MEV Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology e-ISSN: 2088-6985 p-ISSN: 2087-3379 www.mevjournal.com https://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.1-7 2088-6985 / 2087-3379 ©2018 Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (RCEPM LIPI). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Accreditation Number: (LIPI) 633/AU/P2MI-LIPI/03/2015 and (RISTEKDIKTI) 1/E/KPT/2015. An energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic system in Bantul Regency, Indonesia Arif Rahman Hakim *, Wahyu Tri Handoyo, Putri Wullandari Loka Riset Mekanisasi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan, Badan Riset dan Sumber Daya Manusia, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Jl. Imogiri Barat km 11.5, Jetis, Bantul, D.I Yogyakarta 55781, Indonesia Received 20 February 2018; received in revised form 24 April 2018; accepted 25 April 2018 Published online 31 July 2018 Abstract Energy and exergy analysis has been conducted on photovoltaic (PV) system in Bantul Regency, a special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The PV exergy analysis was used to determine the performance of the PV system by considering environmental factors other than solar irradiance. This research aims to obtain values of exergy and energy efficiencies in the PV system. The experiment results show that the energy efficiency value produced by the PV system was 8.62 to 74.18%, meanwhile its exergy efficiency was 0.29% to 9.40%, respectively. The value of exergy efficiency is lower than the value of energy efficiency. This result confirmed that the environmental factor greatly affects the output of the PV system. It can be concluded that high solar radiation does not always increase the production of exergy, since it is also influenced by the environmental temperature and the PV cells' temperature. ©2018 Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics - Indonesian Institute of Sciences. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Keywords: Exergy efficiency; energy; photovoltaic; solar radiation; Bantul Regency. I. Introduction Population growth, technology advances and lifestyle increase the community needs, and one of the vital needs is energy demand. Currently, the largest source of energy comes from fossil-based (oil, gas, coal etc). However, fossil-based energy is non- renewable energy so the number will continue to decrease [1][2]. In Indonesia, The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources states that the reduced potential of fossil-based energy, especially for oil and natural gas, prompted the government to make Renewable Energy Sources (RES) a top priority for maintaining energy security and sustainability, given the huge potential of RES to be a mainstay in the future of national energy supply. The average growth in energy demand during the 2015-2050 period is about 4.9% per year [3]. The research about RES continues to develop along with the depletion of fossil-based energy reserves and people's concern for environmental sustainability [4][5][6]. Currently, solar energy is one of the most widely developed renewable energy sources. Tropical countries have the advantage of obtaining considerable sunshine throughout the year. Sunlight that hits the surface of the earth can be converted into electrical energy through two ways: first, it is converted by using solar photovoltaic, and second through heating media using a solar collector that is often called solar thermal. The ability of the photovoltaic system to convert solar radiation into electrical energy is calculated based on its efficiency value (energy efficiency). The energy efficiency of PV is a ratio between the energy generated by the PV system and the total solar radiation that hits the surface of PV. Therefore, only the electrical energy generated by PV is reviewed, while other parameters such as ambient temperature, PV cell temperature, wind velocity and heat capacity are not taken into account. This is due to the calculation of energy is based on a calculation of energy based on the law of thermodynamics I, where energy in and out of the system is not influenced by the environment [7]. Some researchers have developed an analysis of the accuracy of PV performance values through the concept of exergy. This concept is based on the law of * Corresponding Author. Tel: +62 813 3478 1593 E-mail address: arifrahmanh11@gmail.com https://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.1-7 