JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 243 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia RESEARCH ARTICLE INDONESIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW ENFORCEMENT: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES Rohadhatul Aisy1 1 Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Universitas Negeri Semarang Sekaran Campus, Gunungpati, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia  rohadatulaisy@students.unnes.ac.id CITED AS Aisy, R. (2021). Non-Penal Deradicalization of Former Terrorist Prisoners (Study at Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation). Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 2(2), 243- 262. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i2.46487 Submitted: December 5, 2020 Revised: February 15, 2021 Accepted: May 1, 2021 ABSTRACT After having been freed from correctional institutions, there were many former terrorism prisoners who got difficulties or challenges to find a job and interact with the society. This research aims to identifying and analyzing the radicalism reality of the former terrorism prisoners in Indonesia and deradicalization efforts conducted by Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation toward the former terrorism prisoners. This study used juridical-sociologic approach and applied qualitative research. The result of this research showed that the former terrorism prisoners gained enormous potential to redo their crime. Several factors that led them to be steadily radical were ineffective guidance attempts undertaken by correctional institutions, no suitable places to stay after they were freed from the correctional institutions and strong stigma possessed by society which caused the former terrorism prisoners to rejoin their previous radical community. The deradicalization efforts conducted by Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation were helping, empowering, training and boosting the former terrorism prisoners to be better people and serving new community for them in order that they would not rejoin their previous radical groups. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the reality of the former terrorism prisoners in Indonesia after they are freed from the correctional institutions is steadily radical. The deradicalization efforts Journal of Law and Legal Reform (2021), 2(2), pp. 243-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i2.46487 ISSN (Print) 2715-0941, ISSN (Online) 2715-0968 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i2.46487 http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/data/sk1572939820.pdf http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/data/sk1572940693.pdf 244 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia done by Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation are serving trust, life autonomy, room for interaction and socialization with broader society in order that the former prisoners are kept away from negative stigma of former terrorists. Keywords: Deradicalization; Terrorism; Non-Penal INTRODUCTION Terrorism is an extraordinary crime that requires extra ordinary measures (Masyhar, 2008: 125). The degree of extraordinaryness is one of the reasons for the issuance of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) Number 1 of 2002 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism (hereinafter referred to as Perppu Terrorism) which has been ratified as Law Number 15 of 2003 and is complemented by a Government Regulation. In lieu of Law (Perppu) Number 2 of 2002 which has also been ratified into Law Number 16 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism during the Bali Bombing Incident on October 12, 2002. Various attempts have been made by the government to prevent and overcome this crime of terrorism. However, the arrest and conviction of terrorists alone is not sufficient to prevent similar crimes from recurring. According to Ali Masyhar about reducing the spread of terror, where terrorism cannot be eradicated solely by relying on penal measures, namely through the criminal law approach, but must be accompanied by non-penal efforts that will cut terrorism cells from their source, therefore it is time for this country. focus on efforts to counter terrorism through various channels. The state should not only focus on penal efforts (Masyhar, 2016). As explained by Azil Masykur in his writing "Deradicalization of Terrorists", the correctional institution (Lapas), which is currently the only institution where the resocialization of terrorists is questioned about its effectiveness. Many parties think that this institution is no longer able to carry out deradicalization efforts against terrorists, terrorism convicts are not sorry and have a desire to return to society but are becoming more professional and radical. Therefore, a non-penal effort is needed in the hope that it can unravel the root of the problem of terrorism crime. Former terrorism convicts who have left prison can actually lead to new terrorism cases if they are not properly nurtured (Maskur, 2017). After leaving prison, many former terrorism convicts find it difficult to find work and return to society. On the other hand, they also have families, children and wives to support. If no one cares, it is not impossible that former prisoners will return to commit acts of terrorism again. These ex-convicts did not just start from scratch, but even from a minus. Because, their access after leaving the correctional facility is limited,the social environment which then isolates and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 245 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia marginalizes the families of terrorism convicts is also a new problem. Therefore, several former terrorism convicts initiated by Ali Fauzi, former Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) bomb, weapons and war tactics instructor who is also the younger brother of Bali bomb convicts Ali Ghufron, Amrozi, and Ali Imron collaborated with the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) established the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation whose members are all former combatants (war experts) and former convicts of terrorism with focuses on improving the social relations of former perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism in order to prevent their re-entry into their network or community and to prevent the same crimes from being repeated. Therefore, based on the description above, the writer is interested in conducting research and takes the title of "Non-Penal Efforts to Deradicalize Former Terrorism Prisoners at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation." Based on the above background, there are several problems that will be studied, namely: (1) What is the reality of the radicalism of former terrorism convicts in Indonesia ?; (2) How are the efforts made by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation to deradicalise former terrorism convicts? The objectives to