de. “Ndakeku , nggara mamaru then sat up the person, "Look, if you sleep bolasi tahopu tu`u dohomu, ngara madohosi tiwara dikarawimu get up better get up sit down, if sitting is not at your work, tahopu lampa reromu, "Nggahi dou what you are doing, it is better to walk to and fro”, said the person. (La Mboto Maru `The Sleeper', 2003 P. 42) That person went up and sat in the palace. "Look, if you don't sleep sleep, you better sit down, if you sit idle, You better take a walk, said the man. Verbs with this variation describe someone who has done something so that this person experiences a position shift from the previous position. The direction of this move can also be different depending on the original position of the person doing it. If the initial position is squatting, the direction of movement for the sitting position is that the movement is directed up or it could be down. Variations in the lexicon barasila, the formal position for the men to sit while the women's position is called doho epa. Irregular sitting position is called doho datatu. Based on the results of the study and by comparing the inherent elements of "sitting arbitrarily" or caused by the mood of the agent, the atmosphere can be because you want to arrive or more, indeed because there are emotions that will be shown to occur because of frustration. Example of a child sitting. It seems that there is an element of annoyance, crankiness and the like attached to this lexicon because it is impossible to use it for a sitting meaning. The element that is highlighted as a differentiator is that X does not want this. Exemplification: At that time X did something Because of this x is moving in a certain direction at the same time X moves downwards from a squat position or X moves upwards from a reclining position Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 270 X wants this X does something like this Doho datantu explication At that time X did something Because of this X moves in a certain direction at the same time X moves downwards from a squat position or X moves upwards from a reclining position X doesn't want this X does something like this Oko 'squatting' (4-1) Dou ma tua` ti ra wa`u oko, ti wa`u na sambea sakidi old people are no longer strong enough to squat, unable to pray standing up na sambea sadoho mpa just pray sitting `Parents are no longer able to squat, unable to. Standing prayer is only able to pray sitting only Someone who is oko (squatting) usually makes the move from a sitting position to then standing. This is usually done by young children, parents whose physical condition does not allow them to stand up from a sitting position. On the other hand, there is someone who is ok from a standing position over his back in the downward direction and then sits down, or there is even a supine sleeping position according to the wishes of that person.Expplication okay : oko (squatting) explication: At that time X did something Because of this X moves in a certain direction at the same time X moves downward from a bent back position or X moves towards the top from a sitting position X wants this X does something like this Kidi 'stand up' (5-1) Ipi kidi mu, wati eda dou ma doho pala Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 271 your standing hard, don't see the person sitting but "It's so heartless to stand, can't see the person sitting." Being in the meaning of standing kidi from a series of human activities with the lexicon incorporated in this sub-chapter. The person who is now standing requires that the intensity of the agent entity who does something moves from a sitting position and immediately cleans himself or from a leaning position, he can immediately squat. This last displacement of the reference is the upward movement direction. Kidi (standing) explication At that time X did something Because of this X moves upwards upwards at the same time X wants this X does something like this Tu`u `wake up` (6-1) Ama ngadi Ama na tu`u salaho ba pana tari`i na at night his father woke up sometimes because he had to pee 'Every night my father always wakes up because he has to pee' (6-2) Ba ringa na dou man ncau finally tu`u na dei because he heard people fighting, he finally woke up doho kai Ina La Ahmad sit down Ahmad's mother "Because she heard people fighting, Si Ahmad's mother finally got up from her seat". (6-3) De tu`u sia bara ha`a ba kangento la`o kana`ena afi. then wake him up bitten by bedbugs go light the fire Wotu bohara ba dolu janga kabuha pahuna Meledaklah oleh telur ayam busuk wajahnya (Ruma Makese Wara `Tuhan Yang Maha Esa`, hlm. 129) “Sewaktu tidur, kakek Rica digigit oleh kutu busuk. Kemudian dia pergi menyalakan api ke dapur, tiba-tiba sebutir telur meledak dan mengenai wajahnya”. The upward move is also expressed by the verb tu`u `wake up`, this activity is carried out by someone after that person is in a sleeping position with his back leaning back. The uniqueness of this verb is that there is no opposite direction attached to it so that the only direction it has is upward. There are two meanings of getting up, the first is tu`u from bed or previous position and opens his eyes, moves or moves and tu`u from a seat.Expplication Adawiyah Leaning Meanings in Bima …… ….. JOLLT Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, April 2023. Vol.11, No.2 | 272 Expplication At that time X did something X moves upwards at the same time X wants this X does something like this. CONCLUSION Based on the analysis and findings of the data, the utilization of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory allows for the classification of Bima verbs based on specific semantic elements, resulting in the identification of various types, subtypes, and sub-subtypes of verbs. In particular, subtypes containing polysemous meanings of 'doing' and 'moving' are exemplified by verbs expressing the concept of 'leaning'. A range of leaning lexicons have been identified as having types, which possess distinct semantic features, thus giving rise to different meanings within the same semantic domain. These 'leaning' verbs are mapped to different categories, including entities, processes, tools, and results. The Bima language verbs that express the notion of 'leaning' include maru, santengi, doho, oko, kidi, and tu'u. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the people who contributed to this research, including: the Head of Parado Village who was always ready when asked about data, teachers, academics, religious stakeholders who were key informants, who always made time to write, regardless of their time. all help with full sincerity. The same thing was said to the people who helped and were involved in this research. REFERENCES Acquaviva, P. (2022). Word meaning: a linguistic dimension of conceptualization Synthese, 200(5), 427. Adawiyah, R. (2021). Action Verbs with Notions of Hitting in Bima Language: The Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The Internasional Journal of Language and Cultural TIJOLAC, 03(01), 56-65. Adawiyah, R. (2021). Verba Tindakan Nosi Membawa Bahasa Bima: Kajian Metabahasa Semantik Alami. MABASAN, 15(2), 273-290. Adawiyah, R., & Sudipa, Satyawati, Rajeg (2022). Action Verb Nosi Cooking in Bima Language: A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. 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