http://u.lipi.go.id/1436264155 http://u.lipi.go.id/1434164106 http://mevjournal.com/index.php/mev/index https://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.1-7 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.1-7&domain=pdf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 2 thermodynamics II, so it can provide information about the energy lost from the system associated with thermodynamic processes that occur in the system. The exergy efficiency can be used to describe the quality difference between electricity and heat. The exergy of a thermodynamic system is the maximum work that can be done by the system when it undergoes reversible processes that bring the system into complete thermodynamic equilibrium with a defined reference environment [8]. Several studies that have been conducted related to PV performance analysis, include Sahin et al. (2007) that has investigated the PV performance characteristics based on exergy perspective [7], and Sarhaddi et al. (2010) that has conducted electrical performance research, exergy components, and exergy efficiency in solar panels [9]. Saidur et al. (2012) has reviewed the literatures on exergy analysis of solar energy applications [10], and Pandev et al. (2013) has reviewed exergy analysis and parametric study of multi-crystalline solar photovoltaic systems [2]. Therefore, we need to study PV performance that is influenced by the climate of a particular region. This research is aimed to analyze the relation of environmental parameters in Bantul Regency to energy and exergy in PV system. II. Method/Material A. Experimental set-up and procedure The solar photovoltaic (SPV) system that is used in this research consists of a solar panels 100 Wp with polycrystalline type and 2.4 m2 of total area PV; solar charge controller (SCC) with MPPT (maximum power point tracking) type, and battery 100 AH type gel deep cycle DOD (depth of discharge) 30%. Figure 1 is shown the experimental view of the SPV system. The experiment is conducted during November 2017 and located in Bantul Region, Yogyakarta with coordinates Latitude -7.874818 and Longitude 110.325537. The observation time starts from 08:00 up to 16:00 (Western Indonesian Time). The observation data is solar radiation, wind velocity, ambient temperature, open-circuit voltage, short circuit current, voltage, and output current. The instrument that is used in this research consists of Solar Power Meters (Lutron SPM-1116SD) to measure the intensity of solar energy with Watt/m² units, Anemometer (Lutron YK-2005AM) that measures wind velocity with m/s units, Thermometer (Lutron TM-946) to measure ambient temperature, and Clamp meter (Sanwa DCM2000DR) with max input DC / AC 1000V / 2000 A to measure the current, voltage, and frequency of electricity parameters. B. Thermodynamics analysis The obtained data from the experiment mentioned above are then analyzed using an equation which developed by Pandev et al. (2013) [2]. Data analysed is conducted to find out the efficiency of energy, power conversion energy and exergy. The input energy from solar radiation (Qin) is given in Equation (1). 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑠 𝐴 (1) where Is (W/m 2) is the intensity of solar radiation, and A (m2) is an area of SPV module. The actual output of the SPV module (Qo) can be defined using Equation (2). 𝑄0 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐹𝐹 (2) where Voc (V) is an open-circuit voltage, Isc (A) is a short circuit current, and FF is a fill factor. The FF of the SPV system can be defined as the ratio of the product of maximum power voltage (Vm) and the maximum power current (Im) to the product of open-circuit voltage and short circuit current, and can be expressed from Equation (3). 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (3) Figure 1. Experimental view A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 3 Using the definition from Equation (3), Equation (2) can also be expressed in Equation (4). 𝑄0 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 (4) The input exergy (Exin), i.e. exergy of solar radiation (Exsolar) is given by Equation (5). 