be achieved are as follows: (1) Identifying and analyzing the reality of the radicalism of former terrorism convicts in Indonesia ?; (2) Obtain an overview and analyze the efforts made by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation to deradicalise former terrorism convicts. METHOD This research method uses a qualitative approach with the type of sociological juridical research. The data used are primary data as primary data and secondary data as complementary data. The data collection techniques were carried out by observation, literature study, and interviews with the Chairman of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, members of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, and Deputy Chair of the Semarang City Religious Harmony Forum. The validity of the data in this study used the triangulation technique. The author made a comparison of the data obtained, namely primary data in the field which was compared with secondary data. Thus, the authors compare the interview data with document data and literature study, so that the truth of the data obtained can be trusted and convincing. THE REALITY OF THE CONDITION OF THE RADICALISM OF FORMER TERRORISM PRISONERS IN INDONESIA The spread of the phenomenon of terrorism in Indonesia is clearly detrimental to the Indonesian nation as a whole. The acts of terrorism that occur have forced the government, in this case the law enforcers, to make policies in order to carry out http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 246 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia extra security, so that acts of terrorism are not repeated in the future. Therefore, the rule of law should be upheld in Indonesia, especially when it comes to acts of terrorism which have a very destructive impact on human survival. Perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism must follow the criminal justice process in its entirety, starting from the investigation and investigating process at the Police level, to prosecution at the Prosecutor's level (Septian, 2010: 109). In terms of arresting and overcoming terrorism crimes, law enforcement officers deserve appreciation because they have exposed and sentenced many criminal sentences to terrorists who are proven guilty before a court who are then placed in a Penitentiary. Based on data from the Directorate General of Corrections which can be accessed on the official page of the Directorate General of Correctional Services database system, terrorism convicts as of January 2018 totaled 243 people spread across 24 regional offices. The largest distribution of terrorist convicts is on the island of Java, namely 184 terrorist convicts in 6 regional offices (Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java and DI Yogyakarta), while the remaining 59 terrorist convicts are spread across 18 regional offices. However, the arrest of terrorism convicts alone is not enough to make the radicalism inherent in terrorists disappear. In fact, there are indications or the possibility that terrorist inmates spread radical ideas to prisons and could influence other inmates. Because imprisonment does not necessarily make them aware or deterred, on the contrary, prison becomes a place to learn more deeply about the ideology they believe in and does not close the possibility of spreading their ideology to other prisoners. One of the problems of prisons that is in the spotlight is that prisons have a big role in the narrative of militant radical movements in the modern era. Prisons are a vulnerable place for radicalization. Radicalization is the process by which “ordinary” prisoners are recruited and involved in extreme groups in prisons or the process in which prisoners who are already involved in extreme groups become more radical and spread this understanding to other prisoners (Neuman, 2010: 7). The correctional institution (Lapas), which is currently the only institution where terrorists resocialize, is questioned for its effectiveness. Many parties think that this institution is no longer able to carry out deradicalization efforts against terrorists, terrorism convicts are not sorry and have a desire to return to society but are becoming more professional and radical. As reported by the International Crisis Group (ICG) in a study entitled Deradicalization and Indonesian Prisons, there was an interesting case in the Kerobokan Bali Prison where the main perpetrators of the Bali Bombing, namely Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Mukhlash were able to influence other prisoners and the guards. One of the prisoners who was successfully influenced is Ahmed (not his real name), a Hindu convict who was convicted of bombing and drugs in 2001. The trio bomber's initial interactions with other inmates usually took place when http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 247 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia they were accompanying the mosque, including Ahmed, who claimed to be sympathetic. with the attitude of Amrozi (International Crisis Group, 2007). In addition, Noor Huda Ismail (Director of the Prasasti Perdamaian Foundation) in one of his writings said that radicalization is an impact of imprisonment itself, both for terrorism convicts and other convicts. Huda added that Aman Abdurrahman, a hard-liner, had succeeded in recruiting at least 3 prisoners who previously did not have the tendency to fight jihad in Sukamiskin prison, Bandung. This experience indicates that anyone can be a target of radicalization (Ismail, 2010). This hypothesis is of course inseparable from the fact that acts of terror in Indonesia are often carried out by old names who have received the title 'convicts of terrorism cases'. An example is the act of terrorism that occurred in Bandung on Monday 27 February 2017 or known as the Panci bombing which became the public spotlight not only in connection with the Panci bombing, but related to the Panci bomb perpetrator, namely Yayat Cahdiat who turned out to be a former terrorist convict who was sentenced to three years at the Tangerang Penitentiary which was released in 2015. In addition, the incident of the terror attack in Thamrin on January 14, 2016. The suicide bombing followed by a shootout was commanded by Afif alias Sunakim, a recidivist who was sentenced to 7 years in prison for participating in a terrorist militia training in Jalin Jantho, Aceh, in 2010. which was carried out by Afif due to the influence of the ideology of Bahrun Naim and Aman Abdurrahman. Both of them are old people, aka kingpins in the terror network, who had dealt with Densus 88 when they were both still in prison. Another example, the 2016 suicide bombing at the Surakarta Police Headquarters by Nur Rohman and the Oukimene Church bombing, Samarinda, East Kalimantan with the perpetrator Juhanda alias Jo bin Muhammada Aceng Kurnia, both of whom have also been convicted of terrorism. Since the Bali bombing in 2002, the Indonesian police have detained and tried around 700 suspected terrorists, most of them being tried for being found guilty and involved one hundred percent in terrorism cases. Of the 270 inmates released after serving their sentences, 28 were again arrested or shot dead during police operations. This 10 percent figure could actually continue to increase if we included a large group of terrorism-related recidivists whose first crimes were related to terrorism, 8 of whom were recruited while they were in prison (IPAC Report, 2013). From the series of terrorism events, it indicates that former terrorism convicts have great potential to repeat their actions. According to the records of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT), at least 15% of the 600 free terror convicts have returned to becoming terrorists with increased qualifications. Of course, this is closely related to the success of the deradicalization program carried out by BNPT and the Ministry of Law and human rights against terrorism convicts (Firdaus, 2016: 430). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 248 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia According to Ali Fauzi Manzi, Director of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation and a former Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) bomb, weapons and war tactics instructor who is also the younger brother of Bali bomb convicts Ali Ghufron, Amrozi, and Ali Imron, in an interview conducted by the author said that: Prison is a powerful academy for terrorism convicts. A terrorism convict when in prison meets other inmates (even more senior than him), it is likely that they will gain knowledge and skills, so that the radical actions they take are more effective in achieving their goals.The recruitment process is easier in prisons, it can be said that training in prisons has not been effective as a breaker in the chain of terrorism in Indonesia (Personal Interview, with Ali Fauzi Manzi, February 4, 2018, at 07.00 WIB). Information that is directly proportional to the author also got from an interview with Machmudi Hariono alias Yusuf Adirama, a former terrorist convict who was arrested by the Special Anti-terror Detachment 88 while at his rented house, Jln Sri Rejeki, Semarang, in 2003 because of ownership.20 rounds of ammunition belonging to Abu Tholut alias Mustofa used for the Bali I bombing operations, according to the former terrorist convict: The phenomenon of the spread of radical understanding in the correctional institutions (Lapas) is inseparable from the condition of the prison itself, where when I was in prison there were no restrictions on terrorism convicts, meaning that friends of terrorism convicts were free to gather with other inmates, for example during congregational prayers, or other activities. . Prisons are places that are vulnerable to radicalization. Ordinary prisoners can even be recruited and involved in extreme groups in prison or prisoners who are already involved in extreme groups become more radical and spread their radical understanding to other prisoners (Personal Interview Machmudi Hariono, February 8 2018 at 18.30 WIB). According to the author's analysis, the punishment of the perpetrators of terrorism is an important study in maintaining security stability in the future. Therefore, the correctional institution which is currently a place of resocialization for terrorists has a strategic role in guiding terrorist convicts not to repeat their actions. Terrorism is not a matter of who the perpetrators, groups and networks are, more than that terrorism is an act that has roots in beliefs, doctrines, and ideologies. Therefore, when terrorism convicts are in prison, guidance is different from other prisoners because the motives of terrorism are different from those of other criminal acts. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 249 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Various attempts have been made by the government to tackle the occurrence of criminal acts of terrorism, one of which is by using a de- radicalization strategy which has six approaches, namely rehabilitation, re- education, resocialization, national insight development, moderate religious development and entrepreneurship. Likewise, from the institutional side that deals with deradicalization, in Indonesia the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) has been established as an institution that specifically designs and coordinates deradicalization activities. However, it must be admitted, the implementation of deradicalization of terrorism convicts in prisons (Lapas) is still facing various problems. Based on the information obtained by the author during an interview with former terrorism convict Yusuf Adirama, that: "... a lot of friends who left the prison joined the old community, returned to the radical movement, in that prison did not change their minds at all about the understanding of jihad. Unless it is the awareness of the prisoner himself, but rarely or even impossible. Nearly 90% of friends leaving prison still share the same ideology, belief and understanding. Guidance carried out internally is the same as coaching other inmates such as leaving to mosques, Islamic boarding schools in Ramadhan, routine recitation activities, bringing religious teachers from outside, tarawih, tadarus and so on. But for training such as workshops and skills training that teach other skills to prisoners have not been carried out effectively and hit the spot, only recently have NGOs entered prisons to teach skills” (Personal Interview with Yusuf Adirama, dated February 8 2018 at 18.30 WIB). According to the author's analysis, prisons should have a special program for terrorism convicts that are differentiated from other prisoners, the quality and quantity of correctional officers, especially those who foster terrorism convicts, is also an important factor in the success of developing terrorism convicts in prisons. Machmudi Hariono alias Yusuf Adirama, who was interviewed directly by the writer, has also been involved in deradicalization efforts. Yusuf, who is also a member of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, often visits prisons where jihadists are detained and invites them to return to normal life. In fact, he has also provided cooking and culinary skills. However, according to Yusuf, former terrorism convicts who were involved returned to the old community and committed acts of terrorism again, it was not entirely due to mistakes in training inside the prison, because when outside prison there was no place for terrorism convicts to gather, there was no place for former terrorism convicts inviting discussion, dialogue, preaching, and doing activities, they have difficulty finding work, and are confused about what activities to do, even though they also need to support their family. Life outside prisons is not like http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 250 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia inside prisons where there is clear guidance and a forum for inmates. For this reason, former convicts of terrorism have finally chosen the elevated path to Syria or return to the old community which is happy to accept them back. "Most of the friends who leave prison have difficulty finding work and are not accepted in the community, on the other hand, the invitation from friends of radical groups to return to join is carried out intensively and intensively, if they do not rejoin, they are considered 'thogut', apostasy, and anti-Islam. So, after leaving the prison, many of the Napiters then rejoined the bombing action or went to Syria. Those friends prefer to return to the old group that is sure to accept them back” (Personal Interview with Machmudi Hariono, February 8 2018 at 18.30 WIB). From the various descriptions that have been explained above and from the results of the interviews conducted by the author, it can be explained that the radical conditions of former terrorism convicts who have left prison can be caused by several factors which can be divided as follows: 1) Factors from within prisons, including: a) The handling of terrorism convicts in prisons is the same as other criminal acts such as robbery, theft, murder and so on, so that guidance is not yet effective. They took action that was driven more by ideology to establish a state. So, in prisons there must also be a special deradicalization program to understand thoughts that are considered extreme. These radical thoughts cannot be minimized while in prison because their training is the same as other prisoners. So, it is very likely that when terrorism convicts leave prison, they will take action again, even more radically. b) Prisons in Indonesia that are overcrowded and overcrowded are not ready to face terrorism convicts who tend to have extreme ideologies. This has hampered efforts to prevent radical teachings. Prisons are used as places to give birth to new jihadists. c) The guards in the correctional institutions are less able to identify "high- risk" prisoners who can recruit other people to become Jihadist. The problem is the access to information they receive is very limited and there is a lack of training for wardens in prisons. The prison guards do not have a good understanding of religion and radicalism, so they are unable to invite religious discussions and provide ideological guidance to terrorism convicts. Based on Ali Fauzi Manzi's statement, that: "One of the prisons that is quite successful in carrying out the deradicalization program is the Porong prison located in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java. This success is due to the presence of a warden who has a good understanding of religion and has http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 251 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia charisma so that prisoners, especially terror convicts such as Umar Patek, are willing to participate in coaching programs well” (Personal Interview with Ali Fauzi Manzi, February 4, 2018, at 07.00 WIB). Prison officers or wardens have a very strategic and influential role in carrying out de-radicalization, so that if the wardens have good quality and understanding, of course they can coordinate terrorism convicts so that they want to follow the guidance program in the prison. 2) Factors from outside prisons, including: a) The Deradicalization Program does not have a complete framework and involves various parties. So, what is done is still partially and often sectorally by each party. Based on the results of interviews conducted by the author with Syarif Hidayatullah, Deputy Chairperson of the Semarang City FKUB as well as a member of the Center for Police Science Research (PRIK), University of Indonesia said that: "One of the weaknesses of the deradicalization program is that the guidance carried out especially by the BNPT for terrorism convicts is more focused on ceremonial activities, such as holding seminars or gathering large numbers of people. Activities that can be covered and reported, but do not have complete and substantive elements. The deradicalization that is needed is to work together with all parties, including civil society” (Personal Interview with Syarif Hidayatullah, Deputy Chairperson of the FKUB Semarang City on January 31, 2018 at 08.30 WIB). According to the authors, eliminating and preventing radicalism is very serious. Whether dealing with those who are radicalized and then arrested and jailed, they must use special treatment for people in their environment. All parties including prisons, BNPT, police and Densus (Special Force) have their respective roles but work together to create a complete unit in the deradicalization program. b) In some cases, many former terrorism convicts have finally returned to radical groups. This is due to the strong stigma in society that makes them unacceptable like other citizens. At the same time, the government also does not carry out monitoring and assistance. Even former terrorism convicts when they are released from prison experience several obstacles. This fact is revealed for example in terms of making ID cards, SIM or passports. When stigma and exclusion occur in society, the old community comes to help them former convicts of terrorism, meeting their needs as a way to be willing to join in and carry out acts of terrorism again. c) There is no place for ex-convicts of terrorism when they leave prison and when the community and government ignore them, there is an old http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 252 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia community that is ready to accommodate them again with the various luxuries it has to offer. Of the various factors that the authors have described above and from a series of facts, terrorism incidents that occurred in Indonesia were often carried out by old names who had received the title 'convicts of terrorism cases'. This indicates that former terrorism convicts have great potential to repeat their actions. The role of the state should not stop when the prisoners leave prison. In the context of terrorism crimes, every prisoner must be monitored, of course through cooperation with parties who have the authority so that it does not reduce the sense of security as a citizen. Actually, there have been efforts that have led to the de-radicalization of terrorism convicts, but it has not become a standard, systematic, and comprehensive program in correctional institutions in Indonesia. Therefore, it is considered that this has not shown the expected results. In fact, what happened was that some prisoners rejected the deradicalization program in prisons, so that according to Taufik Andrie, Lapas became a School of Radicalism. Besides that, it also gave birth to many recidivism cases of terrorism (Andrie, 2011). If these things are related to the operation of the criminal justice system, then the problem is not just punishing the perpetrators of terrorism, but also providing room for deradicalization of terrorism criminals. A person commits a crime repetition due to several factors such as the