𝐸𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛 = (1 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑠 )𝐼𝑠 𝐴 (5) where Ts is the temperature of the sun which is taken as 5,777 K, and Ta is ambient temperature (°C). Exergy output PV system (Exout) is given by Equation (6). 𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 + 𝐸𝑥𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 (6) where Exelec is electrical exergy and Extherm is thermal exergy. The calculation of electrical exergy of the PV system (𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 ) has been assumed that exergy content received by the photovoltaic surface is fully utilized to generate maximum electrical exergy (Voc Isc). 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 − 𝐼 ′ = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 − (𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 − 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 ) (7) where Voc Isc represents the electrical energy and (VocIsc - Vm Im) represents the electrical exergy destruction. Therefore, Equation (7) can define the electrical exergy that is shown in Equation (8). 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 (8) The thermal exergy of the system (𝐸𝑥𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 ) which is defined as the heat loss from the photovoltaic surface to the ambient can be represented by Equation (9). 𝐸𝑥𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (1 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 ) 𝑄 (9) where 𝑄 = ℎ𝑐𝑎 𝐴 (𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑇𝑎 ) and ℎ𝑐𝑎 = 5.7 + 3.8 𝑣; where Tcell is cell temperature (°C), ℎ𝑐𝑎 is the heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 °C), and v is the wind velocity (m/s). Using those equations, exergy of SPV system can be written in Equation (10). 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 − (1 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 )ℎ𝑐𝑎 𝐴 (𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑇𝑎 ) (10) The energy efficiency (η) can be defined by Equation (11). 𝜂 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝐴 (11) However, Equation (11) definition is restricted to theoretical cases only. The power conversion efficiency (𝜂𝑝𝑐𝑒 ) of SPV can be defined as the ratio of the actual electrical output (Vm Im) to the input energy (Is A) on the SPV surface and can be given in Equation (12). 𝜂𝑝𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑠 𝐴 (12) The energy efficiency and the power conversion efficiency can be defined using Equation (11) and (12) that is shown in Equation (13). 𝜂𝑝𝑐𝑒 = 𝜂 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (13) The power conversion efficiency can also be defined in terms of FF using Equation (14). 𝜂𝑝𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝐹𝜂 (14) For variations in ambient temperature and irradiance, the cell temperature can be estimated quite accurately with the linear approximation [11] using Equation (15). 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇𝑎 + [ 𝑇𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇−20 800 𝑊/𝑚2 ] 𝐼𝑠 (15) where nominal operating cell temperature (TNOCT) is defined as the cell temperature measured under open circuit when the ambient temperature is 20 °C, irradiance is 800 W/m2, and wind velocity is 1 m/s. Its value is usually around 45 °C. In general, the exergy efficiency (𝜓) is defined as the ratio of output exergy to the input exergy and given by Equation (16). 𝜓 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (16) Using the Equation (16), the exergy efficiency (𝜓 ) can be expressed in Equation (17). 𝜓 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚−(1− 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 )ℎ𝑐𝑎 𝐴 (𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝑇𝑎) (1− 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑠 )𝐼𝑠 𝐴 (17) III. Result and discussion The specification of polycrystalline photovoltaic based on data from Manufacture is shown in Table 1. These data are taken from standard test condition, i.e. at solar radiation of 1000 W/m2, air mass of 1.5 kg/m3 and ambient temperature of 25 °C. The results of field observation data including the intensity of sunlight, wind velocity, ambient temperature (Ta), solar cell temperature (Tcell), current (Isc) and voltage (Voc) of PV, output (P) and energy efficiency (η), power conversion efficiency (ηpce) and exergy efficiency (ψ) are presented in Table 2. The average intensity of solar radiation during November 2017 from 08:00 up to 16:00 is 76.47 to 604.43 Watt/m2. In the morning, the intensity of solar radiation is low, then it increases during the day and backs down in the afternoon. The intensity of solar radiation in November tends to be low as it is the rainy season. Furthermore, the value of wind velocity has the same pattern, nearly equal to the intensity of solar radiation; where the value of wind velocity is low in the morning and in the afternoon but high during the Table 1. Specification of polycrystalline PV Paramaters Value Output Power (Pmax) 100 wp Max Power Voltage (Vpm) 18.0 Volt Max Power Current (Ipm) 5.60 Ampere Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 22.6 Volt Short Circuit Current (Isc) 6.02 Ampere Module Efficiency 15% Operating Module Temperature -40 °C to +85 °C Maximum System Voltage 1000 V DC Maximum Series Fuse Rating 20 A Power Tolerance ± 3% A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 4 day. The value of wind velocity during the day is ranged from 0.01 to 0.51 m/s. The average of environmental temperature reaches the lowest value at 16:00 with the value of 27.93 °C, and reaches the highest value at 11:30 with the value of 33.35 °C. The increasing of solar radiation intensity will cause the environmental temperature to rise. The relation between the intensity of solar radiation with environmental temperature is presented in Figure 2. Furthermore, an increase in ambient temperature (Ta) will trigger an increase in cell temperature (Tcell). In addition, cell temperature (Tcell) is also affected by the nominal operating temperature (TNOCT). If the fill factor (FF) value of a solar cell is higher, the solar cell output (P) and power conversion efficiency (ηpce) will be better. The value of FF depends greatly on the value of multiplication of Voc and Isc (see Equation (3)). However, the price of Voc and Isc is closely related to Table 2. Result of field observation and analyze Time Solar Radiation (Watt/m2) Wind Velocity (m/sec) Ta (oC) Tcell (oC) Isc (A) Voc (V) Vm (V) Im (A) FF P (W) η (%) ηpce (%) ψ (%) 08:00 247.08 0.01 30.23 36.41 6.77 19.42 14.50 3.85 0.42 55.83 22.17 9.41 7.02 08:30 373.47 0.09 31.32 40.65 6.78 19.05 16.00 4.58 0.57 73.33 14.42 8.18 4.74 09:00 415.95 0.09 31.92 42.32 6.79 18.85 16.33 4.63 0.59 79.49 12.82 7.58 3.89 09:30 421.07 0.14 32.15 42.68 6.79 18.77 15.83 5.12 0.64 81.01 12.62 8.02 4.20 10:00 434.43 0.26 32.32 43.18 6.80 18.71 16.00 5.07 0.64 81.07 12.20 7.78 3.58 10:30 327.82 0.22 32.53 40.73 6.80 18.64 15.33 4.43 0.54 67.98 16.10 8.64 5.38 11:00 307.10 0.40 31.55 39.23 6.79 18.97 14.83 5.53 0.64 82.08 17.47 11.14 7.65 11:30 604.43 0.35 33.35 48.46 6.81 18.36 16.50 5.07 0.67 83.60 8.62 5.76 0.29 12:00 333.22 0.35 32.23 40.56 6.79 18.74 15.33 4.45 0.54 68.23 15.92 8.53 4.96 12:30 272.55 0.42 30.27 37.08 6.77 19.41 15.83 4.63 0.56 73.36 20.08 11.22 7.91 13:00 241.63 0.49 30.95 36.99 6.78 19.18 16.33 3.92 0.49 63.97 22.41 11.03 7.99 13:30 362.63 0.51 30.90 39.97 6.78 19.19 16.33 3.60 0.45 58.80 14.95 6.76 2.43 14:00 307.47 0.36 30.87 38.55 6.78 19.21 16.33 2.88 0.36 47.09 17.64 6.38 2.87 14:30 178.95 0.14 29.88 34.36 6.76 19.54 15.17 3.15 0.36 47.78 30.77 11.12 9.15 15:00 106.20 0.36 28.78 31.44 6.75 19.91 14.83 1.85 0.20 27.44 52.73 10.77 9.32 15:30 86.28 0.23 28.05 30.21 6.74 20.16 14.17 1.53 0.16 21.72 65.62 10.49 9.36 16:00 76.47 0.26 27.93 29.85 6.74 20.20 14.17 1.35 0.14 19.13 74.18 10.42 9.40 Figure 2. The relationship intensity of solar radiation with ambient temperature 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 S o la r R a d ia ti o n ( W a tt /m 2 ) T e m p e ra tu re ( o C ) Time Ambient Temp Solar Radiation A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 5 the material of the semi conductor. The Voc and Isc value are reversed for a given type of semiconductor material. The semiconductor material that has a large Eg (Energy gap) will have a large Voc value and a small Isc value, vice versa. The value of FF in this study is 0.14 to 0.67. The highest FF value is reached at a maximum solar intensity (Figure 3). Exergy is the maximum amount of net work obtained when the material flow is brought from the initial state to the dead state through a process involving interaction with the environment only. A system is considered to be in a dead state when it is in thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium with the environment. In the analysis, it is important to understand the difference between energy and exergy. It is also important to consider the quality and quantity of energy used to achieve a particular goal and in reality to achieve the efficient and effective use of energy resources. One of