ineffectiveness of one of the subsystems of one of the criminal justice systems in Indonesia. Criminal law enforcement carried out through the criminal justice system is to achieve certain goals. The objectives of the criminal justice system include short-term goals, medium-term goals and long-term goals. The short-term objective of the criminal justice system is to socialize (re-popularize) the perpetrators of criminal acts, the medium term is to prevent crime and in the long term, the ultimate goal is to achieve social welfare in the broadest sense (Ali, 2007: 218). According to the author's analysis, if it is related to the condition of former terrorism convicts after leaving prisons who have difficulty resocializing and are not accepted due to community stigmatization which ultimately causes them to return to the old community and commit acts of terrorism again, it shows that the objectives of the criminal justice system have not been fully fulfilled. done. This means that if the objectives of the criminal justice system cannot be implemented, there needs to be a change, improvement and coordination between components in the criminal justice system through legal substance, legal structure and legal culture. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 253 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia EFFORTS TO DERADICALIZE FORMER TERRORISM PRISONERS AT THE LINGKAR PERDAMAIAN FOUNDATION Terrorism is a unique crime, because the motives and factors that cause this crime to be committed are very different from the motives of other criminal acts. Salahuddin Wahid stated that terrorism can be carried out with various motivations, namely for religious reasons, ideological reasons, reasons to free oneself from injustice, and because of interests (Masyhar, 2019: 50). Causative factor terrorism is not single, it is even interrelated. Radicalism emerges with various causes, including underdevelopment in education, political changes, poverty, or the low level of a person's cultural and social civilization, which will trigger radicalism which can lead to terrorism (Bakti, 2016: 49). Therefore, the handling of terrorism must not be single, it must have many aspects, perspectives, and methodologies. One of them is through the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. This is also explained by Ali Fauzi in an interview with the author as follows: "The roots of terrorism are not singular and even interrelated, therefore the handling of terrorism must not be single, it must have many aspects, perspectives, and methodologies. When it comes to extremism and terrorism only left to the police, BNPT, and Densus they will not be able to. This effort must involve all elements, religious leaders, youth, clerics, all should be embraced, all are invited to tackle acts of terrorism. The establishment of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, also departed from the concerns of former terrorism convicts. They need help starting from scratch again after being released from prison. Because, it is not easy for them to reintegrate into life with the community” (Personal Interview with Ali Fauzi Manzi, February 4, 2018, at 07.00 WIB). According to the author's analysis, as explained in the previous description, there are several factors that cause terrorism convicts to remain radical and even more radical, including in addition to ineffective prison development, incompetent prison officers, no place after they leave prison, and community stigma. which has been described in the previous explanation. Therefore, one way to reduce or reduce radicalism among former terrorism convicts is to accept it back with open arms. Based on the information that the author got from an interview with the Former Terrorism Criminal Officer Machmudi Hariono alias Yusuf Adirama stated that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 254 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia "The world outside prison is a prison in a heavier scope than in prison. Friends of former Napiter when they were released from prison did experience several obstacles. This fact is revealed, for example in terms of making ID cards, driving licenses or making passports. Besides the other main obstacles, such as the unfriendly attitude of the community. In fact, the stigma of being a terrorist still exists even though it has been out of prison for years, for example when there is news of a suicide bombing or an act of terror that occurs, ex-convicts who have started a normal life will return to being disturbed and suspected of having a relationship with the perpetrator, a stigma that never disappeared until now. Besides that, there is an invitation from the old community to be willing to join again" (Personal Interview with Machmudi Hariono, February 8 2018 at 18.30 WIB). According to the author's analysis, former terrorism convicts who have left prison can actually lead to new terrorism cases if they are not properly nurtured. Because after leaving prison, many former terrorism convicts experience unpleasant conditions such as social isolation, psychological anxiety, economic difficulties and others as explained in the results of the interview above. Therefore, several former terrorism convicts initiated by Ali Fauzi Manzi, former Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) bomb, weapons and war tactics instructor who is also the younger brother of Bali bomb convicts Ali Ghufron, Amrozi, and Ali Imron collaborated with the National Counterterrorism Agency BNPT) established a Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation which could be a point of reference for former terrorism convicts to get back into society. The Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation helps former terrorism convicts, empowers, trains and encourages and provides a new community for former terrorism convicts so that they do not return to the old community, with a vision of caring for ukhuwah and knitting peace. Ali Fauzi Manzi, director of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation and a former member of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front/MILF terrorist group, said that the process of deradicalisation was not easy. Changing beliefs takes time, just like when they enter an extremist organization, so removing it requires a long stage. Ali often meets members of terrorists who are serving prison sentences or not. According to Ali Fauzi, there is no standard time required in the deradicalization process. The deradicalisation process can take years or months, depending on the psychological condition and also the science concerned. In the interview conducted by the author Ali Fauzi said: “…From experience, being recruited and joining a terror group requires a long period of time. I once learned to assemble bombs and war operations to Mindanau, Philippines. returned to Indonesia and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 255 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia was later appointed as Chief Instructor for Bomb Assembly of the East Java Jama'ah Islamiyah Wakalah. In 2000 he left JI, and joined Kompak (Crisis Management Committee) and was arrested in 2004. While in prison, there was inner turmoil. I did not expect, in such a condition of people's anger, I would still be treated humanely, especially by the police. While in prison I often had discussions with terrorist members on my personal awareness. From the results of the discussion, I took the understanding that the approach to members of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) or ISIS was with the same pattern. As long as they are open and able to discuss. So the process of deradicalization takes a long time, just like the process for the first time they recognized radicalism” (Personal Interview with Ali Fauzi Manzi, February 4, 2018, at 07.00 WIB) Coaching outside prisons, in this case the deradicalization effort carried out at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, is an ongoing program directed at ex- convicts, families, networks, and individuals or groups that have the potential to become radicalized. This coaching is felt to be comprehensive with a better target expansion. For example, it is also targeted at the families of the former terrorists because the potential in the families of the former terrorists is very high. It is realized that terrorists are no longer merely utilizing networks through recruitment as before but prefer to use family networks. The facts regarding the recruitment through the exit route can be seen in the case of Umar Jundulhaq (19 years) the son of the suicide bomber in Bali, Imam Samudera, who was killed in a battle in the city of Deir ez-Zur, Syria on October 14 2015. Umar is one of 50 Indonesian citizens who died in the fighting in Syria as of October 2015. Earlier news broke that one of Abu Jibril's sons, Muhammad Ridwan Abdurrahman, was killed in Syria on March 26, 2015. Abu Jibril's name was mentioned in the suicide bombing at the hotel. JW Marriot and Ritz Carlton Jakarta in 2009. One of his sons, Muhammad Jibril Abdurrahman alias Ricky Ardan, was sentenced to five years in prison for being convicted of a crime of terrorism. This fact shows how a radical terrorist family continues to recycle through the cultivation of ideology from the smallest environment, namely the family (Bakti, 2016: 196). The effort made by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation is to give trust to former terrorism convicts to determine for themselves a "new path" for the life of the former terrorist convict in the future. A path that opens the dynamic of thinking, creates a non-violent mindset and thinks critically and reflective (and evaluative) on what they (former terrorist convicts) have been doing so far. The approach to these former terrorists, not always with religion, can be through sports, economics, or culinary. The point is they have a new life after prison. There is an independent life, there is a space for interaction and socialization with the wider community. They http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 256 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia are protected from the stigma of being a former terrorist. They are citizens of society who are empowered and have the courage to leave violence. The strategy used by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation in recruiting members so that ex-convicts are willing to join is with using a principle that has been practiced by convicts of terrorism, namely "a person has a character with his friend, so pay attention to who he is friends with". Therefore, when terrorism convicts are still in prison, the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundationhas taken a humanist approach, for example by helping to meet their needs, what they need, visiting and supporting their families, children and wives, when they leave the prison they are picked up and escorted to his wife's house. So, through a humanist approach, they will automatically come to the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation and tell the various conditions and problems they are facing. This is as said by the Director of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, Ali Fauzi: "The approach we use to recruit Napiter friends is using the principles that were taught when they joined the extremist group, namely, Al-Mar'u 'ala dini khalilihi, falyanzhur ahadukum man yukhalilu, that someone is dependent on the religion of his friend. Therefore, let one of you pay attention to who he is friends with. Therefore, when we are in prison we have taken a humanist approach. What they need we help, if in prison we fulfill it, outside we also fulfill it like our wife and children we help, and when we get out of prison we pick them up, we take them to their wife's house. The term is like we take heart, then they will come alone” (Personal Interview with Ali Fauzi Manzi, 4 February 2018, 07.00 WIB). According to the author's analysis, the approach strategy taken by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation can be an alternative for prisons or BNPT to deal with terrorism convicts so that they are willing to be open and not close themselves. According to the author, the humanitarian approach taken by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation includes an economic approach because by helping to meet the needs of prisoners' families who are still in prison, meaning that the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation also uses an economic approach to them. Until now, there are about 38 former terrorism convicts and ex- combatants from the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, mostly from the areas of Lamongan, Tuban, Bojonegoro, Surabaya and Semarang, 78 TPA Plus students, and 7 teachers at the TPA. For the names of members of ex-convicts who joined the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, the author has difficulty obtaining data, due to several factors, one of which is that some ex-convicts still have 'trauma'. They wanted to join the peace process with the government but didn't want the old community to know about it. Because it will reduce his reputation or create antipathy from his friends. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 257 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia This is as stated in the statement given by the Chairman of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, Ali Fauzi, that: "Deciding to join the Republic of Indonesia to become agents of peace and leave the old community requires courage, because they will always be threatened by the old community, considered to be 'thoghuts' and 'stooges' of the government" (Personal Interview with Ali Fauzi Manzi, 4 February 2018, 07.00 WIB). Therefore the names of the members of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation are not published, only a few names that have long since left the community such as Anis Yusuf alias Haris, an Indonesian who knows personally the world terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, Iqbal Hussein Thoyib, a bomb planner for the National Police Headquarters and a provider of weapons to kill police, Sumarno, Ali Fauzi's neighbor in Lamongan, who once went to prison for hiding thousands of firearms, as well as Machmudi Hariono alias Yusuf who hid 1 ton of explosives on Jln. Sri Rejeki Semarang. The programs at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation can be divided into 2 (two), namely: 1. Short-term programs, including: a. Empowerment, the main and first short-term program is empowerment. In this case, once ex-convicts leave prison, the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation empowers and trains work, finding workplaces/entrusting work. Because ex-convicts also have families, children and wives to support, once they leave prison they need a job. b. Providing material assistance and compensation, a program of providing material assistance and compensation, for the children of prisoners who are still in prison, their wives and children are temporarily financed by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, such as the provision of basic food packages and a set of school equipment. c. Prison visits, prison visit programs or prison safaris conducted by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation to campaign for peace to terrorism convicts. The approach taken by Ali Fauzi is a humanitarian approach, and not always about religion. Terrorism convicts are embraced and invited to carry out relaxed dialogues, carry out activities such as football matches, which were held some time ago at Porong prison, iftar together, and so on. This is considered to be more effective in embracing terrorism convicts. 2. Long-term Programs, Long-term programs include: a. Mental support, a form of activity such as gathering with fellow ex- convicts, conducting studies and dialogues related to matters that are still being debated among former terrorists. This mental support basically http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 258 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia includes the study of understanding Islam rahmatan lil alamin and changing extreme views. b. Skill training, training to equip the abilities of ex-terrorists such as entrepreneurial training, journalism training, management, business innovation, accounting, to the ability to open new branches and recruit their own colleagues, other ex-convicts. c. TPA Plus, this program is a training program for children and wives of terrorism convicts. The TPA which was inaugurated by BNPT in conjunction with the Baitul Muttaqin Mosque which is still one complex with the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. In addition to empowering children of terrorism, the TPA also empowers the wives of terrorism convicts to become ustadzah at the TPA and sells snacks for children. d. Resocialization assistance, a form of this program that is by holding activities related to the surrounding community. The aim of this program is that former terrorism convicts are accustomed to interacting with the surrounding community and not closing themselves off, as well as for the community to accept former terrorism convicts and eliminate the negative stigma against them. Of the several programs launched at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, not all programs have been implemented, the main reason that all programs have not been implemented is because the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation was only established and inaugurated on March 29, 2017, it has only been 1 (one) year of running its programs. The programs that have been implemented include: 1. Empowerment, an empowerment program to help former terrorism convicts find and find jobs that have been carried out several times, including: a. Sumarno, former terrorism convict who was arrested for hiding thousands of firearms for training of terrorist militias, is now the Secretary of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation and opened a motorcycle repair shop in Tenggulun village with funding from the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. b. Toni Saronggalo, one of the former terrorism convicts who just left the Lamongan Class IIA prison on December 27, 2017. Toni Saronggalo received a chicken feather lathe to support his business, namely as a mobile chicken trader. The chicken feather lathe was handed over directly to the Head of the Lamongan Police, AKBP Feby DP Hutagalung, to Toni Sarunggalo on January 23, 2018 witnessed by the chairman of Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, Ali Fauzi Manzi. c. Machmudi Hariono alias Yusuf Adirama, a former terrorist convict who succeeded in opening a culinary business for Dapoer Bistik Solo, and now employs several former combatants and former convicts of terrorism. 2. Providing material assistance and compensation, the program of providing material assistance and compensation was carried out on September 17, 2017 with assistance from the Ministry of Social Affairs which provided http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 259 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia assistance from the Family Hope Program (PKH) to 24 families of former terrorism convicts consisting of 17 families of former terrorism convicts from Lamongan, 2 family from Tuban, 2 families from Bojonegoro, 1 family from Malang and 1 family from Madiun. Providing PKH assistance of Rp. 1,890,000. 3. Prison visits, prison visit programs or prison safaris conducted by Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation have been carried out 2 (two) times including: a. On June 21, 2017 at Porong Prison, he met several former terrorism convicts such as Umar Patek and Ismail. The series of activities included a relaxed dialogue and iftar with terrorist convicts. b. On August 15, 2017 at the Lamongan prison, apart from having a casual dialogue, he also held a futsal competition between terrorism convicts in prison and former terrorism convicts from the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. 4. Skill training, training to strengthen young people's economic skills in the form of journalism training was carried out on January 28, 2018 at the Tanjungkodok Hotel in Lamongan with 75 participants. 5. TPA Plus, the Al-Qur'an Education Park, currently has approximately 78 students, consisting of the children of the families of terrorism convicts and local residents. TPA starts from 2pm to 5pm. One of those who joined was ustadzah Zuhrotun Nisa ', who was the wife of Ali Imron who was convicted in the Bali bombing case 1, ustdazah Eli Hidayah, ustadzah Umi Sholihah and so on. 6. Resocialization assistance, carried out on the anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 2017, with a series of flag ceremony activities with residents around Tenggulun village located in the courtyard of the Baitul Muttaqin mosque complex, Contests, and Healthy Walks, In carrying out efforts to deradicalize the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, several obstacles and obstacles are also faced including: 1. Internal barriers, obstacles that come from within each member. Such as the difficulty of equating perspectives and changing the ideology that was originally believed by former Terrorism Prisoner (Napiter). It is difficult to change the thinking of former terrorists and combatants that the correct way of preaching is not through acts of terror and attacks on the police, and jihad in Islam is not always synonymous with bombing. 