the main uses of the exergy concept is the balance of exergy in the thermal systems analysis. Exergy balance (exergy analysis) can be viewed as a declaration of energy degradation law. Exergy analysis is a method for identification of the type, location and amount of thermal loss. The identification and qualification of these losses allow us to evaluate and improve thermal system design [12]. Electrical exergy (Exelec) produced by PV in this study is ranged from 19.13 to 83.60 W. The largest electrical exergy (Exelec) is at 11:30 and the lowest is at 16:00. Electrical exergy (Exelec) values have the same pattern of solar radiation (Is) received in PV. If the solar radiation (Is) received by the PV surface is higher, it will result in greater electrical exergy (Exelec). Based on Equation (8), the high value of solar radiation (Is) will produce a large current (Im) and voltage (Vm). However, when compared to the produced PV exergy (Expv), the value of electrical exergy (Exelect) does not reflect the same pattern (Figure 4). In the highest electrical exergy (Exelec) conditions, the value of exergy PV (Expv) is precisely the lowest. Exergy PV (Expv) value is between 4.22 to 56.07 W. The lowest exergy value occurs at 11:30 when the solar radiation (Is) obtain the highest value. Increasing ambient temperatures (Ta) results in increasing thermal exergy (Extherm) and decreasing exergy PV (Expv) in the system (Figure 5). Energy efficiency (η) is obtained from Voc and Isc values as electrical output compared to solar radiation per unit area on the PV surface as the energy input. Energy efficiency (η) is only theoretical value since it has not calculated the value of fill factor (FF). The energy efficiency (η) being produced by PV during the experiment is 8.62% to 74.18%. The lowest value at the middle day (11.30) is 8.62%, while the highest value at 16:00 is 74.18% (Figure 5). The actual picture of the energy conversion production is obtained from the value of power conversion energy (PCE). PCE values vary between 5.76% to 11.22% (Figure 6), lower than the value of energy efficiency (η). Factor that affects the value of energy conversion is fill factor (FF), which is the value of the maximum power output ratio of PV with the theoretical power (Isc, Voc) PV output. When the value of energy efficiency is high and the FF is small, then the energy conversion value will be small. The maximum output of PV is the result of the current value (Im) and voltage (Vm) of PV that is influenced by the intensity of solar radiation (Watt/m2). Exergy efficiency value of PV (Equation (17)) can be obtained from electrical exergy output minus thermal exergy then compared with exergy input. Figure 3. Effect of solar radiation on fill factor 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 F il l F a ct o r S o la r R a d ia ti o n ( w /m 2 ) Time Solar Radiation Fill Factor A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 6 Exergy value is ranged from 0.29% to 0.40%, with the lowest value at 11:30, 603.43 Watt/m2 solar radiation intensity, and 33.35 °C environmental temperature. The increasing of environmental temperature also increase the solar cell temperature to become 48.46 °C, while the highest efficiency value is 9.40% at 16:00. During that time, the intensity of solar radiation reaches the lowest value as well as the environmental temperature. IV. Conclusion The value of energy efficiency (η) produced by PV is 8.62% to 74.18% while its exergy efficiency (ψ) is 0.29% to 9.40%, respectively. The value of the exergy efficiency (ψ) is much lower than the energy efficiency (η) being produced. Environmental factors greatly affect the output of PV. Large solar radiation does not directly increase the exergy output. The exergy output is strongly influenced by the Figure 4. The relationship between solar radiation, electrical exergy, and exergy photovoltaic Figure 5. The relationship between ambient temperature and exergy thermal 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 S o la r R a d ia ti o n ( w /m 2 ) E x e rg y ( w a tt ) Time Exergy Electrical Exergy PV Solar Radiation 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 T e m p e ra tu re ( o C ) E x e rg y ( w a tt ) Time Exergy Thermal Exergy PV Ambient Temp Tcell A.R. Hakim et al. / Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9 (2018) 1–7 7 environmental temperature and temperature of PV cells. 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