2. External Barriers, Lack of Funds for development programs. Because the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation is an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization), an organization founded by individuals or groups of people who voluntarily provide services to the general public without aiming to gain profit from its activities. The main principle of NGOs is to be selfish and voluntary. So, the funds to run the program are purely the efforts of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation itself. Ali Fauzi Manzi, director of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, said that the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation has CV http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 260 JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(2) 2021 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Construction which is managed by Zulia Mahendra, the son of Amrozi, who was sentenced to death in the Bali bombing 1. CV who is in the village of Tenggulun and operates around Drajat and Sedayu Lawas, as a financial foster mother of Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. However, to overcome these obstacles, Ali Fauzi and his colleagues at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation continued to strive to keep the program running. One way to do this is to collaborate with various related parties, such as collaborating with the PPIM (Center for Islamic and Community Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, AIDA (Alliance of Indonesia Peace) and NGOs that are concerned with radicalization. The form of cooperation is cooperation in coaching, activities, and collaborative programs. In addition, the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation also synergizes with the police and collaborates with several prisons such as Lamongan and Porong prisons. From the results of the research conducted by the author, the deradicalization efforts carried out by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation provided many benefits, not only to members but also to the surrounding community living in Tenggulun village. Several people interviewed by the author during their visit to the Foundation revealed that the existence of the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation changed the impression that the village of Tenggulun, which was once known as a terrorist den, has become a village producing agents of peace, besides that local residents are also often invited to participate in activities organized by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation. For peace, some residents even get basic food assistance, and their children also learn at TPA Plus which was established in the Foundation complex. The author also conducted an interview with the wife of terrorism convict Ali Imron, namely Ustadzah Zuhrotun Nisa 'who is also a teacher at the TPA Plus. According to Ustadzah Zuhrotun Nisa 'with the existence of TPA plus him in the first placeFeeling afraid of being discriminated against in the community, being able to return to a normal life and socializing with the surrounding community, teaching at the TPA, and selling some snacks for children there. According to the author's analysis, the efforts to deradicalize former terrorism convicts by involving civil society, one of which was carried out by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation, was quite effective in preventing former terrorism convicts from joining the old community. Apart from because former terrorists have a forum to gather and convey aspirations about the complaints and obstacles they face, this foundation can help former terrorism convicts to start living again and help the process of resocialization and have a new, better community. So that former terrorism convicts can return to society, interact, do not close themselves off and be protected from the stigma of society. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ JOURNAL OF LAW & LEGAL REFORM VOLUME 2(1) 2021 261 © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Published by Postgraduate Program, Master of Laws, Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia CONCLUSION This research concluded and highlighted that the reality former terrorism convicts in Indonesia after leaving prisons are still radical. The arrest and conviction of the perpetrators of terrorism alone are not enough to make the radicalism inherent in terrorists disappear. Many factors cause terrorism convicts to remain radical and even more radical, one of which is a strong stigma in society that makes them unacceptable like other societies. Former Napiter (Terrorism Prisoners) find it difficult to find work, even though they also need to continue their life. This encourages former terrorism convicts to return to the radical community who are happy to accept them back. In connection with these matters, the connection with the operation of the criminal justice system shows that the objectives of the criminal justice system have not been fully implemented. This means that if the objectives of the criminal justice system cannot be implemented, there needs to be a change. Furthermore, it also highlighted that the deradicalization effort carried out at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation is an ongoing program directed at ex-convicts and their families, and ex-combatants who have the potential to become radical. The Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation helps former terrorism convicts, empowers, trains and encourages and provides a new community for former terrorism convicts so that they do not return to radical groups, with a vision of "caring for ukhuwah and knitting peace". The effort made by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation is to give trust to former terrorism convicts. There is an independent life, a space for interaction and socialization with the wider community. They are protected from the stigma of being a former terrorist. The programs at the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation can be divided into 2 (two), namely: (1) Short-term Programs and (2) Long-Term Programs. Of the several programs launched at the Peace Foundation, not all programs have been implemented. The programs that have been implemented include empowerment, provision of material assistance and compensation, prison visits, Skill training, TPA Plus, and resocialization assistance. 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